椰心叶甲寄生蜂——椰甲截脉姬小蜂的生物学特性

椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum Boucek是椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima（Gestro）幼虫的重要内寄生蜂,2004年3月从越南引进到海南省。在实验室条件下,对椰甲截脉姬小蜂的形态、发育、繁殖、寄生潜能等生物学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,椰甲截脉姬小蜂在24℃±2℃,RH 75%±10%条件下,卵期平均为2.8天,幼虫期6.7天,蛹期(含预蛹期)7.5天;成蜂在没有营养补充的情况下,平均存活2.5天。椰甲截脉姬小蜂的寿命受温度和补充营养的影响,雌蜂寿命长于雄蜂寿命。雌蜂平均怀卵量为43粒,产卵高峰期在交配后的12 h内。椰甲截脉姬小蜂对椰心叶甲4龄幼虫的功能反应属 HollingⅡ型,随自身密度的增加其寄生效果呈下降的趋势。     

入侵害虫椰心叶甲的研究进展

近30年来,椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)在亚太椰子产区扩散蔓延,成为棕榈植物上主要害虫。2002年,该害虫入侵我国海南并暴发成灾。化学防除是控制椰心叶甲危害的首要措施,其中包括挂药包等农药缓释技术,而生物防治是控制该虫扩散蔓延的经济有效措施。从感病椰心叶甲虫体上分离的微生物杀虫剂绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae被我国和其他多个国家应用。椰心叶甲天敌寄生蜂的引进利用是可持续控制该害虫发生的重要措施。幼虫寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum和蛹寄生蜂椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae是椰心叶甲的两种重要天敌。2004年,椰甲截脉姬小蜂和椰心叶甲啮小蜂被引入到我国,经扩繁释放后,取得了良好的控害效果,其中有些地区的椰甲截脉姬小蜂寄生率可达90%,椰心叶甲啮小蜂寄生率可达100%。连续放蜂,且椰心叶甲种群有合适虫龄被寄生蜂寄生是控害效果的关键。气候等生态因子也可能是影响寄生蜂控制靶标害虫效果的因素,应进一步加强研究。论文最后提出了未来椰心叶甲防控的研究的方向。     

三种农药亚致死剂量对椰甲截脉姬小蜂功能反应的影响

测定了氯氰菊酯、啶虫脒和椰甲清3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarumBoucˇek寄生椰心叶甲Brontispa logissima(Gestro)功能反应的影响。结果表明:亚致死剂量杀虫剂没有改变椰甲截脉姬小蜂功能反应模型的基本结构,但影响到了模型的各项参数。药剂处理后椰甲截脉姬小蜂的最大日捕食量降低,处理猎物时间延长,搜寻效应减弱。氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒的处理后瞬时攻击率减小,但椰甲清处理后瞬时攻击率高于对照。可见,在亚致死剂量下,氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒对椰甲截脉姬小蜂的寄生作用存在不良影响,椰甲清(30%杀虫单+15%啶虫脒)可提高其瞬时攻击率但减弱其搜索效应。     

椰甲截脉姬小蜂在中国的适生性分布

研究极端温度对椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum Bouek存活的影响。在2℃、33℃和36℃恒温条件下放置48h后,该蜂羽化率较对照来说大大降低,基本上不能羽化;而在0℃和39℃恒温条件下即使只放置24h,该蜂全部死亡。在该实验的基础上,结合其它生态学特性的研究结果,利用地理信息系统ARC VIEW3.2分析预测该虫在我国的可能适宜分布范围。结果表明:椰甲截脉姬小蜂在我国的最适宜分布范围在16.53°~19.1°N,108.61°~112.33°E,只集中在海南省的南部;适宜分布范围大体在20.03°~24.27°N,101.98°~117.65°E,集中在海南、广东、广西、云南和福建5省;潜在分布范围大体在23.3°~33.4°N,98.5°~122.1°E,主要集中在西南、华东、华中等地区的172个县。     

椰甲截脉姬小蜂野外种群与实验种群差异性比较

通过随机抽样,比较了椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum Bou(c)ek林间种群与室内种群的雌雄比、出蜂量、未出蜂量、怀卵量的差异.t检验表明这些参数在2个种群间均存在显著的差异.野外种群和室内种群雌蜂比例分别占81.63%±2.54%和65.34%±1.80%,出蜂量分别是(25.13±1.17)头...     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂的繁殖生物学研究

对椰心叶甲啮小蜂羽化、求偶、交配、产卵、繁殖现象进行了观察研究。结果表明,补充营养对雌蜂的寿命和繁殖力均有影响。没有补充营养的情况下,雌蜂的平均寿命为2.48 d,一生可产21.43粒卵;每天补充10%蜜糖水,且雌蜂与寄主(椰心叶甲初蛹)比例为1:3时,雌蜂平均寿命为13.43 d,一生可产53.6粒卵;每天补充10%蜜糖水,且雌蜂与寄主(椰心叶甲初蛹)比例为1:1时,雌蜂平均寿命为14.78 d,一生可产42.5粒卵。椰心叶甲啮小蜂对水椰八角铁甲蛹的寄生率为82.25%,平均每寄主出蜂量为12.24头。     

椰心叶甲蛹寄生蜂——椰心叶甲啮小蜂的生物学特性

椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière是椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima（Gestro）蛹的重要内寄生蜂,2004年从台湾引入到海南。在实验室条件下,对椰心叶甲啮小蜂的形态、行为、发育、存活、繁殖等生物学特性进行了观察研究。结果表明,雌蜂个体比雄蜂大,腹部明显可见产卵器。每头寄主蛹出蜂量平均为21.5头,其中雌蜂约占77.4%。椰心叶甲啮小蜂羽化不久即能交配,交配时间约为1～2 min。椰心叶甲啮小蜂的产卵高峰期在交配后的24 h内,且产卵量受温度的影响较大; 蜂蜜、蔗糖、葡萄糖均能有效地延长其成虫的寿命,并能提高其怀卵量和寄生率,其中以取食蜂蜜的效果最好。该蜂发育、存活和繁殖的适宜温度为20℃～28℃,低于16℃或高于30℃对其存活不利。利用16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、30℃下的发育历期和有效积温公式计算出椰心叶甲啮小蜂的发育起点温度（C）为9.6℃,有效积温（K）为324.9日·度。     

椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生对椰心叶甲蛹免疫反应的影响

为了测明椰扁甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae寄生对寄主椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima蛹的血细胞和体液免疫反应的影响,开展了椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生对椰心叶甲蛹血细胞数量和延展性、血淋巴酚氧化酶活性、血淋巴黑化百分率和血细胞凝集素活性等影响的研究。结果表明：与同期未被寄生蛹相比,寄生蛹血细胞总量在寄生后2 d显著降低,但寄生后4 d显著升高; 寄生蛹的浆血细胞延展率在寄生后2 d显著降低,寄生后4 d显著升高;寄生蛹的血淋巴黑化百分率在寄生后0.5～2 d较高,寄生后3～4 d降低直至为0;寄生蛹的血淋巴酚氧化酶活性在寄生后0.5 d,1 d和4 d时显著升高;寄生蛹的血凝素活性在寄生后2 d较高,寄生后1 d和4 d较低。结果说明椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生使寄主椰心叶甲蛹血细胞和体液免疫反应呈现不规律的变化。     

低温贮存对椰心叶甲啮小蜂品质的影响

研究低温贮存椰心叶甲蛹Brontispa longissima(Gestro)和椰心叶甲僵蛹对椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere种群品质的影响。寄生10℃低温贮存1~4日龄椰心叶甲蛹结果表明,1日龄椰心叶甲蛹的寄生率、羽化率、出蜂率、单蛹出蜂数、后代寄生能力均优于其他日龄,其次为2、3日龄的椰心叶甲蛹,最差为4日龄的椰心叶甲蛹。1日龄椰心叶甲蛹在10℃下贮存5,10,15,20d后,上述生物学指标和种群参数均随贮存天数增加而降低,其中以5d和10d的净生殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较未经低温贮存的差异小。1~11日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹于10℃贮存10d的结果表明,8日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹的雌蜂寿命、羽化率、单蛹出蜂数、寄生能力均优于其他日龄僵蛹。8日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹在10℃下贮存5,10,15,20d后,上述生物学指标和种群参数均随贮存天数增加而显著低于对照。     

棕榈科植物有害生物椰心叶甲的风险性分析

运用有害生物危险性分析(Pest Risk Analysis,PRA)的方法,从国内分布状况、潜在危害性、寄主植物经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性,以及危险性的管理难度等方面,综合评价了椰心叶甲的危险性。结果表明椰心叶甲对我国是具高度危险性的有害生物。     

Biological assessment of Tetrastichus brontispae,a pupal parasitoid of coconut leaf beetle Brontispa longissima

To control coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro), the pupal parasitoid Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière was imported from Taiwan and its biology was studied in quarantine in Hainan, China. The parasitoid development includes an egg, three larval instars and three pupal stages. Its developmental time from egg to adult was 19.5±0.5 days under conditions of 24±2°C and 75±5% relative humidity (RH). Temperature had no effect on the sex ratio of offspring, but significantly affected the parasitism rate and reproduction. The parasitism rates were 98.07, 97.97 and 95.03% at 28, 24 and 20°C, respectively, whereas the parasitism rate was 52.18% at 18°C and 69.48% at 30°C, respectively. Furthermore, the parasitoids reared at 18 and 30°C produced fewer offspring than those at 20, 24 and 28°C, respectively. With the increase in temperature, developmental time decreased linearly from 46.19 days at 18°C to 17.10 days at 28°C. RH significantly influenced development, parasitism rate and the reproduction of T. brontispa. With the decrease of RH, developmental time increased from 22.94 days at 20% RH to 18.84 days at 95% RH. In contrast, parasitism rate and the number of offspring per female increased with the increase of RH. Though emergence rates between 50 and 95% RH were much higher than those between 20 and 35% RH, the sex ratios between 20 and 95% RH were not different. Photoperiod had no effect on parasitism, the number of offspring per female, emergence and the sex ratio of T. brontispae, but developmental time was significantly different for different photoperiods. Sucrose, honey and glucose significantly enhanced adult longevity, parasitism and the number of offspring per female of T. brontispae, but had no effect on the sex ratio and survival. Females of T. brontispae only parasitized fourth to fifth larval instars and 1–5-day-old pupae, but there was a significant difference in the number of offspring per female, development time, emergence and the sex ratio of offspring in different instars. These results showed that 1-day-old pupae, a temperature of 24–28°C and 65–95% RH were optimal for T. brontispae. These findings should be helpful in developing a production system to rear and release T. brontispae in large enough quantities to effectively control coconut leaf beetle.     

Artificial diets for rearing the coconut hispine beetle Brontispa longissima and its parasitoid Asecodes hispinarum

We tested artificial diets for rearing the coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima, a serious invasive pest of coconut (Cocos nucifera) in Southeast Asia. We examined three artificial diets that were identical except for their agar content. The survival rate from hatching to adult emergence was 26.0% when beetles were reared on a ‘soft diet’ (20 g/l agar), 16.0% on a ‘hard diet’ (40 g/l agar), and 41.0% on a ‘mixed diet’, in which the hard diet was used for the first instar and the soft diet for later instars. Females raised as larvae on the mixed diet and then as adults on the soft diet laid few eggs, which did not hatch. However, females reared on the mixed diet as larvae and then on fresh leaves as adults consistently laid eggs that hatched. We then examined the suitability of B. longissima larvae reared on the mixed diet as hosts for the larval parasitoid Asecodes hispinarum, a specialist parasitoid of this beetle. Of the oviposited hosts, 75.0% became mummified and 41.7% produced adult wasps. These results indicate that the mixed diet may be useful for rearing B. longissima larvae as hosts for the rearing of A. hispinarum.     

阿维菌素对椰心叶甲的毒力和防治效果

试验研究阿维菌素对椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)各虫态的毒力以及田间防治效果。结果表明阿维菌素对椰心叶甲毒力作用强,对卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫的LD50分别为8·119×10-6,4·152×10-6,9·458×10-6,7·609×10-6,8·434×10-6μg/头,LD90分别为1·044×10-4,5·545×10-5,6·663×10-5,1·466×10-4μg/头。1·8%超强阿维菌素乳油对椰心叶甲防治效果好,且持效期长。使用后半个月到1个月1000倍液、2000倍液对各虫态的防治效果接近100%。     

椰心叶甲幼虫空间分布及其抽样技术研究

本文采用多种聚集度指标对椰子树Cocos nuciferaL．上的椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima（Gestro）幼虫的空间分布型进行了研究,结果表明：椰心叶甲幼虫空间分布为聚集分布;其幼虫虫口密度在不同心叶及心叶不同部位上差异极显著,并且第一片心叶上幼虫虫口密度与整株幼虫数量显著相关,利用公式y=5．70＋1．26x可推算整株椰子树的幼虫虫口密度。分析寄主受害斑与虫口密度的关系表明,寄主受害斑的长（x1）、宽（x2）、长与宽交互作用（x3=X1x2）三个因子与椰心叶甲虫口密度（y）成正相关,模型Y=11．81—2．69x2＋0．10x3可预测全树幼虫虫口密度。     

椰心叶甲的生殖系统与繁殖力研究

为阐明椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima (Gestro)生殖密切相关的结构、卵巢发育以及繁殖特性,以显微解剖和室内观察的方法,对该虫的雌雄成虫的生殖系统构造、卵巢发育进度以及繁殖力进行了研究。结果表明,椰心叶甲雄性内生殖器包括精巢、贮精囊、输精管、附腺和射精管,其中贮精囊由侧输精管特化形成;雄性外生殖器由阳茎、阳茎基和阳基组成,无抱握器。雌性内生殖器包括卵巢、侧输卵管、中输卵管、受精囊和附腺,左右卵巢呈对称分布,每侧有5根卵巢管,为无滋式;雌性外生殖器由背产卵瓣、内产卵瓣和腹产卵瓣组成。根据相关形态特征,卵巢发育进度可分为发育初期(Ⅰ级)、成熟待产期(Ⅱ级)、产卵盛期(Ⅲ级)和产卵末期(Ⅳ级)4个级别,各等级在卵巢和卵巢管的分区长度及怀卵量上存在显著差异。椰心叶甲种群在椰子叶上的最高产卵量变化幅度最小(2.39粒/♀),但产卵期最长(348 d),推测应用椰子叶饲养椰心叶甲能确保获得稳定的卵量。由于椰心叶甲种群在鱼尾葵上具有较短的产卵前期(12.7 d)和雌成虫寿命(161.8 d),以及较高的产卵量(397.7粒/♀),表明了椰心叶甲种群在鱼尾葵上具有较强的繁殖力。     

Factors affecting the parasitism rate and the number and sex ratio of offspring of Asecodes hispinarum Bouček (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a biological control agent of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

To optimise the production of Asecodes hispinarum Bou?ek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), some of the factors affecting rates of parasitism, number of offspring produced per host and sex ratio of A. hispinarum were investigated. The numbers and sex ratio of A. hispinarum offspring per host reduced significantly at extreme low humidity (30% relative humidity [RH]), but there was no significant effect on parasitism. Photoperiod had no significant effects on any of the life traits tested. A. hispinarum was able to reproduce via arrhenotoky, and while increasing the proportion of female parents increased the number of parasitoids produced, the proportion of female offspring decreased. Older females showed a lower rate of parasitism than young females, however, maternal age did not affect the number or the sex ratio of offspring. Increasing the number of hosts offered to a pair of parasitoids significantly increased the number of parasitised hosts but decreased the parasitism rate while the sex ratio of progeny was not affected. Present work showed that to maximise the production of female parasitoids, a parasitoid/host ratio of 1:1, using one-day old A. hispinarum at a female/male ratio of 3:1 and RH of at least 55% is recommended.