家兔三叉神经终止核对颏舌肌肌电活动的调制作用

本工作在35只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉、自主呼吸的家兔上观察了刺激三叉神经终止核(NTV)对颏舌肌肌电活动的影响。结果发现,电刺激NTV和NTV内微量注射谷氨酸钠都能使颏舌肌出现明显的易化效应。电刺激NTV背侧与腹侧时,颏舌肌肌电反应的潜伏期分别为5.9±0.7ms和3.0±0.4ms,电刺激舌下神经核时颏舌肌反应的潜伏期为2.2±0.2ms。结果提示三叉神经终止核的兴奋可加强颏舌肌的活动从而减小上呼吸道阻力。     

刺激中缝背核不同区域对颏舌肌和膈肌的影响

本实验在４８只氨基甲酸惭酯麻醉、断双侧迷走神经的健康家兔上观察了电、化学刺激中缝背核背侧区（ｄＮＲＤ）和腹侧区（ｖＮＲＤ）对颏舌肌和膈肌肌电积分活动的影响。结果如下：（１）长串电脉冲刺激ｄＮＲＤ使颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动均明显增强;（２）长串电脉冲刺激ｖＮＲＤ时,颏舌肌活动被易化,而膈肌活动则被抑制;（３）在ｄＮＲＤ和ｖＮＲＤ分别微量注射谷氨酸钠,其效应与电刺激结果基本一致。结果提示：（３）在ｄＮＲＤ     

蓝斑核对上呼吸道阻力肌—颏舌肌功能的影响

本实验在３８只经氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的健康家兔上进行,观察了电、化学刺激蓝斑核（ＬＣ）对颏舌肌功能的影响。结果如下：（１）长串电脉冲刺激蓝斑核使颏舌肌肌电活动明显增强,表现为长吸性肌电积分幅度升高,膈肌亦出现与颏舌肌同步的肌电活动增强。（２）ＬＣ内微量注射胞体兴奋剂谷氨酸钠,也引起明显的颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动增强。（３）上述电、化学刺激的区域对照和盐水对照实验,均未出现有意义的肌电改变。提示：电、化学刺激ＬＣ可特异性增强上呼吸道阻力肌──颏舌肌的紧张性活动,具有减小上呼吸道阻力的作用,这对于某些上呼吸道阻塞性疾病发病机制的研究可能具有重要的意义。     

中缝核与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停关系的实验研究

本实验在６４只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉、断双侧迷走神经、自主呼吸的健康家兔上进行,观察电、化学刺激中缝背核（ＮＲＤ）、中缝大核（ＮＲＭ）对颏舌肌和膈肌肌电、以及窒息增幅反应（ＡＡＲＡ）的作用。结果如下：１．长串电脉冲刺激ＮＲＤ,颏舌肌和膈肌肌电幅度明显升高,在刺激过程中呈持续性吸气相放电。长串电脉冲刺激ＮＲＭ,颏舌肌和膈肌肌电幅度显著抑制,呼吸节律减弱或消失;２．于ＮＲＤ微量注入谷氨酸钠,颏舌肌和膈肌肌电幅度升高,频率加快。在ＮＲＭ微量注射谷氨酸钠,ＡＡＲＡ降低。上述结果与电刺激ＮＲＤ、ＮＲＭ的效应基本一致;３．ＮＲＭ内微量注入吗啡,颏舌肌和膈肌的ＡＡＲＡ峰值被抑制,潜伏期延长,恢复期缩短。若注射吗啡后５ｍｉｎ再微量注入纳络酮,则吗啡的抑制效应减弱。结果提示：中缝核和阿片肽类物质对颏舌肌有重要的调制作用,可能与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发生有关     

面神经核背内侧区和腹内侧我注射吗啡和纳络酮对颏舌肌和 …

目的和方法：静脉注射氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉,断双这走神经,在４８只成年健康家兔,观察面神经核背内侧区（ｄＭＮＦ）和腹内侧区（ｖＭＮＦ）注射微量吗啡和阿片受体拮抗剂－－纳络酮对颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动的影响。结果：在ｄＭＮＦ和ｖＭＮＦ内分别注射微量吗啡颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动明显被抑制,表现为肌电积分幅度降低。注射微量纳络酮,颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动明显增强,表现为肌电积分幅度升高,并且纳络酮对吗啡的抑制作用有反转效     

刺激家兔舌下神经核中段腹侧区对呼吸节律的影响

本工作在２５只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉,断双侧迷走神经的家兔上,以膈肌肌电活动作为检测指标,观察了电及化学刺激舌下神经核中段腹侧区对呼吸节律的影响。结果如下：长串电脉冲刺激ＶＭＮＨ时,膈肌肌电活动被完全抑制,而颏舌肌活动明显易化;在吸气相的中期或后期短串电脉冲刺激ＶＭＮＨ可使吸气切断;微量注射谷氨酸钠于此区,膈肌活动也受到抑制。上述观察表明ＶＭＮＨ对呼吸节律具有调制作用,这种调制作用可能参与吞咽反射的中枢     

刺激面神经核背内侧区及腹内侧区对颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动的影响

在４４只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉、断双侧迷走神经的健康成年家兔上、观察电、化学刺激面神经核背内侧区和腹内侧区对颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动的影响。结果如下：（１）长串电脉冲刺激ｄＭＮＦ引起颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动明显增强;（２）短串电脉冲刺激ｄＭＦＮ,当刺激落用于吸气相时,引起颏舌肌和膈肌在呼气相的肌是有终止;（３）长串电脉冲刺激ｖＭＮＦ使颏舌肌和膈肌肌电活动明显被抑制;（４）短中电脉冲刺激ｖＭＮＦ,当刺激落位有气相     

去甲肾上腺素参与家兔脑室注射P物质的心血管效应

目的:深入探讨脑内注射SP的心血管效应及其与去甲肾上腺素能系统的关系.方法:家兔乌拉坦静脉麻醉,侧脑室注射SP或预先注射肾上腺素能受体阻断剂酚妥拉明、哌唑嗪、育亨宾.记录给药前后平均动脉血压(MAP)、左室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室收缩末期压(LVEDP)、室内压最大上升速率( dp/dtmax)和下降速率(-dp/dtmax)、心肌收缩成分实测最大缩短速度(Vpm)、心率(HR).观察脑室注射SP后小脑延髓池脑脊液中NA含量的变化.结果:①与对照组比较,icv SP可引起HR、LVSP、LVEDP、 dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax和Vpm值明显增加(P<0.05),同时,小脑延髓池脑脊液中NA含量显著升高(P<0.05).②酚妥拉明或哌唑嗪预处理可显著减弱脑室注射SP引起心血管增强效应(P<0.05),但育亨宾预处理对注射SP引起的心血管效应无明显影响(P<0.05).结论:①脑内注射SP可增强心脏的收缩功能、升高动脉血压.②脑内α1肾上腺素能受体可能参与侧脑室注射SP的心血管增强效应.③中枢应用SP可促进NA能神经元释放NA或抑制突触前膜重摄取NA.这可能是脑内SP心血管效应的一个重要机制.     

利他林对戊巴比妥钠深麻醉家兔呼吸的兴奋效应及机制

在125只呼吸受戊巴比妥钠抑制并切断双侧颈迷走神经的家兔,分析了利他林(MP)呼吸效应的中枢部位及可能的递质。静脉注射 MP(2mg/kg)引起呼气时程显著缩短和呼吸频率显著增加。去除颈动脉体不影响 MP 兴奋呼吸的效应。将浸有2%MP 溶液的滤纸(2×2mm~2)贴敷在第四脑室底闩附近,或微量注射2%MP 2μl 到延髓 NTS 区,均可引起上述效应,但 NA区、NPBM 区和皮层体感运动区则无效。第四脑室或 NTS 区微量注射酚妥拉明均可阻断 MP兴奋呼吸的效应,但第四脑室注射心得安却不能阻断。结果提示,MP 可能作用于 NTS 区,在肾上腺素能α受体的参与下,受戊巴比妥钠抑制的家兔发生呼吸频率增快的效应。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对抗吗啡对丘脑束旁核痛反应神经元放电的影响

已知脑室注射硫化八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)对吗啡镇痛效应(用辐射热甩尾反应的潜伏期作测痛指标)有对抗作用。本工作研究了脑室注射CCK-8对吗啡引起的大鼠丘脑两侧束旁核痛反应神经元同时电变化的影响。结果如下:(1)腹腔注射吗啡(10mg/kg)可抑制痛兴奋神经元(PEN)和加强痛抑制神经元(PIN)的电活动。(2)脑室注射CCK-8(15ng/15μl)能对抗吗啡引起PEN放电的抑制作用和PIN电活动的加强作用。无硫CCK-8对吗啡的效应没有对抗作用。(3)注射CCK-8可同时对抗吗啡对束旁核中一个PEN的抑制作用和一个PIN的加强作用。上述结果与甩尾阈测痛的结果一致,即CCK-8对吗啡引起的镇痛效应有明显的对抗作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.