基于RNA-seq测序数据鉴定和分析猪基因组可变剪接事件

可变剪接作为一种增加基因组和蛋白质组多样性的重要机制,广泛发生于真核生物基因转录的过程中.本文采用Illumina Hiseq 2500测序平台对猪睾丸组织4个不同发育时期(60胚龄、90胚龄、30日龄和180日龄)进行转录组测序,以猪基因组数据为参考,鉴定和分析了猪基因组可变剪接事件.从猪基因组中鉴定出20398个基因(80.6%)对应的92738个可变剪接事件.在不同的可变剪接类型中,以第一个外显子可变剪切(alternative 5′first exon,TSS)、最后一个外显子可变剪切(alternative 3′last exon,TTS)、单外显子跳跃(skipped exon,SKIP)和可变5′或3′端剪切(alternative exon ends,AE)4种类型为主,分别占所有可变剪接事件的41.0%,32.9%,7.6%和7.4%.GO功能富集分析显示,发生可变剪接的基因主要富集于物质合成、物质结合及酶活性相关的GO项中,而各发育时期特异的可变剪接基因与发育时期的生理状态密切相关,60胚龄时主要与酶活性和组织形成相关,30日龄时主要与抗环境应激和离子通道活性相关,180日龄时则主要与循环系统相关.此外,在筛选出64个与睾丸素代谢相关的基因中,63个基因发生可变剪接,且以TSS和TTS为主,表明这两种可变剪接类型与睾丸素合成和分泌密切相关.通过对猪基因组可变剪接的分析,为深入研究可变剪接生物学功能及进一步开展分子育种工作提供理论依据.     

猕猴桃(Actinidia Lindl.)叶片与果实维生素C含量的相关性研究

以猕猴桃属中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)32个品种和1个种间杂交后代群体为研究对象,对猕猴桃属植物叶片与果实维生素C含量的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,在中华猕猴桃种内水平上,幼果与成熟果实的果肉维生素C含量间存在极显著的正相关关系;在种间杂交后代群体中成熟叶片和成熟果实的维生素C含量存在极显著正相关关系,为利用早期相关性状开展猕猴桃育种的可行性提供了理论依据。此外,对15个常见中华猕猴桃品种的果实维生素C含量进行了多重比较,为人工杂交时的亲本选择提供了依据。     

猕猴桃(Actinidia Lindl.)叶片与果实维生素C含量的相关性研究

以猕猴桃属中华猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis）32个品种和1个种间杂交后代群体为研究对象,对猕猴桃属植物叶片与果实维生素C含量的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,在中华猕猴桃种内水平上,幼果与成熟果实的果肉维生素C含量间存在极显著的正相关关系;在种间杂交后代群体中成熟叶片和成熟果实的维生素C含量存在极显著正相关关系,为利用早期相关性状开展猕猴桃育种的可行性提供了理论依据。此外,对15个常见中华猕猴桃品种的果实维生素C含量进行了多重比较,为人工杂交时的亲本选择提供了依据。     

抗肿瘤多肽9R-P201诱导下的肝癌HepG2细胞转录组测序分析

旨在探索多肽9R-P201处理肝癌HepG2细胞后基因融合、单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)突变、可变剪接等事件,并分析差异表达基因所参与的生物学进程与信号通路,以期解析多肽9R-P201在转录组水平对肝癌细胞的调控。通过转录组测序检测9R-P201处理肝癌HepG2细胞前后基因差异表达情况,tophat-fusion软件检测基因融合,SAMTOOLS软件检测SNP位点,r MATS软件鉴定可变剪接,使用基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析方法对差异表达基因进行功能富集分析。结果共检测到可变剪接事件276个、SNP位点5 557个、基因融合事件45个;同时共得到显著差异表达基因403个,其中上调269个而下调134个,基因的功能富集分析结果显示差异表达基因显著富集细胞生长、迁移等肿瘤相关生物进程,并参与多条与癌症相关的信号通路。研究表明在9R-P201诱导HepG2细胞后,导致表达差异基因显著与肿瘤生物学进程和通路相关,并发生了大量可变剪接、SNP突变、基因融合等事件,这暗示着该多肽有望作为后续肝癌介入治疗潜在药物分子。     

基于RNA-Seq数据识别果蝇剪接位点和可变剪接事件

完整基因结构的预测是当前生命科学研究的一个重要基础课题,其中一个关键环节是剪接位点和各种可变剪接事件的精确识别.基于转录组测序（RNA-seq）数据,识别剪接位点和可变剪接事件是近几年随着新一代测序技术发展起来的新技术策略和方法.本工作基于黑腹果蝇睾丸RNA-seq数据,使用TopHat软件成功识别出39718个果蝇剪接位点,其中有10584个新剪接位点.同时,基于剪接位点的不同组合,针对各类型可变剪接特征开发出计算识别算法,成功识别了8477个可变剪接事件（其中新识别的可变剪接事件3922个）,包括可变供体位点、可变受体位点、内含子保留和外显子缺失4种类型.RT-PCR实验验证了2个果蝇基因上新识别的可变剪接事件,发现了全新的剪接异构体.进一步表明,RNA-seq数据可有效应用于识别剪接位点和可变剪接事件,为深入揭示剪接机制及可变剪接生物学功能提供新思路和新手段.     

黑曲霉木质纤维素降解酶基因的可变剪接分析及验证

黑曲霉Aspergillus niger因能够产生大量的木质纤维素降解酶而在木质纤维素资源利用中发挥重要作用。目前,有关黑曲霉基因组中与木质纤维素降解相关的基因是否存在可变剪接的情况尚不清楚。本研究以黑曲霉CBS513.88菌株为研究对象,采用rMATS和ABLas两种方法对黑曲霉在葡萄糖为唯一碳源(G组)和小麦秸秆为唯一碳源(WS组)下的56个木质纤维素降解酶基因的可变剪接事件进行分析,并通过RT-PCR扩增和内含子特异性扩增对3个典型基因的可变剪接体进行了验证。结果表明,ABLas可变剪接分析算法相较于rMATS分析算法更为准确,ABLas分析算法显示G组和WS组共有21个木质纤维素降解酶基因出现了可变剪接,可变剪接类型以内含子保留(IR)为主,占所有可变剪接事件的82.85%。另外,G组和WS组发生可变剪接的木质纤维素降解酶基因也有所不同：G组发生可变剪接的基因为13个,WS组发生可变剪接的基因为14个,两组都发生可变剪接的基因为6个,这表明黑曲霉木质纤维素降解酶基因的可变剪接在不同生长条件下存在差异,另一方面,黑曲霉中众多可变剪接体的存在也为开发新型的木质纤维素降解酶资源提供基础。     

绵羊不同发育阶段背最长肌组织中可变剪接的鉴定与分析

可变剪接(Alternative splicing,AS)是动植物体内蛋白质多样性和遗传多样性的重要调控机制。为鉴定和分析绵羊不同发育阶段背最长肌组织中可变剪接,对多浪绵羊妊娠90日龄胎儿(F90)、出生后30日龄羔羊(L30)和成年3岁羊(A3Y)的背最长肌组织进行转录组测序,利用rMATS软件鉴定样品中的可变剪接事件和差异剪接基因(Differential splicing gene,DSG),并对DSG进行GO和KEGG功能富集分析。结果表明,绵羊背最长肌组织在F90、L30和A3Y时期分别鉴定出13 923、11 959和12 164个可变剪接事件,其中外显子跳跃(Skipped exons,SE)的比例最高,约为70.69%,5'端可变剪接位点(Alternative 5'splice sites,A5SS)、3'端可变剪接位点(Alternative 3'splice sites,A3SS)、互斥外显子(Mutually exclusive exons,MXE)和内含子保留(Retained introns,RI)的比例分别约为7.28%、11.18%、5.96%和4.84%。在F90_vs_L30、F90_vs_A3Y和L30_vs_A3Y比较组中分别鉴定到2 545、2 689和1 701个显著的差异剪接基因(P0.05)。GO和KEGG功能富集分析显示,差异剪接基因显著富集到横纹肌发育、肌肉结构发育、肌细胞分化、肌膜、胰岛素信号通路、Wnt信号通路、MAPK信号通路等与肌肉发育密切相关的通路上。上述结果表明可变剪接在背最长肌发育中发挥重要作用。     

中华蜜蜂细胞色素P450基因及其全长转录本的鉴定及分析

【目的】利用纳米孔(nanopore)测序技术鉴定中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana工蜂幼虫肠道中细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450, CYP450)基因及其全长转录本,为后续功能研究提供参考信息和基础。【方法】通过Nanopore PromethION平台对中华蜜蜂工蜂4-6日龄幼虫肠道进行转录组测序。利用Guppy软件对原始读段(raw reads)进行质控以得到有效读段(clean reads)。通过识别两端引物鉴定全长转录本序列。使用BLAST工具将上述全长转录本的序列比对到Nr和GO数据库以鉴定CYP450基因及其全长转录本。采用Astalavista软件鉴定基因的可变剪接(alternative splicing, AS)事件。通过RT PCR验证不同类型AS事件的可靠性。【结果】在中华蜜蜂工蜂4-6日龄幼虫肠道中分别测得7 338 627, 7 003 419和7 434 233条原始读段,经质控得到的有效读段数分别为7 289 494, 6 959 880和7 387 756条。鉴定到的非冗余全长转录本总数为48 200条。共鉴定到47个CYP450基因和265条CYP450基因全长转录本。共鉴定到CYP450基因的90次AS事件,包括36次外显子跳跃事件、20次可变5′端剪接位点事件、17次内含子保留事件、9次可变3′端剪接位点事件及8次外显子互斥事件。RT PCR结果证实随机选取的3种AS事件类型真实可靠。【结论】鉴定了中华蜜蜂的CYP450基因及其全长转录本,补充了东方蜜蜂参考基因组的相关注释,并揭示中华蜜蜂CYP450基因可通过多种AS类型产生丰富的剪接体。     

基于加权网络的卵巢癌可变剪接预后特征分析

可变剪接作为转录调节的调控机制,对肿瘤的治疗和预后具有重要意义。本文对卵巢癌预后相关的可变剪接事件进行了系统分析,以挖掘可变剪接在卵巢癌中的预后价值。首先,从TCGASpliceSeq数据库中下载卵巢癌患者数据,运用单因素Cox回归分析筛选得到290个与预后相关的剪接事件(prognostic-associated alternative splicing events, PASEs);其次,融合PASEs对应基因的蛋白质相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI)数据构建卵巢癌预后加权网络,同时对网络进行拓扑分析,对PASEs对应基因进行功能富集分析;最后,根据网络中节点的度选出前20个可变剪接事件作为预后特征,利用Cox比例风险模型建立卵巢癌预后预测模型。结果显示,这些可变剪接事件作为预后特征可以较好地预测卵巢癌患者的预后情况,可作为潜在的卵巢癌预后生物标志物。     

嗜热四膜虫可变剪接基因鉴定及功能分析

可变剪接是产生蛋白质组多样性和调节基因表达的重要机制,相关研究在高等真核生物中开展较多,而在单细胞真核生物中则较少,尤其是单细胞原生动物纤毛虫中,仅有少量报道。本文基于单细胞模式原生动物嗜热四膜虫种大量转录组数据,对其可变剪接基因进行了鉴定及分析。在嗜热四膜虫中共鉴定到2 894个可变剪接位点,涉及到2 698个可变剪接基因,可分为四类。考虑到转录本拼接的准确性,选择了其中464个与基因组预测模型完全一致的可变剪接基因进行深入分析,其中生长(growth)时期、饥饿(starvation)时期、接合生殖(conjugation)时期特异性的可变剪接基因分别为49个、79个和135个。对可变剪接基因的功能进行分析表明其涉及的功能广泛且显著富集于蛋白激酶过程,提示可变剪接基因在嗜热四膜虫蛋白磷酸化和信号传导中具有重要作用。     

Genomic splice-site analysis reveals frequent alternative splicing close to the dominant splice site

Alternative pre-mRNA splicing may be the most efficient and widespread mechanism to generate multiple protein isoforms from single genes. Here, we describe the genomic analysis of one of the most frequent types of alternative pre-mRNA splicing, alternative 5'- and 3'-splice-site selection. Using an EST-based alternative splicing database recording >47,000 alternative splicing events, we determined the frequency and location of alternative 5'- and 3'-splice sites within the human genome. The most common alternative splice sites used in the human genome are located within 6 nucleotides (nt) of the dominant splice site. We show that the EST database overrepresents alternative splicing events that maintain the reading frame, thus supporting the concept that RNA quality-control steps ensure that mRNAs that encode for potentially harmful protein products are destroyed and do not serve as templates for translation. The most frequent location for alternative 5'-splice sites is 4 nt upstream or downstream from the dominant splice site. Sequence analysis suggests that this preference is a consequence of the U1 snRNP binding sequence at the 5'-splice site, which frequently contains a GU dinucleotide 4 nt downstream from the dominant splice site. Surprisingly, approximately 50% of duplicated 3'-YAG splice junctions are subject to alternative splicing. This high probability of alternative 3'-splice-site activation in close proximity of the dominant 3'-splice site suggests that the second step of the splicing may be prone to violate splicing fidelity.     

Genome wide identification and classification of alternative splicing based on EST data

MOTIVATION: Alternative splicing is currently seen to explain the vast disparity between the number of predicted genes in the human genome and the highly diverse proteome. The mapping of expressed sequences tag (EST) consensus sequences derived from the GeneNest database onto the genome provides an efficient way of predicting exon-intron boundaries, gene structure and alternative splicing events. However, the alternative splicing events are obscured by a large number of putatively artificial exon boundaries arising due to genomic contamination or alignment errors. The current work describes a methodology to associate quality values to the predicted exon-intron boundaries. High quality exon-intron boundaries are used to predict constitutive and alternative splicing ranked by confidence values, aiming to facilitate large-scale analysis of alternative splicing and splicing in general. RESULTS: Applying the current methodology, constitutive splicing is observed in 33,270 EST clusters, out of which 45% are alternatively spliced. The classification derived from the computed confidence values for 17 of these splice events frequently correlate (15/17) with RT-PCR experiments performed for 40 different tissue samples. As an application of the confidence measure, an evaluation of distribution of alternative splicing revealed that majority of variants correspond to the coding regions of the genes. However, still a significant fraction maps to non-coding regions, thereby indicating a functional relevance of alternative splicing in untranslated regions. AVAILABILITY: The predicted alternative splice variants are visualized in the SpliceNest database at http://splicenest.molgen.mpg.de     

Bioinformatics analysis of alternative splicing

Over the past few years, the analysis of alternative splicing using bioinformatics has emerged as an important new field, and has significantly changed our view of genome function. One exciting front has been the analysis of microarray data to measure alternative splicing genome-wide. Pioneering studies of both human and mouse data have produced algorithms for discerning evidence of alternative splicing and clustering genes and samples by their alternative splicing patterns. Moreover, these data indicate the presence of alternative splice forms in up to 80 per cent of human genes. Comparative genomics studies in both mammals and insects have demonstrated that alternative splicing can in some cases be predicted directly from comparisons of genome sequences, based on heightened sequence conservation and exon length. Such studies have also provided new insights into the connection between alternative splicing and a variety of evolutionary processes such as Alu-based exonisation, exon creation and loss. A number of groups have used a combination of bioinformatics, comparative genomics and experimental validation to identify new motifs for splice regulatory factors, analyse the balance of factors that regulate alternative splicing, and propose a new mechanism for regulation based on the interaction of alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated decay. Bioinformatics studies of the functional impact of alternative splicing have revealed a wide range of regulatory mechanisms, from NAGNAG sites that add a single amino acid; to short peptide segments that can play surprisingly complex roles in switching protein conformation and function (as in the Piccolo C2A domain); to events that entirely remove a specific protein interaction domain or membrane anchoring domain. Common to many bioinformatics studies is a new emphasis on graph representations of alternative splicing structures, which have many advantages for analysis.