植物挥发物代谢工程在改良香气品质和植物防御中的应用

挥发物次生代谢在植物繁殖、植物防御和改良食物品质方面发挥着重要作用。近年来,随着参与挥发物生物合成的基因和酶类的鉴定以及代谢途径和调控机理等研究的不断发展和深入,挥发物代谢工程已经具备较高的可行性。应用代谢工程改良花、果实的香气品质以及提高植物防御能力的研究成效显著。主要介绍了这些方面的最新进展,同时也讨论了植物挥发物代谢工程应用存在的问题和挑战以及研究思路。     

Bacteria with ACC deaminase can promote plant growth and help to feed the world

To feed all of the world's people, it is necessary to sustainably increase agricultural productivity. One way to do this is through the increased use of plant growth-promoting bacteria; recently, scientists have developed a more profound understanding of the mechanisms employed by these bacteria to facilitate plant growth. Here, it is argued that the ability of plant growth-promoting bacteria that produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase to lower plant ethylene levels, often a result of various stresses, is a key component in the efficacious functioning of these bacteria. The optimal functioning of these bacteria includes the synergistic interaction between ACC deaminase and both plant and bacterial auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). These bacteria not only directly promote plant growth, they also protect plants against flooding, drought, salt, flower wilting, metals, organic contaminants, and both bacterial and fungal pathogens. While a considerable amount of both basic and applied work remains to be done before ACC deaminase-producing plant growth-promoting bacteria become a mainstay of plant agriculture, the evidence indicates that with the expected shift from chemicals to soil bacteria, the world is on the verge of a major paradigm shift in plant agriculture.     

Comparative population studies of threePieris butterflies,P. rapae,P. melete andP. napi,living in the same area

The adult populations of three Pieris butterflies, P. rapae, P. melete and P. napi, were studied in an area of their coexistence throughout the flight seasons by using the mark-and-recapture method. The study area, about 3×1.5 km, was set up in a farm village surrounded by the mountainous area in Inabu, Aichi Prefecture. The habitats were qualified by the four factors, i. e., oviposition plants, adult nector plants, roosting-sites and light conditions. Between P. rapae and P. napi, there were sharp differences with regards to overall habitat preferences. P. melete had the widest preferences for all the habitat resources, which overlapped greately with requirements of P. rapae and P. napi. P. melete and P. rapae showed similar preferences for oviposition plants, but the former preferred shaded habitats while the latter preferred sunny places. P. melete and P. napi, having similar preferences for shaded situations, showed differences in the preferences for oviposition plants. Moreover, three species of Pieris were different in their preferences for adult nector plants. Thus, they were more likely to partition habitat resources rather than competing for them. The habitat structures of each species in respect of time, space and stability to weather changes were much different each other in the same area. The habitat of P. rapae was temporary, localized and unstable. While, that of P. melete was more permanent, widespread and stable than that of P. rapae. P. napi seemed to live in the intermediate habitat, i. e., permanent, localized and stable one.     

Tissue culture of Alhagi camelorum – a legume of high regenerative capacity

Alhagi camelorum cultures provide a system with a high propensity for plantlet regeneration from root, hypocotyl, stem, and leaf explants. Excluding leaf explants, all explants regenerate to form shoot-buds on a simple basal medium suggesting a differential morphogenic potential of different parts of the same plant. All parts of the plant including leaves, form shoot-buds on cytokinin-containing media which markedly promote shoot-bud differentiation, alone or in combination with indoleacetic acid or naphthaleneacetic acid. Rooting occurs on media containing indoleacetic acid and naphthaleneacetic acid. 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is inhibitory for differentiation and induces callusing. Callus induced on benzylaminopurine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid differentiates to form shoot-buds on transfer to cytokinin-containing medium. Upon transfer to basal medium shoots produce roots. Plants have been transferred to soil.     

A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range: results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials

Purpose

To determine if plant stanols and plant sterols differ with respect to their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH) lowering efficacies across a continuous dose range.

Methods

Dose-response relationships were evaluated separately for plant stanols and plant sterols and reductions in LDL-CH, using a first-order elimination function.

Results

Altogether, 113 publications and 1 unpublished study report (representing 182 strata) complied with the pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the assessment. The maximal LDL-CH reductions for plant stanols (16.4%) and plant stanol ester (17.1%) were significantly greater than the maximal LDL-CH reductions for plant sterols (8.3%) and plant sterol ester (8.4%). These findings persisted in several additional analyses.

Discussion and conclusions

Intakes of plant stanols in excess of the recommended 2 g/day dose are associated with additional and dose-dependent reductions in LDL-CH, possibly resulting in further reductions in the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).     

植物次生代谢基因工程

植物次生代谢基因工程,是利用基因工程技术对植物次生代谢途径的遗传特性进行改造,进而改变植物次生代谢产物。植物次生代谢基因工程的出现是人类对次生代谢途径的深入了解和分子生物学向纵深发展的结果,同时它又促进了次生代谢分子生物学的发展。调控因子的应用和多基因的协同转化为植物次生代谢基因工程拓宽了思路。从次生代谢图谱、植物基因工程策略和植物转基因方法等方面对植物次生代谢的基因工程研究进展做一简要概述。     

Bioactivity of secondary metabolites and thallus extracts from lichen fungi

Fungal secondary compounds and total extracts are known to affect growth of bacteria, fungi, and plants. This study tested the effects of purified compounds and total extracts from three lichens on the growth of two plant pathogens, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi ssp. americana and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Usnic acid showed no reduction in relative growth rates (RGR), whereas vulpinic acid reduced RGR for both fungi and atranorin reduced RGR of S. sclerotiorum only. However, purified vulpinic acid showed stronger effects than total extracts on fungal growth. The results suggest that these lichens show further promise as a source for bioactive compounds against fungi.     

中国植物病毒研究40年

本文综述我国自20世纪70年代以来在植物病毒学领域的研究概况,较全面地介绍各个时间段具有代表性的研究成果,并对国内高水平的植物病毒学研究室及其研究领域进行了较详细的介绍。     

Targeted protein accumulation promoted by autoassembly and its recovery from plant cells

The expression of a fusion protein formed between the avian infectious bronchitis virus M protein and the bacterial enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUS) in plants promotes the formation of new organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in tobacco plants. This unusual organization of the membranes, never present in nontransformed plants, has been explained by the oligomerization of the GUS domains of the IBVM-GUS fusion proteins. These specific organized membranes could have broad implications for biotechnology since their formation could be used as a mechanism for retaining and accumulating resident proteins in specific and discrete membrane compartments. In this study, we have shown that the unusual organization of native membranes due to overexpression of the IBVM-GUS fusion gene in tobacco transgenic plants and calli is present at higher levels in plant cell suspensions than in plant tissues. In these cell suspensions, IBVM-GUS protein was continuously synthesized and accumulated throughout the cell culture. An enrichment of the chimeric IBVM-GUS protein corresponding to a five-fold increase in the microsomal fractions was achieved and the GUS enzyme did not show any modification on enzyme kinetics. However, the GUS activity could be differentially distributed in the fractions eluted at different pH suggesting differences in the surface topography of histidine residues for this recombinant GUS.     

Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Jasmonates

Jasmonates are derived from oxygenated fatty acids via the octadecanoid pathway and characterized by a pentacyclic ring structure. They have regulatory function as signaling molecules in plant development and adaptation to environmental stress. Until recently, it was the cyclopentanone jasmonic acid (JA) that attracted most attention as a plant growth regulator. It becomes increasingly clear, however, that biological activity is not limited to JA but extends to, and may even differ between its many metabolities and conjugates as well as its cyclopentenone precursors. The enzymes of jasmonate biosynthesis and metabolism may thus have a regulatory function in controlling the activity and relative levels of different signaling molecules. Such a function is supprted by both the characteration of loss of function mutants inArabidopsis, and the biochemical characterization of the enzymes themselves. Online publication: 27 January 2005     

ethylene receptor 1 (etr1) Is Sufficient and Has the Predominant Role in Mediating Inhibition of Ethylene Responses by Silver in Arabidopsis thaliana

Ethylene influences many processes in Arabidopsis thaliana through the action of five receptor isoforms. All five isoforms use copper as a cofactor for binding ethylene. Previous research showed that silver can substitute for copper as a cofactor for ethylene binding activity in the ETR1 ethylene receptor yet also inhibit ethylene responses in plants. End-point and rapid kinetic analyses of dark-grown seedling growth revealed that the effects of silver are mostly dependent upon ETR1, and ETR1 alone is sufficient for the effects of silver. Ethylene responses in etr1-6 etr2-3 ein4-4 triple mutants were not blocked by silver. Transformation of these triple mutants with cDNA for each receptor isoform under the promoter control of ETR1 revealed that the cETR1 transgene completely rescued responses to silver while the cETR2 transgene failed to rescue these responses. The other three isoforms partially rescued responses to silver. Ethylene binding assays on the binding domains of the five receptor isoforms expressed in yeast showed that silver supports ethylene binding to ETR1 and ERS1 but not the other isoforms. Thus, silver may have an effect on ethylene signaling outside of the ethylene binding pocket of the receptors. Ethylene binding to ETR1 with silver was ～30% of binding with copper. However, alterations in the K(d) for ethylene binding to ETR1 and the half-time of ethylene dissociation from ETR1 do not underlie this lower binding. Thus, it is likely that the lower ethylene binding activity of ETR1 with silver is due to fewer ethylene binding sites generated with silver versus copper.     

植物内生菌研究及其科学意义

植物内生菌是近三十年来在国内外迅速受到关注的微生物类群,研究的角度不同,概念也比较混乱。本文就植物内生菌研究及其科学意义进行了综述和讨论。植物内生菌在国外广受关注,始于禾本科植物内生真菌以及林木内生真菌的特殊作用。产紫杉醇的红豆杉内生真菌被报道后,植物内生菌研究在生理活性物质领域开始暴发式的增加。通过对一年生草本植物、多年生草本植物、木本植物和藤本植物各部位的内生微生物的比较和分析,总结了植物内生菌的一些共性和特殊性,指出了植物内生菌研究的一些发展趋势。本文探讨植物内生菌对地球上的微生物物种总量的贡献。提出"植物体在自然界的实际生存状态实际上是微生物和植物的状态"的观点,导出植物育种实际上是"植物和微生物的共生体的培育"的观点。还讨论了植物内生菌对生态学、生物学、微生物的进化和物种形成、内生菌/宿主的联合代谢、以及植物保护学、畜牧兽医学、林学等领域的意义和影响。本文认为,植物内生菌研究打开了微生物资源的一个新局面,将在多个领域中产生更广泛的影响。植物内生菌研究的真正意义不仅在于其生态独特性,更在于微生物在宿主体内和宿主植物的协同作用及协同作用所产生的新功能和新物质。     

Biodiversity of endophytic fungi in different leaf ages of Calotropis procera and their antimicrobial activity

Calotropis procera has many important medicinal properties with proven pharmacological potential. Some of these properties may be mediated by its fungal endophytes. This study analyzed, for the first time, the community of endophytic fungi of C. procera outside its region of origin. A total of 156 fungal isolates distributed across 19 taxa were obtained from 468 fragments of C. procera leaves at different stages of maturation. The rate of endophyte colonization increased with the leaf age/development. The dominant species of endophytic fungi of C. procera introduced in Northeast Brazil were different from those found in studies on the same species and other species of the same genus in native regions. The dominant endophyte was Phaeoramularia calotropidis (63.5 %), followed by Guignardia bidwellii (21.1 %). Six isolates of endophytic fungi showed antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic micro-organisms and one plant pathogenic fungus. The antibacterial activity was more intense than the antifungal activity. The endophytic Curvularia pallescens (URM 6048) stood out inhibited Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum dematium. Ecological and biotechnological aspects of endophytic mycota are discussed.     

Ri质粒在植物科学中应用的新进展

本文综述了发根农杆菌Ｒｉ质粒在植物学理论研究、有用植物次生代谢物生产、植物品种改良及植物栽培四个方面应用的最新进展。     

关于IUCN和WWF联合植物保护研究计划工作的成就和今后的任务

植物是人类和动物生活所必需,由于缺乏长远规划的目标,无计划的滥用已导致许多植物灭绝或陷入濒临灭绝的境地。为此,IUCN—WWF联合建立了“植物保护研究计划”,并把其列入他们各自工作的重点。主要工作内容有下列各项:1)传播信息宣传群众;2)建立必要的植物保护的工作条件:3)植物遗传资源的保护:4)野生经济植物的保护:5)加强植物园开展植物保护的工作条件:6)促进植物丰富的国家开展植物保护工作。     

Chromosomal variability in tissue cultures and regenerated plants of Hordeum

Summary Spontaneous polyploidy, aneuploidy, and chromosomal rearrangements were observed in callus and suspension cultures of Hordeum vulgare, H. jubatum, and their interspecific hybrid. The extent to which each class of chromosomal variability was present in a culture depended upon differentiated state, age, and history. Cytological and isozymic analysis of subdivided callus cultures revealed spatial segregation of chromosomal variability. Cytogenetic analyses were performed to determine the expression of this in vitro chromosomal variability in corresponding regenerated plant tissues. A complete loss of polyploidy and a decrease in aneuploidy and chromosomal rearrangements were observed. Analyses of specific isozyme activities in regenerates suggested that a quantitative segregation of H. vulgare and H. jubatum genomes had occurred in tissue cultures of their interspecific hybrid. Possible uses of in vitro chromosomal variability for plant breeding and genetical studies are discussed.Work supported by a grant to Project 3195 from the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and by Grant E4-76-S-02-7528. A004 to P.S. Carlson from the US Department of Energy     

植物启动子的诱导模序

启动子是位于基因 5′端并负责该基因转录的DNA序列。诱导性启动子中有一些对伤害、真菌侵染、紫外线照射、激素等做出应答反应的顺式作用元件 ,被称为模序。已在植物启动子中鉴定出许多与诱导表达相关的模序 ,如伤害诱导模序 ,真菌诱导模序 ,植物激素诱导模序和光诱导模序等。这些模序作为启动子的顺式元件对各种诱导因子做出反应、调控基因的表达。     

Plant cell biology 150 years after Matthias Schleiden

Summary Exactly 150 years after the publication of the so-called cell theory the role of the botanist Schleiden has been reconsidered. It is emphasized that the study of plant sexual reproduction systems has contributed considerably to the development of the general cell concept. Recent examples show that 150 years later plant cell biology is flourishing, not least because of the great impact of the increasing use of plant reproductive cells and organs.     

植物实验生殖生物学与生殖细胞工程:现在与未来

植物实验生殖生物学是植物实验胚胎学发展的新阶段,其主要特征为操作技术水平的提高与多学科综合性研究的加强。花粉原生质体、生殖细胞、精子,胚囊、卵细胞的操作、雌雄配子体外融合、配子-体细胞杂交等,代表了当前的主要研究趋势。实验生殖生物学与基因工程相结合,开辟了植物生殖工程新技术领域的前景。对生殖工程的意义与内容提出了轮廓设想。