Structural modification of Quercus petraea leaf caused by Cynips quercusfolii – histological study of galls

Galls formed by the interaction of insects on plant tissues are an example of the unusual transformation and use of plants by insects. The aim of this study was to characterize the structure of galls formed by Cynips quercusfolii L. on sessile oak leaves. In the structure of galls, we distinguished the following: (1) the protective ‘first contact zone’ created by epidermal and sub-epidermal sclerenchyma rings, (2) the wide parenchymatous ring, (3) the internal protective zone created by the sclerenchyma ring, and (4) the nutritional zone consisting of cells filled with amyloplasts containing starch. A characteristic for galls in the development stage is the centripetal starch gradient in which starch accumulates in a ‘ring of amyloplasts’ in the larval chamber.     

广西常绿栎林的分类

常绿栎林属于常绿阔叶林的一个群系组,在广西有平脉栎（Quercus kerrii Craib)林、绒毛栎（Q.gomeziana A Camus)林、蝶斗栎（Q.disformis Chun et Tsiang)林和华南栎（Q.edithae Skan)林4个群系。前两者见于桂西北干旱区域,后两者分布在桂东湿润地区。这些地区常绿栎林群落划分、种类组成和动态变化的阐明,可为科学经营管理提供依据。     

林生地霉血液分离株的形态学观察

目的 进一步了解林生地霉的形态学特征和产孢方式。方法受试菌株复苏后,转种于沙堡培养基,37℃和27℃温箱培养3周,每天观察菌落生长情况,并对其丝状型和酵母样型两种菌落进行光镜观察。在培养1周时,挑取菌落常规制片后行扫描电镜和透射电镜观察。结果 培养第2～3d,菌落开始生长,初为白色绒毛样、粉末样,1～2周后菌落均转变为乳酪样,其中37℃下培养的菌落转变较早。菌丝相时,光镜下可见丰富的分支、分隔菌丝,成链的关节孢子和圆形、椭圆形小分生孢子。酵母相时,光镜下可见丰富的芽生孢子,少量的厚膜孢子、外生或内生的关节孢子,菌丝稀少。扫描电镜下可见菌丝分支末端或侧面着生球形、棒状的分生孢子,末端凹陷。透射电镜下可见分生孢子与菌丝分离时全壁断裂,另一端正在出芽。结论 林生地霉包括丝状型和酵母样型两种菌落形态和链状排列的矩形关节孢子、圆形或椭圆形的小分生孢子、厚膜孢子以及分支、分隔菌丝为其形态学特征,有芽殖、外生和内生节孢子三种产孢类型。     

国产18种鳞盖蕨属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

鳞盖蕨属是一个自然类群,由于各类群之间的形态差异以及种内变异比较大,因此其分类一直存在争议.该研究利用光学显微镜(LM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对鳞盖蕨属18种植物(含3变种)的叶表皮微形态进行了观察和比较,并结合形态学、孢粉学和分子系统学探讨其系统学意义.结果表明:在光学显微镜下,18种鳞盖蕨属植物叶上、下表皮的脉上均有毛,叶表皮细胞都为不规则形,垂周壁为深波状或波状;气孔都分布在下表皮,气孔器类型主要有极细胞型和腋下细胞型两种,叶表皮微形态特征支持鳞盖蕨属是碗蕨科中的一个单系类群;叶上、下表皮脉间毛的变异特征支持光叶鳞盖蕨、毛叶边缘鳞盖蕨和二回边缘鳞盖蕨处理为边缘鳞盖蕨变种;在扫描电镜下,叶上表皮角质层多为脊状凸起,多数还具丝状纹饰,角质膜特征与叶片回数有一定的相关性;共环极细胞型、聚腋下细胞型、不等细胞型和不规则四细胞型只在少数种出现,气孔外拱盖多数凹陷,光滑或有颗粒;气孔外拱盖内缘平滑、浅波状或齿状;保卫细胞两极大多数有\"T\"型加厚,不同种间叶表皮微形态特征表现出一定差异.该研究结果为其分类、演化、系统位置等进一步研究提供了参考.     

中国云南8种堇菜属植物的叶形态解剖特征及分类学意义

堇菜属（Viola）植物种类多、分布广、形态变异大,物种鉴定和分类系统争议较大。因此,为解决该属 物种的分类学问题,以中国云南产的8种堇菜属植物为研究对象,利用显微镜和石蜡切片技术观察叶形态解剖特征,结果如下：（1）叶型可分为4种：肾形、戟形、卵形和三深裂;（2）叶片边缘和叶脉处稀疏分布着单细胞单列毛状体,可分为3类：短柱状、中柱状和长柱状;（3）叶表皮细胞垂周壁式样有平直-弓形、浅波状和深波状,气孔器类型有平列型、横列型和无规则型;气孔多为椭圆形,少数为近圆形;（4）叶中脉处上下表皮突起有均等型和不等型;（5）叶柄横切面轮廓和主维管束形态相关,前者为椭圆形、半圆形和近圆形,后者为浅U型、深U型和圆形。分析结果表明,堇菜属的叶型、表皮毛被、叶表皮细胞形态、气孔类型、叶中脉处的上下表皮形态、叶柄横切面及主维管束轮廓等,在种间差异明显,可以用作属内物种划分和近似种间的区别,支持长萼堇菜（V. inconspicua）、早开堇菜（V. prionantha）和紫花地丁（V. philippica）是一组有近缘关系的独立种。     

伊曲康唑对皮肤癣菌形态学影响研究

目的观察皮肤癣菌在伊曲康唑作用下的形态学变化。方法应用美国CLSI制订的标准M38-A方案进行伊曲康唑对皮肤癣菌的体外药敏试验,测定最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,将伊曲康唑作用前后的皮肤癣菌分别制成标本,在光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜下观察形态学变化。结果伊曲康唑作用于皮肤癣菌后,在光学显微镜下菌丝变得弯曲、短粗,顶端和局部出现膨大;扫描电子显微镜下菌丝变得弯曲、短粗、干瘪,顶端和局部出现膨大,有不规则分支,表面粗糙,有大小不等的凹陷;透射电子显微镜下菌丝变得皱缩,有凹陷,双层细胞壁结构消失或不完整,细胞膜不连续,皱缩细胞膜和细胞壁之间及胞浆内出现许多小的高电子密度颗粒,细胞器也变得不清晰。结论伊曲康唑使皮肤癣菌的形态发生明显变化。     

七种阔叶常绿植物叶片的生态解剖学研究

对 7种常绿阔叶植物叶片的解剖学特征的观察结果表明 ,它们的叶片在结构上均表现出典型的旱生特点 :异面叶 ,上表皮细胞较厚且排列紧密 ,具发达的角质膜 ,无气孔器分布 ,下表皮细胞较小 ,气孔器密度较大 ;栅栏组织细胞层数较多 ,排列紧密 ,海绵组织细胞排列极其疏松 ,并形成通气组织 ;中脉及其输导组织和机械组织发达。越冬叶和越夏叶在解剖结构上存在一定的差异 :前者在角质膜 ,叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度等方面比后者厚 ,而在气孔密度和输导组织方面则比后者略有减少或不发达。这些差异 (发育可塑性 )是常绿阔叶植物适应冬、夏季截然不同的两种生境 (生境的时间异质性 )的表现形式     

Origin and evolution of the unusual leaf epidermis of Caryodaphnopsis (Lauraceae)

We studied leaf epidermal anatomy of Caryodaphnopsis Airy Shaw, a genus disjunct between tropical Asia and tropical America, using light microscope and scanning electron microscope. We sampled 10 species of Caryodaphnopsis and 52 species of other Lauraceous genera. Our observations suggest that this genus possesses a unique lower leaf epidermis. Compared with other leaves of Lauraceae, this genus has an additional layer covering the lower leaf epidermis and the stomatal apparatus. The additional layer is either closed or poriferous/reticulate. The outer periclinal walls of the lower leaf epidermis protrude outside forming hollow domes or columns, and the distal endings of these domes or columns are expanded and fused, which forms the additional covering layer. Three different types are recognized in the genus: (1) the middle portion of the protuberances is not contracted and the distal endings are free or adnate to each other, with only limited space between the two layers; (2) the middle portion is slightly contracted in the outer part, the distal endings are fused, with more space between the two layers; (3) the middle portion is conspicuously contracted and elongated into columns, the distal endings are fused and it is roomy between the two layers. The structure of the leaf lower epidermis is reconstructed and illustrated for the first time. This unusual leaf lower epidermis of Caryodaphnopsis is derived in Lauraceae and is an autapomorphic character. Outward protrusions of the outer periclinal walls forming papillate protuberances surrounding the stomatal apparatus are also found in a few other genera including Neocinnamomum, a genus closely related to Caryodaphnopsis, but the distal endings of these protrusions are not expanded and connected. We hypothesize that the periclinal wall of the lower leaf epidermis has been gradually modified in Lauraceae, from a smooth pattern in most genera, to papillate pattern (e.g. Neocinnamomum), and to the double layered lower leaf epidermis in Caryodaphnopsis. The origin and evolution of this unique lower epidermis might have been related to the climatic cooling and aridification since the late Eocene.     

21种中国荚蒾属植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

为解决荚蒾属植物分类学问题并探究叶片解剖结构在分类学中的价值,该研究利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对21种中国荚蒾属植物的叶表皮细胞、气孔大小、气孔器类型和角质层纹饰等叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察和比较,为荚蒾属种间分类关系提供证据。结果显示,叶表皮细胞有无规则形和多边形2种,垂周壁式样有平直、浅波状、波状与深波状4种式样,其中下表皮细胞形状均为不规则形,且垂周壁式样较上表皮更稳定。气孔均分布在下表皮,形状为近圆形、椭圆形2种;气孔器类型包括不等型、平列型和无规则型3种;气孔器外拱盖内缘有近平滑、浅波状、波状3种;气孔器外围角质层纹饰有脊状隆起、条状隆起2种。研究表明,荚蒾属植物叶表皮细胞和气孔器特征在种间差异明显,可作为种间鉴定及分类的重要依据,具有重要的分类学意义。     

胞石鉴定新技术--一种使用生物显微镜鉴定胞石标本的新方法

生物显微镜、实体显微镜和扫描电子显微镜是研究胞石化石的主要工具,三者各有优势和不足之处。通过摸索和对比,在普通生物显微镜上加载一个落入光系统,或者使用带有落入光系统的生物显微镜,可以清楚地观察和分辨标本表面的特征和纹饰类型,充分发挥生物显微镜的优势,做到准确、快速、低成本地鉴定胞石化石。     

12种十字花科植物花粉形态研究

采用扫描电子显微镜对十字花科8属12种植物的花粉形态特征进行了观察分析.其中8种为首次报道.观察结果表明:4族8属12种十字花科植物花粉形态的一般特征为:花粉粒长球形至超长球形;极面观三裂圆形,少数四裂圆形;外壁纹饰为网状或细网状纹饰;三沟,偶四沟.12种植物的花粉可划分为5种类型:(1)花粉粒长球形,网状纹饰,三沟;(2)花粉粒超长球形,网状纹饰,三沟;(3)花粉粒长球形,细网状纹饰,三沟;(4)花粉粒超长球形,细网状纹饰,三沟;(5)花粉粒长球形,三或四沟,网状纹饰.十字花科花粉形态特征在不同族间、不同属间以及同属不同种间均没有明显规律,在十字花科分类过程中,不宜单独以花粉形态特征作为依据.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Petunia</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">hybrida</Emphasis> during transition to flowering as affected by light intensity and quality treatments

Petunia × hybrida was grown under high (H), medium (M) and low (L) light intensity [photoperiod; 16 h d⁻¹, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD); 360, 120 and 40 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively] as well as under end-of-day (EOD) red (R) and far-red (FR) light quality treatments [photoperiod; 14.5 h d⁻¹, PPFD; 30 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ EOD; 15 min, Control (C) light; without EOD light treatment]. Shoot growth, leaf anatomical and photosynthetic responses as well as the responses of peroxidase (POD) isoforms and their specific activities following transition to flowering (1–6 weeks) were evaluated. Flower bud formation of Petunia × hybrida was achieved at the end of the 4th week for H light treatment and on the end of the 6th week for FR light treatment. No flower bud formation was noticed in the C and R light treatments. H and M light treatments induced lower chlorophyll (Chla, Chlb, Chla+b) concentrations in comparison to L light. On the other hand R and FR light chlorophyll content were similar to C light. Photosynthetic parameters [CO₂ assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g _s) values] were higher in the H light treated plants in comparison to M and L light treated plants. A, E and g _s values of R and FR light were similar to C light plants. Leaf anatomy revealed that total leaf thickness, thickness of the contained tissues (epidermis, palisade and spongy parenchyma) and relative volume percentages of the leaf histological components were differently affected within the light intensity and the light quality treatments. POD specific activities increased from the 1st to the 6th week during transition to flowering. Native-PAGE analysis revealed the appearance of four anionic POD (A₁–A₄) isoforms in all light treatments. On the basis of the leaf anatomical, photosynthetic and plant morphological responses, the production of high quality Petunia × hybrida plants with optimal flowering times could be achieved through the control of both light intensity and light quality. The appearance of A₁ and A₂ anionic POD isoforms could be also used for successful scheduling under light treatments.     

安徽母草属植物花粉形态特征的研究

利用光镜和扫描电子显微镜首次对安徽母草属(Lindernia)六种植物的花粉形态进行了观察研究.结果表明该属花粉粒多为近球形, 具3 沟, 表面光滑.探讨了花粉形态特征的分类学意义,支持属级水平的分类.