保安湖大型底栖动物结构与分布格局研究

2001年8月对保安湖大型底栖动物进行调查,共记录动物4门7纲25科54属70种。其中,软体动物为绝对优势类群(占总丰度的81.5%)。而腹足类的纹沼螺(Parafossarulus striatulus)、白旋螺(Gyraulus albus)、长角涵螺(Alocinma longicornis)、方格短沟蜷(Semisulcospira libertina)和铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为该湖泊的优势种。样点间平均物种丰富度7.1,平均Shannon-Winner指数1.34。刮食者是保安湖底栖动物的最重要的功能摄食类群(占总丰度的80%以上)。结合GPS,将野外调查数据构建GIS数据库。基于GIS软件平台,运用Kringing插值法,构建动物丰度、主要功能摄氏类群及生物多样性等的空间分布格局,较为直观地反映了保安湖底栖动物的分布情况。模拟出的底栖动物分布格局显示,底栖动物各参数在全湖的分布较不均匀,出现数个高分布区。比较底栖动物各种参数的分布格局图与优势水生植物分布格局图,发现总密度、软体动物丰度和Shannon生物多样性指数的高分布区域与水草总生物量的高值区有不同程度的重叠。这表明,保安湖高等水生植物的分布是影响其底栖动物的关键因子。     

保安湖莲群丛分布格局分形特征的初步研究

应用非线性科学中的分形几何理论,以保安湖扁担塘湖汊中的莲群丛为对象,研究该群丛小尺度水平格局的分形特征。主要应用计盒维数和信息维数公式计算群丛中莲种群和菱种群的个体分布格局的分维值,莲的计盒维数为1.92,信息维数为1.88;菱的计盒维数为1.04,信息维数为1.11.表明在采样区莲的空间占有程度远大于菱,是该时期的优势种,而菱则成为伴生种。莲在各尺度上的分布较均匀。最后讨论了莲的分维值在连续样方上的变化。       

乌兰布和沙漠灌木种群空间格局研究

应用地统计学中半方差函数,研究了内蒙古乌兰布和沙漠主要4种灌木种群的空间格局。在巴彦高勒镇西南设置一个1 000 m×1 000 m的样方,将样方划分为1 600个25 m×25 m的格子,记录各格子内出现的物种及其平均冠幅。运用地统计软件GS+for Windows计算样地各灌木种群的各向同性半方差函数的参数,并绘制其克立格(Kriging)图。从各向同性的半方差模型的参数来看,柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）属于聚集性分布的球型模型,其空间结构比率高,这表明在这一地区柽柳的冠幅分布变化较小,25 m的抽样步长合适;而白刺（Nitraria tangtorum）属于聚集性分布的指数模型,其空间结构比率比较低。本研究成果为沙漠地区植被的抽样调查提供了基础。     

洪泽湖大型水生植物群落结构和时空格局的GIS模拟

2010—2011年对洪泽湖大型水生植物进行了4个季度全面的调查和研究, 共发现大型水生植物8科12种, 其中沉水植物9种, 挺水植物1种, 浮叶植物2种。马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、微齿眼子菜(P. maackianu)、篦齿眼子菜(P. pectinatus)和菹草(P. crispus)为全年优势度较高的水生植物, 但4个季节大型水生植物的优势种类组成差异明显。秋季的水草生物量最高, 其次为夏季和冬季, 春季最低。结合GPS (Global Position System)和GIS (Geographic Information System), 利用GIS的Kring插值法对洪泽湖大型水生植物总生物量及主要优势物种的时空分布进行了可视化模拟。结果发现洪泽湖现阶段大型水生植物分布区域主要集中在湖区北部水质较好、透明度较高且相对封闭的成子湖区。文章也分析了洪泽湖大型水生植物变迁的潜在影响因子, 为水生植物保护和生态系统健康提供了基础依据。     

水溶性有机物在水旱轮作土壤剖面中的分馏现象

水溶性有机物(DOM)是有机物质中最为活跃的组成部分,在陆地生态系统物质的迁移转化过程中起重要作用．通过田间试验和室内理化分析证明了DOM在土壤剖面迁移过程中存在明显的“分馏”现象,随着土层深度的增加,对照、施化肥和施污泥处理土壤DOM的浓度分别由145．8、117．7和114．8mg·kg^-1降到21．57、23．23和13．78mg·kg^-l;不施肥和施化肥处理的土壤DOM随着深度的增加,极性物质所占的比例分别由19．01％和18．47％增至34．97％与44．37％,呈上升趋势,而非极性组分所占比例相应降低;施污泥处理则出现相反的规律,极性组分由36．96％降到17．07％,非极性组分由63．04％增为82．93％．土壤DOM的生物降解率由上到下对照和施化肥处理分别由24．38％和24．00％增大到54．74％和53．81％,而施污泥处理的变化规律则相反,由53．19％降到30．75％．DOM的生物降解率与DOM中极性物质的含量呈正相关关系．紫外光谱进一步证实了这一结果．     

保安湖大型水生植物在碳循环中的作用

通过全年的生物量调查的方法,对保安湖的优势种水草生产量进行调查;并进行两个月的优势种水草的分解实验,同时结合各优势水草的含碳量和保安湖的湖水溶解有机碳(DOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)的动态,阐明大型水生植物在保安湖生态系统碳循环中的作用。同时在整个湖泊范围内,运用分形几何学对水草中的含碳量格局进行分析。     

植被格局的分形特征

目前植被格局研究存在一些问题,分形模型是解决这些问题的有力工具。选择从分枝到景观的各个等级层次上若干有代表性的研究实例进行介绍。给出了尺度,自相似性和分形维数在植被格局研究中的应用方法,说明了分形模型描述植被格局的实用性和优越性。在此基础上提出了植被格局的分形机制,认为植被格局是具有自组织特征的分形体。最后对植被格局的分形模型进行了评价,提出了研究中需要注意的若干问题以及未来的发展方向。     

碱化草地群落恢复演替空间格局动态分析

对松嫩平原碱化草地1989年开始围栏封育的1hm^2样地9a间的空间格局进行了分析,结果表明：（1）不同物种斑块空间格局动态不同,在恢复演替各个阶段中的地位与作用也不同。（2）结论基本上支持了斑块化－稳定性假说。     

天目山物种多样性尺度依赖及其与空间格局关系的多重分形

以浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区为例,采用多尺度分析思想,利用多重分形分析方法,研究了不同尺度下物种多样性的变化、空间分布格局以及多样性与空间格局之间的关系。研究主要得到3方面的结论：（1）物种多样性具有尺度依赖性,随着空间尺度的增大,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数Ⅳ增大,Margalef多样性指数足和均匀度指数E减小;（2）多重分形参数αmin。多重分形谱的变化范围SR等能够定量反映物种的空间分布特征,空间大尺度越大,物种越聚集,空间分布越不均匀;（3）物种多样性与空间格局存在线性或幂函数关系。研究表明多重分形分析定量描述物种空间格局是有效性的,多重分形参数与生物多样性之间的定量关系为研究物种空间格局、生态属性与尺度之间的关系奠定了基础。因此,分形结合传统方法,在生物多样性方面的研究将有很大的潜在价值。     

小波分析方法在心叶驼绒藜(Ceratoides ewersmanniana)空间格局尺度推绎研究中的应用

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘莫索湾沙地选取相隔15km的两个200m×200m样地,以建群种心叶驼绒藜(Ceratoides ewersmanniana)及其生境地形为研究对象,应用小波分析定量研究了多尺度上空间格局的推绎以及空间异质性、空间格局依赖于尺度的变化关系。研究发现:小波分析尺度由1(5m)变化到4(20m)时,两个样地小尺度上的异质性和格局被合并到更大的尺度上,当小波分析的尺度大于等于5(25m)时,两个样地的格局变化平稳,对应地形(丘顶、丘坡、丘底)的基频稳定在110m左右,心叶驼绒藜的数量动态变化周期稳定在115～125m之间。结果表明:小波分析对信号整体特征的提取作用实现了小尺度上的信息到大尺度上的聚合。结合小波分析对信号突变点的检测,利用位置方差检验局部空间异质性程度,发现位置方差将大尺度上的格局分解到每个取样小样方,位置方差最大的地点对应的异质性也最强,实现了大尺度上的信息到小尺度上的分解。总结认为应用小波分析可以实现对空间格局的尺度推绎,具有对植被、环境的分布格局以及异质性有双重度量作用,由小波系数以及由其衍生的小波方差、位置方差来实现这种度量,图形表现直观,优越性明显。     

放牧和刈割条件下草山草坡群落空间异质性分析

采用变异矩分析和分形方法,研究了草山草坡群落在放牧和刈割条件下的空间异质性及空间自相关性,结果表明,群落空间格局有尺度依赖性,刈割条件下空物异质性及空间相关性弱,多样性梯度即β多样性小,放牧消除地形引起的样地差异,因而使空间异质性简单化。     

Regional influences on small-scale vegetational heterogeneity within grasslands in the Serengeti National Park,Tanzania

An index of vegetational heterogeneity in 16 grassland communities in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, was calculated using mean percent distance (MPD) among spatially separated quadrats. To determine whether regional factors such as annual precipitation, fire, soil sodicity, herbivore utilization, or percentage of species having clonal growth patterns influenced the amount of heterogeneity measured in individual grassland communities, the index was related to these factors by an interactively constructed multiple-regression model.Community heterogeneity varied in a curvilinear manner along a north-to-south transect; maximum values occurred in the center of the park with lower values near the northern and southern borders. Subsurface concentrations of Na⁺ and the presence or absence of mound-building termites were incorporated into the model, which explained 55% of the variability in grassland heterogeneity.Abbreviations PD= Percentage Distance - MPD= Mean Percentage Distance     

Community structure in north temperate ants: temporal and spatial variation

Summary Ant communities in Vermont and New York woods were sampled in four time periods to determine species composition, relative abundances, and nest locations in space. The Vermont community was richer, containing more species and higher nest densities than New York. Both communities followed the geometric distribution of species abundances, suggesting that a single resource was mediating competition. The resource most clearly implicated was suitable nest sites, principally pre-formed plant cavities. Nonrandom species associations, underdispersion in every season, and the occurrence of incipient nests overwintering aboveground all implicated shortage of such cavities. Furthermore, microhabitat differences which produce suitable nest sites occur over a very small scale in these communities.     

基于大样地油松种群的地统计学分析

在对山西省灵空山国家级自然保护区4 hm2样地内油松种群调查的基础上,采用地统计学的半方差分析法对油松种群的空间分布格局进行了研究,并用克里金插值法绘制了不同径级油松种群胸径的等值线图。结果表明:油松种群径级Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的最优半方差拟合模型均为指数模型,径级Ⅱ的最优拟合模型为球状模型,说明4个径级都为聚集分布且均为中等的空间相关性;油松种群径级Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的空间自相关范围分别为23.4、15.2、11.1、24.9 m,分维数大小依次为径级Ⅱ(1.999)径级Ⅲ(1.995)径级Ⅳ(1.973)径级Ⅰ(1.969)。以树高为变量作半方差分析的结果与以胸径作为变量的分析结果基本一致,且以树高为变量进行的类似分析也进一步证实了该结果的准确性。利用Surfer软件绘制的Kriging图直观反映了油松种群空间分布的斑块聚集效果,即油松种群空间格局纹理图。本文利用地统计学的半方差分析法和Kriging插值方法相结合弥补了传统格局分析方法的不足,能精确直观地反映出油松种群个体的空间分布、斑块的聚集效果等,可为植物空间分布格局的分析提供有效的研究方法。     

次生针阔混交林动态经营后空间结构动态分析

本文运用"时空替代"方法和分形理论,探讨了对现有的次生针阔混交林实施"团块状保留母树团"经营后,不同经营时间林分组成树种的空间结构的动态变化。得出随经营时间的推移,乔木层占据空间的总体能力逐渐增强,也趋于稳定,形成多层次的林冠郁闭,同时红松、椴树、水曲柳逐渐占据优势地位;而灌木层与乔木层相反,随经营时间的推移占据空间的能力逐渐减小并趋于稳定,在它们中,经营之初占优势地位的喜光种类逐渐退出,以典型针阔混交林下种类如丁香、山梅花、刺五加逐渐占据优势。反映出该经营方式促进了林分快速地向典型的红松针阔混交林演替的趋势。     

西双版纳地区人工橡胶林生物量、固碳现状及潜力

选取西双版纳地区橡胶树适宜和次适宜种植区6个年龄段(5、9、14、19、23、26年生)的橡胶林,对其生长参数进行了实测,利用生物量回归方程得到了橡胶林的生物量和固碳量,并探讨了橡胶林的固碳潜力。结果表明:西双版纳适宜种植区橡胶林地上净初级生产力(ANPP)在19年生时达到最大,为(16.22±3.47)t.hm-2.a-1;次适宜种植区橡胶林ANPP在23年生时达到最大,为(8.65±3.46)t.hm-2.a-1。适宜和次适宜种植区橡胶林地上总生物量(WA)最大值分别为205.82和139.76t.hm-2。对应的生物量内禀增长率分别为21%和14%。适宜和次适宜种植区橡胶林碳储量最大值分别达123.49和83.86tC.hm-2,均明显低于西双版纳热带季节雨林生态系统的总固碳量(311.41±66.46)tC.hm-2,适宜种植区橡胶林固碳量略高于世界热带森林的平均水平(121tC.hm-2)。截至2008年,西双版纳橡胶林总固碳量约为16.54×106tC。     

地统计学在水生植物群落格局研究中的应用

为了研究水生植物群落的镶嵌分布格局和随着尺度变化的空间特征,应用地统计学中半方差法、半方差理论模型和分形理论,研究了湖北省保安湖沿岸带水生植物群落分布格局,在沿岸带设置了一个160m×160m的方形样方,采用覆盖法将整个样方划分为32×32个格子,记录各格子内出现的物种数,格子内如果有某物种,则将该格子对应的区域化随机变量赋值为1,否则赋值为0。另将群落各格内区域化随机变量赋值为各物种在该采样点随机变量值的总和,运用地统计软件GS+for Windows分析苦草、狐尾藻、金鱼藻和群落的32×32格随机变量表,计算得到它们各向同性模型和不同方向上的分维,从苦草和狐尾藻的各向同性指数模型来看,它们属于聚集性分布,其空间结构比率较高,这表明在小尺度上它们变化较小;从金鱼藻和群落的各向同性线性模型来看,属于中等程度的聚集分布,其空间结构比率很低,这表明它们在小尺度上变化较大。从各向异性模型来看,群落优势种的分维值都较高,说明在调查的群落内,各物种分布比较均匀,根据确定系数判定群落格局的优势方向是西北-东南,与其他群落格局分析方法相比较,该方法在确定群落组分空间依赖范围和相关性大小。以及区分聚集强度上具有一定优势,为定量描述不同尺度下的水生植物群落特征提供了一个新途径。     

Harvester ant nests, soil biota and soil chemistry

Many ant species accumulate organic debris in the vicinity of their nests. These organic materials should provide a rich resource base for the soil biota. We examined the effect of harvester ant nests (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) on the soil community and soil chemistry. Ant nest soils supported 30-fold higher densities of microarthropods and 5-fold higher densities of protozoa than surrounding, control soils. The relative abundances of the major groups of protozoa differed as well: amoebae and ciliates were relatively overrepresented, and flagellates underrepresented, in ant nest versus control soils. Densities of bacteria and fungi were similar in the two soil types. Concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, and potassium were significantly higher in ant nest soils, while concentrations of magnesium, calcium, and water were similar in nest and control soils. Ant nest soils were marginally more acidic than controls. The results demonstrate that P. barbatus nests constitute a significant source of spatial heterogeneity in soil biota and soil chemistry in arid grasslands. Received: 17 March 1997 / Accepted: 10 June 1997     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.     

Disturbance, biological legacies and community development in stream mesocosms

Disturbances reduce the biota in stream ecosystems, and leave biological legacies, including remnant species, which potentially influence post-disturbance community development but are poorly understood. We investigated whether three remnant species, the snail Radix peregra, the mayfly Serratella ignita and the freshwater shrimp Gammarus pulex, affected community development in mesocosms that mimicked disturbed habitat patches in streams. Following 21 days of colonisation, we found that the occurrence of legacy effects depended on the identity of the remnant species. Radix had the strongest effect. By bulldozing epilithon, the snails acted as ecological engineers that promoted settlement of filter feeders (Simuliidae) and invertebrate predators (especially Pentaneura and Aphelocheirus) and strongly deterred settlement of non-predatory chironomids (e.g. Heterotrissocladius and Microtendipes). Gammarus increased in density (by 665%) where remnant, probably through rapid reproduction. Baetis and Pentaneura were scarce, and Asellus absent, in remnant Gammarus treatments, as a consequence of interference and/or predation by the amphipods. In contrast, Serratella tolerated the colonisation of immigrant species and did not affect the structure of the developing benthic community. Despite the observed effects on the presence and abundance of benthos, remnant fauna had no significant effect on assemblage taxon richness, or that of any specific trophic group. The contrasting effects of remnant species on immigrant colonisation echoed differences in their life-history traits and foraging behaviours. Our results indicate that biota can generate spatial patchiness of epilithon and benthic invertebrates in stream ecosystems.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.