新型夹竹桃天蛾质型多角体病毒的分离与初步鉴定

为了开发新型的夹竹桃天蛾的生物杀虫剂,本文从自然死亡的夹竹桃天蛾幼虫分离到病原微生物。通过电镜观察、FLAC(Full Length Amplification of cDNAs)技术以及病原体的基因组S2和S10片段的同源性分析,初步确认该病原体是一种质型多角体病毒(Daphnis nerii Cypovirus,DnCPV))。该病毒基因组电泳分析显示病毒基因组由10条dsRNA组成,大小在89 2bp和(约)4 160bp之间,其条带大小与现有的22类型均不相同。采用FLAC技术克隆了一种该CPV的基因组cDNA,并完成了基因组S2片段和S10片段序列测定工作。测序结果显示,DnCPV基因组S2片段编码RNA聚合酶,S10片段编码多角体蛋白。两者末端保守序列相同,正链5’端和3’端分别存在末端保守序列5’AGUCAAA·AGC3’。基于RNA聚合酶和多角体蛋白的氨基酸序列的系统发育分析显示该质型多角体病毒与19型和5型质型多角体病毒有较近的亲缘关系,但是电泳型上存在明显差异。因此推测该病毒是一种多角体病毒新类型,暂命名为夹竹桃质型多角体病毒南昌株(DnCPV-NC)。     

马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒多角体蛋白基因的cDNA克隆及序列分析

通过对马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒的增殖、纯化,获得一株单一类型的质型多角体病毒.提纯的病毒粒子经SDS-酚抽提,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离基因组dsRNDA,回收纯化第十片段S10.S10经DMSO变性,逆转录合成cDNA第一链,PCR扩增后,克隆在pGEM-T载体上.对重组子进行限制性内切酶分析及序列测定,结果表明,克隆片段全长763bp,起始密码AUG位于3～5残基,终止密码UGA位于747～749残基.推测DpGPV多角体蛋白基因编码248个氨基酸的多肽,分子量28kD.和家蚕质型多角体病毒(BmCPV)多角体蛋白基因相比较,核苷酸和编码氨基酸序列同源性分别为89.3%和97.6%.     

马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒多角体蛋白基因的cDNA克隆及序列分析

通过对马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒的增殖、纯化,获得一株单一类型的质型多角体病毒。提纯的病毒粒子经SDS－酚抽提,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离基因组dsRNDA,回收纯化第十片段S10。S10经DMSO变性,逆转录合成cDNA第一链,PCR扩增后,克隆在pGEM-T载体上,对重组子进行限制性内切酶分析及序列测定。结果表明,克隆片段全长763bp,起始密码AUG位于3－5残基,终止密码UGA位于747－749残基。推测DpCPV多角体蛋白基因编码248个氨基酸的多肽,分子量28kD。和家蚕质型多角体病毒（BmCPV）多角体蛋白基因相比较,核苷酸和编码氨基酸序列同源性分别为89.3%和97.6%。     

昆虫质型多角体病毒的研究进展

质型多角体病毒(Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV)隶属呼肠孤病毒科Reoviridae质型多角体病毒属Cypovirus,通常基因组由10个节段双链RNA构成。RNA分子量为3～27u。根据病毒基因组dsRNA片段在聚丙烯酰胺或琼脂糖凝胶中电泳图谱的差异,目前CPV已被分为19个电泳型。不同于呼肠孤病毒科其它成员,CPV为单层衣壳,而不是常见的双层衣壳结构,衣壳蛋白主要由衣壳蛋白、大突起蛋白及塔式突起蛋白组成。大部分质型多角体病毒引起昆虫慢性疾病,造成寄主死亡或适应性降低。随着RNA病毒基因序列测定技术的成熟,质型多角体病毒的序列测定方面取得较大进展,目前GenBank核苷酸序列数据库中已经公布了家蚕Bombyx mori CPV电泳型1两个株系(H株和I株)、舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar CPV电泳型1、舞毒蛾CPV电泳型14及粉纹夜蛾Trichoplusia ni CPV电泳型全基因组序列,为该病毒的进化与起源的研究提供更多的遗传信息。本文从结构功能、侵染特点、基因组特点及应用前景等方面综述了昆虫质型多角体病毒的研究进展。     

棉铃虫质型多角体病毒的形成

目前已知棉铃虫病毒病共有四种类型:核型多角体病毒病,质型多角体病毒病,颗粒体病毒病和虹彩病毒病(Martignoni＆lwai 1977;Stadelbacher et al.1978)。棉铃虫的质型多角体病毒(简称CPV)常与核型多角体病毒混合发生,给寄主的正常饲养繁殖和核型多角体病毒的增殖利用带来了重大困难。此外,对这类病毒在防治棉铃虫的作用方面也需要作出正确的评价。我们曾报道过棉铃虫质型病毒的分离、特征和病理学(苏德明等,1978),本文应用电子显微镜技术研究该病毒在寄主中肠上皮细胞内的形成过程,以进一步阐明其增殖发病机理,并为其利用研究提供依据。     

RNA病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶的结构与功能

RNA病毒一般传播迅速,给人类和自然造成巨大危害和威胁.许多RNA病毒的结构蛋白在基础研究和应用方面已日趋完善.相比之下,就非结构蛋白(NS)所做的研究较少,存在许多未知问题.在这些非结构蛋白中,病毒自身编码的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,RdRP)对病毒的复制起关键作用.对RdRP的研究不仅使对病毒RNA复制的机制更精细明了,且有可能提供新的抗病毒靶标和诊断试剂.本文对RdRP特别是动物RNA病毒RdRP的结果与功能作一综述.     

昆虫质多角体病毒研究的若干新进展

质多角体病毒隶属呼肠孤病毒科质多角体病毒属,病毒粒子为二十面体球形颗粒,具有3～5种结构蛋白,基因组由10或11个节段双链RNA构成。按病毒基因组RNA片段在聚丙烯酰胺或琼脂糖凝胶中电泳图谱的差异,将质多角体病毒分为15个电泳型。随着RNA病毒序列测定策略的逐步成熟与完善,质多角体病毒的序列测定方面取得一定的进展,家蚕质多角体病毒1的两个毒株（H株和I株）,舞毒蛾质多角体病毒1和14,及粉纹夜蛾质多角体病毒15的基因组全序列得到了测定,但质多角体病毒的进化与起源的研究因缺乏足够的遗传信息仍受到限制。     

文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒S8片段cDNA克隆与原核表达

文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒(DpwCPV)S8片段被克隆和测序,该片段全长1332bp,编码390个氨基酸组成的分子量大约为43kDa的蛋白P44.根据本实验室测定出的马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒(DpCPV)基因组全序列,设计引物,扩增出文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒S8部分片段,并亚克隆出p44基因序列,然后将p44基因序列cDNA克隆到表达载体pET-28a中,构建成表达质粒pET-S8,用IPTG诱导大肠杆菌BL21,经SDS-PAGE证明p44基因在大肠杆菌中获得成功表达,并对其编码蛋白序列进行了分析.     

文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒S8片段cDNA克隆与原核表达

文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒(DpwCPV)S8片段被克隆和测序,该片段全长1332bp,编码390个氨基酸组成的分子量大约为43kDa的蛋白P44。根据本实验室测定出的马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒(DpCPV)基因组全序列,设计引物,扩增出文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒s8部分片段,并亚克隆出p44基因序列,然后将p44基因序列cDNA克隆到表达载体pET-28a中,构建成表达质粒pET-S8,用IPTG诱导大肠杆菌BL21,经SDS-PAGE证明p44基因在大肠杆菌中获得成功表达,并对其编码蛋白序列进行了分析。     

文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒（DpwCPV）NS5蛋白基因的cDNA克隆及序列分析

通过对文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒(Dendrolimus punctatus Wenshanensis cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, DpwCPV)的增殖、纯化,获得一株单一类型的质型多角体病毒。提纯的病毒粒子经SDS热酚法抽提得到基因组dSRNA,使用低熔点琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离并回收纯化第九片段S9。S9 RNA双链经高温变性,逆转录合成cDNA双链。根据DpwCPV与BmCPV1的同源性设计引物,将S9进行PCR扩增后,克隆到PMD18T载体上。最终获得一个977bp的序列,其中包含一个963bp的开放阅读框(ORF)。推测DpwCPV S9基因编码一个320个氨基酸的蛋白,分子量约为35560。     

RNA polymerase II acts as an RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase to extend and destabilize a non‐coding RNA

RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a well‐characterized DNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, which has also been reported to have RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity. Natural cellular RNA substrates of mammalian Pol II, however, have not been identified and the cellular function of the Pol II RdRP activity is unknown. We found that Pol II can use a non‐coding RNA, B2 RNA, as both a substrate and a template for its RdRP activity. Pol II extends B2 RNA by 18 nt on its 3′‐end in an internally templated reaction. The RNA product resulting from extension of B2 RNA by the Pol II RdRP can be removed from Pol II by a factor present in nuclear extracts. Treatment of cells with α‐amanitin or actinomycin D revealed that extension of B2 RNA by Pol II destabilizes the RNA. Our studies provide compelling evidence that mammalian Pol II acts as an RdRP to control the stability of a cellular RNA by extending its 3′‐end.     

Characterization of a Nodavirus Replicase Revealed a de Novo Initiation Mechanism of RNA Synthesis and Terminal Nucleotidyltransferase Activity

Nodaviruses are a family of positive-stranded RNA viruses with a bipartite genome of RNAs. In nodaviruses, genomic RNA1 encodes protein A, which is recognized as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and functions as the sole viral replicase protein responsible for its RNA replication. Although nodaviral RNA replication has been studied in considerable detail, and nodaviruses are well recognized models for investigating viral RNA replication, the mechanism(s) governing the initiation of nodaviral RNA synthesis have not been determined. In this study, we characterized the RdRP activity of Wuhan nodavirus (WhNV) protein A in detail and determined that this nodaviral protein A initiates RNA synthesis via a de novo mechanism, and this RNA synthesis initiation could be independent of other viral or cellular factors. Moreover, we uncovered that WhNV protein A contains a terminal nucleotidyltransferase (TNTase) activity, which is the first time such an activity has been identified in nodaviruses. We subsequently found that the TNTase activity could function in vitro to repair the 3′ initiation site, which may be digested by cellular exonucleases, to ensure the efficiency and accuracy of viral RNA synthesis initiation. Furthermore, we determined the cis-acting elements for RdRP or TNTase activity at the 3′-end of positive or negative strand RNA1. Taken together, our data establish the de novo synthesis initiation mechanism and the TNTase activity of WhNV protein A, and this work represents an important advance toward understanding the mechanism(s) of nodaviral RNA replication.     

Flock House Virus RNA Polymerase Initiates RNA Synthesis De Novo and Possesses a Terminal Nucleotidyl Transferase Activity

Flock House virus (FHV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus with a bipartite genome of RNAs, RNA1 and RNA2, and belongs to the family Nodaviridae. As the most extensively studied nodavirus, FHV has become a well-recognized model for studying various aspects of RNA virology, particularly viral RNA replication and antiviral innate immunity. FHV RNA1 encodes protein A, which is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and functions as the sole viral replicase protein responsible for RNA replication. Although the RNA replication of FHV has been studied in considerable detail, the mechanism employed by FHV protein A to initiate RNA synthesis has not been determined. In this study, we characterized the RdRP activity of FHV protein A in detail and revealed that it can initiate RNA synthesis via a de novo (primer-independent) mechanism. Moreover, we found that FHV protein A also possesses a terminal nucleotidyl transferase (TNTase) activity, which was able to restore the nucleotide loss at the 3′-end initiation site of RNA template to rescue RNA synthesis initiation in vitro, and may function as a rescue and protection mechanism to protect the 3′ initiation site, and ensure the efficiency and accuracy of viral RNA synthesis. Altogether, our study establishes the de novo initiation mechanism of RdRP and the terminal rescue mechanism of TNTase for FHV protein A, and represents an important advance toward understanding FHV RNA replication.     

Oligomeric interaction of hepatitis C virus NS5B is critical for catalytic activity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

HCV NS5B is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), a central catalytic enzyme for HCV replication, which has the "palm and fingers" substructure. We recently identified five novel residues critical for RdRP activity (Qin, W., Yamashita, T., Shirota, Y., Lin, Y., Wei, W., and Murakami, S. (2001) Hepatology 33, 728-737). Among them, GLU-18 and His-502, far from the catalytic center, may be involved in conformational change(s) for RdRP activity as addressed in some palm and fingers enzymes. We examined the possibility that NS5B is oligomerized, and we could detect the interaction between two different tagged NS5B proteins in vitro and transiently expressed in mammalian cells. By scanning 27 clustered and then point alanine substitutions in vivo and in vitro, Glu-18 and His-502 were found to be critical for the homomeric interaction in vivo and in vitro, strongly suggesting a close relationship between the oligomerization and RdRP activity of NS5B. All mutants with substitutions at these two residues failed to bind wild type NS5B, however E18H interacted with H502E in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the NS5B protein with E18H or H502E did not exhibit RdRP activity, but a mixture of the two mutant proteins did. These results clearly indicate that two residues of HCV NS5B are critical for the oligomerization that is prerequisite to RdRP activity.     

Mechanism of RNA synthesis initiation by the vesicular stomatitis virus polymerase

The minimal RNA synthesis machinery of non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses comprises a genomic RNA encased within a nucleocapsid protein (N-RNA), and associated with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). The RdRP is contained within a viral large (L) protein, which associates with N-RNA through a phosphoprotein (P). Here, we define that vesicular stomatitis virus L initiates synthesis via a de-novo mechanism that does not require N or P, but depends on a high concentration of the first two nucleotides and specific template requirements. Purified L copies a template devoid of N, and P stimulates L initiation and processivity. Full processivity of the polymerase requires the template-associated N protein. This work provides new mechanistic insights into the workings of a minimal RNA synthesis machine shared by a broad group of important human, animal and plant pathogens, and defines a mechanism by which specific inhibitors of RNA synthesis function.     

De novo synthesis of RNA by the dengue virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase exhibits temperature dependence at the initiation but not elongation phase

Replication of positive strand flaviviruses is mediated by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRP). To study replication of dengue virus (DEN), a flavivirus family member, an in vitro RdRP assay was established using cytoplasmic extracts of DEN-infected mosquito cells and viral subgenomic RNA templates containing 5'- and 3'-terminal regions (TRs). Evidence supported that an interaction between the TRs containing conserved stem-loop, cyclization motifs, and pseudoknot structural elements is required for RNA synthesis. Two RNA products, a template size and a hairpin, twice that of the template, were formed. To isolate the function of the viral RdRP (NS5) from that of other host or viral factors present in the cytoplasmic extracts, the NS5 protein was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. In this study, we show that the purified NS5 alone is sufficient for the synthesis of the two products and that the template-length RNA is the product of de novo initiation. Furthermore, the incubation temperature during initiation, but not elongation phase of RNA synthesis modulates the relative amounts of the hairpin and de novo RNA products. A model is proposed that a specific conformation of the viral polymerase and/or structure at the 3' end of the template RNA is required for de novo initiation.