扎兰屯地区酵米面中毒的病原菌研究

本文报告从两起酵米面食物中毒的酵米面中分离出2株非发酵革兰氏阴性杆菌,经系统生物学特征的鉴定,确认这2株菌为酵米面假单胞菌。与国外的椰毒假单胞菌为同一个种。对小白鼠、狗有致病性,实验动物脏器有不同程度的病理改变,表明这2株菌有较强的毒力。     

添加高纤维米面伴侣的面食对健康人血糖的影响

为了研究高纤维含量的米面伴侣是否有控制健康人餐后血糖的作用,30名健康志愿者早餐进食碳水化合物量为75g的纯小麦面、45%的荞麦面和50%的米面伴侣馒头后,测定0、30、60、120、180 min血糖、胰岛素、C肽和抑胃肽（GIP）的变化情况,观察小麦面条以及添加含高纤维的荞麦或米面伴侣的小麦粉面条对健康人餐后血糖、胰岛素、C肽和GIP水平的影响。结果表明：三种饮食餐后血糖都在正常范围,米面伴侣馒头组（4.57±0.55 mmol/L）120 min血糖显著低于小麦面组（5.10±0.57 mmol/L）及荞麦面组（5.07±0.94 mmol/L）后120 min血糖（P<0.05）,米面伴侣馒头组［（598.87±71.23 mmol／（L·min）］120 min血糖曲线下面积低于小麦面组［616.81±63.21 mmol／（L·min）］和荞麦面组［631.26±78.57 mmol/（L·min）］,但没有显著性差异（P >0.05）。进食小麦面［128.91±32.95nmol／（L·min）］后120 min C肽曲线下面积显著低于荞麦面［152.06±34.84nmol/（L·min）］（P <0.05）,3种饮食120 min胰岛素和GIP曲线下面积（AUC）没有差异。因此,米面伴侣对健康人的餐后血糖有一定的控制作用,且使用简单方便,适合在日常生活中推广使用。     

微孔板杂交法测定郴毒假单胞酵米面亚种的ＤＮＡ—ＤＮＡ同源性

采用一种新的ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ发校方法－微孔板法对郴毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种及伯克霍尔德氏菌属中１１个的ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ同源性进行测定。结果发现郴毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种与唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌及椰毒伯克霍尔德氏菌的ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ同源性均大于７５％,建议这３个种应合并为同一个种,命名为唐菖蒲的伯克霍尔德氏菌（Brukholderia gladioli)。     

微孔板杂交法测定椰毒假单胞酵米面亚种的DNA-DNA同源性

采用一种新的DNADNA杂交方法—微孔板法对椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种及伯克霍尔德氏菌属中11个种的DNADNA同源性进行测定。结果发现椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种与唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌及椰毒伯克霍尔德氏菌的DNADNA同源性均大于75%,建议这3个种应合并为同一个种,命名为唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia gladioli)。     

米面翁果实油中共轭炔烯酸的研究

米面翁（ＢｕｃｋｌｅｙａｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａＭｉｑ．）果实含油３３．４％。经气相色谱分析．油中常见脂肪酸为棕榈酸２．６％,硬脂酸１．３％,棕榈油酸０．５％,油酸３８．７％,亚油酸１．６％,亚麻酸７．９％;尚有３个不常见脂肪酸,通过分离和紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、色谱－质谱方法鉴定,以及臭氧化法证实油中含十八碳烯－反１１－二块－７,９－酸．含量为３９．４％,在植物中首次发现。另外两个未鉴定酸,含量分别为３．８％和４．２％。     

中国高等植物省级分布新记录（三）

报道了檀香科、云实科、蝶形花科、You牛儿苗科、芸香科、梧酮科、瑞香科和伞形科共20种植物在我国11个省区中的分布新记录,其中山西分布新记录的有苏木蓝,陕西分布新记录的有刺序木蓝和臭节草,宁夏分布新记录的有米面蓊,甘肃分布新记录的有刺序木蓝和紫茎小芹,江苏分布新记录的有长叶胡枝子和宽叶胡枝子,浙江分布新记录的有花木蓝,东西分布新记录的有翅荚香槐和多花木蓝,湖南分布新记录的独活,广西分布新记录的有全缘刺果藤,贵州分布新记录的五叶老颧草、长序山芝麻和多毛荛花,西藏分布新记录的有鞍叶羊蹄甲、圆锥丝瓣芹、丽江丝瓣芹、糙独活和长前胡。     

唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种环介导等温扩增荧光方法的建立

【目的】建立一个基于环介导等温扩增与荧光探针结合的唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种(Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans)特异性检测方法。【方法】通过多重序列比对分析,选择B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans共有的bonA为靶位点,设计环介导等温扩增的特异性引物和荧光探针,通过19株B. gladioli和3株非目标菌株,验证该方法的特异性。将该方法的检测特异性与现有的基于实时荧光定量PCR鉴定B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans的方法进行比较,并对建立的方法进行灵敏度探究。【结果】建立的环介导等温扩增荧光鉴定方法对B. gladioli pv.cocovenenans具有特异性,能在30 min内得出结果,且该方法能进行可视化直接观测。该方法的基因组DNA最低检测限度为1.98pg/μL,检测灵敏度为2.7×10²CFU/mL。另外,该方法能应用到食品样品中B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans的检测。【结论】本研究建立了一个快速、可视化、特异性强的检测方...     

独龙江大峡谷的生态奇观

云南省贡山独龙族自治县,是全省最偏远、人口最稀少的县,而独龙江大峡谷,既是一块人迹罕至的地方,也是祖国西南一隅最动人心魄的地方。由于海拔高度的巨大差异,形成了这里亚热带、温带、寒带立体多元的气候并存,构成了这里谷底火树红花,山腰荫蓊葳蕤,峰顶银妆素裹,十里不同天,一山不同景的奇异景象;由于它的封闭和偏远,人迹罕至,才得以完整地保存了原始的生态,各种植物在这里各得其所自由生长,免遭了人为的破坏,从而为人类保留着一笔丰富的生物资源,提供了一个研究生物进化的自然宝库。这里是真正的植物王国;植物种类不仅囊括了几乎全国各大…     

用制霉菌素抑制黄杆菌检验中霉菌干扰(简报)

从中毒酵米面分离黄杆菌或做计数时,均发现其各种霉菌干扰甚大。往往培养两三天后,霉菌就布满平板,给黄杆菌计数和分离带来一定的困难。据有关单位反映,灰黄霉菌抑制霉菌的效果不好,因此,我们这次试验选用了制霉菌素。材料和方法一、材料制霉菌素标准品:卫生部药品生物制品检定所分发(效价检定用),4,839单位/mg,0.5g/安瓶。     

食品中椰毒假单胞菌微滴式数字PCR定量检测方法的建立

椰毒假单胞菌可污染包括发酵米面等多种食物,其产生的两种毒素导致严重的食物中毒,威胁人体健康。基于数字PCR技术,建立了针对椰毒假单胞菌的定量测量方法。该方法具有较好的特异性与重复性,人工污染糯米汤样品中的检出限为361 CFU/mL。与平板培养法相比,基于数字PCR技术的测量方法缩短了测量时间,有利于椰毒假单胞菌的快速准确测量,未来可在食品安全监测与中毒分析等领域进行应用。     

Regional differences in rates of plant speciation and molecular evolution: a comparison between eastern Asia and eastern North America

The eastern Asian (EAS)-eastern North American (ENA) floristic disjunction is one of the best-known biogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. Recent paleontological and molecular analyses have illuminated the origins of the biogeographic pattern, but subsequent diversification and evolution of the disjunct floras in each of the two continents after isolation remains poorly understood. Although similar in climate and floristic composition, EAS has twice as many species as ENA in genera occurring in both regions. Explaining such differences in species diversity between regions with similar environmental conditions (diversity anomalies) is an important goal of the study of the global patterns of biodiversity. We used a phylogenetic approach to compare rates of net speciation and molecular evolution between the two regions. We first identified EAS-ENA disjunct sister clades from ten genera (Asarum, Buckleya, Carpinus, Carya, Cornus, Hamamelis, Illicium, Panax, Stewartia, and Styrax) that represent diverse angiosperm lineages using phylogenetic analyses of ITS (internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA) sequence data. Species richness and substitution rate of ITS between sister clades were compared. The results revealed a pattern of greater species diversity in the EAS counterparts. A positive relationship between species diversity and ITS substitution rate was also documented. These results suggest greater net speciation and accelerated molecular evolution in EAS. The data support the idea that a regional difference in net speciation rate related to topographic heterogeneity contributes to the diversity anomaly between EAS and ENA. The close relationship between rates of ITS evolution and species richness further suggests that species production may be directly linked to rate of nucleotide substitution.     

A Study of 'Phloeotracheids' in Haustoria of Santalaceous Root Parasites using Scanning Electron Microscopy

Tracheary elements within haustoria of six santalaceous rootparasites have been examined by scanning electron microscopywith particular reference to those cells which contain granules.These cells have been called ‘phloeotracheids’ byearly workers. The granules lie free within the lumen of thecell from which a protoplast is absent at maturity. The granulesoccur in short vessel elements and in imperforate cells whichare thought to represent a specialized type of tracheid. Phloeotracheidsare confirmed in Exocarpus bidwilliiand Mida salicifolia andreported for the first time in Buckleya distichophylla, Comandraumbellata, Nestronia umbellataand Pyrularia pubera. The structureof phloeotracheids shown by scanning electron microscopy isdiscussed in relation to previous studies.     

假丝酵母一新种——北京假丝酵母

本文研究了一株从水果表皮分离到的假丝酵母,它与至今已发表的所有已知假丝酵母均不相同,定名为北京假丝酵母(Candida beijingensis)。     

鹿科动物的染色体组型及其进化

染色体是遗传物质的主要携带者。在动植物进化过程中,染色体在数量和结构上的变化,无疑对物种形成起重要的作用。染色体的变化往往引起基因的重新排列和遗传物质的增加或丢失。染色体在结构和数量上的差异还往往造成两个本来很相近的群体间的生殖隔离而形成新种。染色体组型和染色体的带型都代表着种的特性,它为不同动物在分类研究和确定其在进化过程中的位置提供了一个新的和重要的标准。可是,染色体的结构既是稳定的,同时又是可变的。染色体组型的改变是以染色体组的结构特点为基础     

中国景天属一些种的订正

本文对国产景天属的6种植物进行了分类订正。归并了7种1亚种和2变种,同时对中国植物志中景天属存疑种Sedum phyllanthum Levl.et Vant.和S.subtile Miq.的范围及其分类地位进行了讨论。根据对S.hsinganicum Chu ex S.H.Fu的模式标本以及S.floriferum Praeger模式标本图和模式产地标本的研究,确认二者所具性状均在S.aizoon L.的性状变异范围内,故予归并。S.onychopetalumFrod.,S.grammophyllum Frod以及S.anhuiense S.H.Fu et X.W.Wang经研究均被作为S.lineareThunb.的异名处理。S.formosanum N.E.Br.在《中国植物志》中被并入S.alfredii Hance,现恢复为独立的种。此外还报道了一个中国新记录种S.hakonense Makino。     

On the integrated frameworks of species concepts: Mayden’s hierarchy of species concepts and de Queiroz’s unified concept of species

Richard L. Mayden and Kevin de Queiroz have devised and developed ‘a hierarchy of species concepts’ and ‘a unified species concept’, respectively. Although their integrated frameworks of species concepts are rather different as to how to integrate the diverse modern concepts of species, the end result is that they are likely to agree on species recognition in nature, because they virtually share the same major components (i.e. evolutionary or lineage concept of species; same way of delimiting species), and have the same important consequences. Both the hierarchical and unified frameworks, however, are interpreted to have shortcoming regarding the way of integrating the modern species concepts. I reformulate these ideas into a framework of species concepts as follows: It treats the idea of species as population‐level evolutionary lineages (sensu Wiley 1978 ) as the concept for species category, and it adopts the contingent biological properties of species (e.g. internal reproductive isolation, diagnosability, monophyly) as operational criteria in delimiting species. I also suggest that existing and revised versions of the integrated framework of species concepts all are not new species concepts, but versions of the evolutionary species concept, because they treat the evolutionary (or lineage) species concept as the concept for species category.     

中国假尾孢属的研究II．

本文报道中国假尾孢属的24个种,其中有2个新种:杨桐假尾孢(Pseudocercospora adinandrae Guo&Liu),钟萼假尾孢(Pseudocercospora bretschneiderae Liu&Guo),10个新组合,1个新名称:木豆假尾孢(Pseudoeercospora cajani-flavi Guo&Liu)和11个中国新记录。文中对2个新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述及图。所研究的标本全部保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

多种被子植物花粉生殖细胞大量分离技术的比较研究

从11种植物的成熟花粉粒中分离出大量生活的生殖细胞。比较了四种分离方法(一步渗透压冲击法、二步渗透压冲击法、低酶法和花粉原生质体释放法)在不同植物中的效果。归纳出三类植物适于采用三种分离方法。研究了影响分离效果的若干重要因素。对5种植物的分离生殖细胞进行了纯化。经鉴定,纯化的细胞群体中80%以上的细胞是生活的。