拟伍氏游仆虫(原生动物,纤毛门,游仆目)的重描述

利用活体观察和银染技术,对采自广东省惠阳大亚湾沿岸的一种罕见海洋游仆类纤毛虫拟伍氏游仆虫Euplotes parawoodruffi进行了再研究,补充了有关活体形态学、性状变异以及分类学特征的统计学资料等。中国新纪录种拟伍氏游仆虫大亚湾种群与原报道种群存在细微差异,其主要特征为:口围带小膜数为60~70;体纤毛器数目及排布模式十分稳定:额腹棘毛9根,横棘毛5根,尾棘毛2根,左缘棘毛2根;背触毛恒为9列;大核近T形,形状多变。     

伍氏游仆虫二分裂和接合生殖期间的形态发生

用改进的银浸法和黑色素法研究了伍氏游仆虫在二分裂和接合期间的形态发生。在二分裂期间前仔虫继承亲体的口围带和口侧小膜。新伸缩泡开口起源于两组额腹横棘毛原基中的第5棘毛场。看清了接合期间两次形态发生的细节。在营养期口围带上见到的小膜第三排动体的骤然变换,已被证明起源于接合时第一次形态发生的不完整的口围带后端的保留。讨论了游仆虫与其它腹毛类在形态发生上的同源问题。     

钩刺斜管虫无性生殖期间的口纤毛器及细胞发生研究（原生动物：纤毛虫）

钩刺斜管虫口和体纤毛器演化模式是研究该类动物个体发生的优秀模型。通过跟踪研究,澄清了后仔虫口器发生以及体纤毛器起源上的几点疑问,并证实：体左侧二列片段动基列为同源再造而非来自老结构的分裂或复制;三列围口纤毛均为双动基列构造;后仔虫口原基场的构建系由５列体动基列共同参与完成的,其中最左侧两列短的原基片段与原基１整合为一体,从而发展成营养期虫体的外围口动基列;后仔虫背触毛原基为独立发生。     

毛尾刺虫无性生殖周期中的形态和形态发生

利用蛋白银染色法研究了毛尾刺虫的形态及无性生殖周期中的形态发生,其过程为：（１）后仔虫口原基出现在左缘棘毛内侧深层,其内的毛基体组装成整齐排列的小膜并分化成新ＡＺＭ１,ＡＺＭ２和口侧膜,（２）前仔虫口原基出现在老仔虫ＡＺＭ２之前方深处,其随后发育成前仔虫的ＡＺＭ２口侧膜及ＡＺＭ１的一部分,并更新老结构的ＡＺＭ１中第７－１１片小膜,（３）额腹横棘毛原基为５列,分别以３：３：２：２：３方式分化最终产出     

优美盾纤虫无性生殖期间的形态发生学研究：纤毛门：腹毛目

对优美盾纤虫二分裂期间的形态发生学进行了研究,其过程为：１）ＯＰ发于老ＡＺＭ的左后方皮膜深处其后一分为二并演化为仔虫的Ａ－ＡＺＭ及Ｂ－ＡＺＭ。在前仔虫老ＡＺ Ｍ及ＰＭ完全保留并被继承;２）前仔虫另行产生一原草,由其形成一额腹棘毛,在后后仔虫此棘毛严自ＯＰ腹侧。     

包囊游仆虫休眠包囊的超微结构研究

包囊游仆虫休眠包囊中,各类纤毛器的纤毛基体上方的大部分纤毛杆退化,或仅保留毛基体,有时部分额腹棘毛的毛基体也瓦解消失。残留纤毛的纤毛杆周围微管和中央微管仍具有“９＋２”结构特征,也有少数纤毛杆出现２套“９＋２”微管共处于一层纤毛膜内的现象。毛基体中周围三联体微管的中央形成微管形结构聚合体,基体附属结构仅存在基体间连接及纤毛器托架的残余物;非纤毛区皮层表膜下未见微管层。纤毛区皮层含纤毛器腔周围微管层     

海洋纤毛虫黄色伪角毛虫无性生殖期间的形态发生

利用蛋白银染色技术研究了海洋纤毛虫———黄色伪角毛虫Pseudokeronopsisflava (Cohn ,186 6 )Wirns berger,Larsen&Uhlig ,1987无性生殖期间的细胞发生学。其主要特征为 :1)前仔虫口原基以独立发生的方式出现并独特地形成于口前庭右侧的皮层深处 ,由其对老口围带进行完全的更新 ;2 )老口器不参与新口器的形成 ,完全被吸收 ;3)前仔虫的额 -腹 -横棘毛原基同样为独立发生 ,老结构可能不参加其随后的发育 ;4 )后仔虫的口原基、波动膜原基及额 -腹 -横棘毛原基均来自最初排列无序的毛基粒发生场 ;5 )背触毛及缘棘毛的更新发生在老的结构中 ,并向前后延伸取代老结构 ;6 )在整个发生过程中 ,无大核融合现象。文中同时对该种所表现的发生学特征及系统学意义做了探讨     

近亲游仆虫Euplotes affinis Dujardin的毛基体水平的扫描电镜研究

应用生物化学去纤毛、去膜和扫描电镜观察相结合的方法,详细地观察了近亲游仆虫的皮层纤毛器毛基体和非纤电器的结构、模式,揭示和发现了其他游仆虫上尚未明了和未报道过的结构特征。     

伍氏游仆虫形态学的改良银染法研究

用改进的银浸法和蛋白银法研究采自哈尔滨的伍氏游仆虫的形态学。观察发现其背面嗜银网近正方形,10行背触毛清晰可见。口围带的小膜中第三排动体列的长度随口围带的不同区域而变化。口腔背壁向细胞质内褶入一小囊,以细密的嗜银网为衬里,这一口腔后背龛至今未见在其它种上描述过。口侧小膜的膜基呈“b”字形,与其它种的新月形口侧口膜有明显区别。曾被称为胞咽后囊或内质囊的结构,是一个起自胞咽外围、在内质中做圆形弯曲的膜质管,特命名为胞咽后管,在活体中这一环管引导食物颗粒做圆周运动然后进入细胞质深处。本文对此管与篮口类的咽篮之间的系统发生关系问题做了讨论。     

Time-course analysis of nuclear events during conjugation in the marine ciliate Euplotes vannus and comparison with other ciliates (Protozoa,Ciliophora)

Ciliates represent a morphologically and genetically distinct group of single-celled eukaryotes that segregate germline and somatic functions into two types of nuclei and exhibit complex cytogenetic events during the sexual process of conjugation, which is under the control of the so-called “mating type systems”. Studying conjugation in ciliates may provide insight into our understanding of the origins and evolution of sex and fertilization. In the present work, we studied in detail the sexual process of conjugation using the model species Euplotes vannus, and compared these nuclear events with those occurring in other ciliates. Our results indicate that in E. vannus: 1) conjugation requires about 75 hours to complete: the longest step is the development of the new macronucleus (ca. 64h), followed by the nuclear division of meiosis I (5h); the mitotic divisions usually take only 2h; 2) there are three prezygotic divisions (mitosis and meiosis I and II), and two of the eight resulting nuclei become pronuclei; 3) after the exchange and fusion of the pronuclei, two postzygotic divisions occur; two of the four products differentiate into the new micronucleus and macronucleus, respectively, and the parental macronucleus degenerates completely; 4) comparison of the nuclear events during conjugation in different ciliates reveals that there are generally three prezygotic divisions while the number of postzygotic divisions is highly variable. These results can serve as reference to investigate the mating type system operating in this species and to analyze genes involved in the different steps of the sexual process.     

用非离子去垢剂抽提获得的小游仆虫皮层细胞骨架的构形

由扫描电镜术显示,应用非离子去垢剂抽提获得的小游仆虫(Euplotes grocilis)皮层细胞骨架是由非纤毛区皮层骨架、纤毛器骨架及其附属纤维等构成的三维结构网架。各类细胞骨架以纤维物质为基本成分组成纤维网、纤维层、纤维束和纤维薄片等不同形态单元。其中：非纤毛区皮层骨架以表面纤维网和表膜下纤维层为形态单元位于细胞的外周层;纤毛器骨架中的口围带骨架、口侧膜骨架、额腹横棘毛骨架按各自的分布图式在皮层内定位,成为主要的皮层骨架结构。尽管这些纤毛器骨架显示不同的形态,但却具有相同的建构特征,即都是由纤毛器的毛基体、纤毛器托架和骨架附属纤维相互联系镶嵌在一起形成的相对独立的结构单元。分析推测,游仆虫皮层表面纤维网使细胞表面形成区域化结构,它也可能与细胞表面各部分的联系及其细胞与环境的相互作用有关;纤毛器骨架中各个纤毛器的毛基体复合结构可能对纤毛器托架和骨架附属纤维等起到微管组织中心的作用。     

镰游仆虫腹面皮层细胞骨架的扫描电镜观察

应用非离子去垢剂抽提和扫描电镜样品制备、观察相结合的方法，显示了镰游仆虫的腹面皮层细胞骨架，详细描述了处于毛基体和毛基体下水平的口围带、口侧膜、额腹横棘毛骨架，以及口围带小膜托架、口侧膜托架、额腹横棘毛托架的主要附属纤维和非纤毛区表膜下皮层骨架的立体图形。作者据所述各种纤毛器托架附属纤维的定位和分布特征推测，这些附属结构可能与细胞内各种纤毛器间的联系，以及包括纤毛器运动在内的整个细胞运动的协调等有关。     

A Marine Euplotes (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) with Reduced Number of Prezygotic Micronuclear Divisions

In contradistinction to the pattern of 3 prezygotic micronuclear divisions found in 10 species of Euplotes, a marine species resembling Euplotes crassus in structure, has only 2 divisions. This atypical division pattern was observed in all matings involving the 4 available mating types. The critical stages of the nuclear events are demonstrated by using special strains having the micronuclear DNA content and chromosome number only 1/2 the normal values. The employment of such strains facilitates differentiation between the stationary and migratory pronuclei in a given conjugant and determination of the times of conclusion of prezygotic divisions and of the pronuclear exchange.     

悬游双眉虫(原生动物,纤毛门)无性生殖期间的形态发生

应用蛋白银染色技术研究了悬游双眉虫青岛种群无性生殖期间皮层结构和核器的演化过程,其主要特征为:后仔虫口原基独立地出现于紧靠虫体左侧第一根横棘毛的皮层下小龛,其中毛基粒不参与其它棘毛原基的形成;老的口围带发生后半部的局部重建而非整个的由前仔虫简单继承;在前仔虫中,波动膜原基来自老结构的反分化,而在后仔虫中则来自口原基;所有棘毛原基均为独立发生并与老结构没有任何关系;在前仔虫中,口棘毛(即左侧第一根额棘毛)来自于波动膜的反分化,而在后仔虫中则为独立发生;背触毛列于老的结构当中产生,并由最右一列原基演化出3根尾棘毛;两大核片段的改组带从一端向另一端移动 ,并随着两者的融合而消失.文中同时对前人有关该属发生模式的若干存疑问题做了探讨 [动物学报 54(3):517-524,2008].     

Methods for Inducing Selfing, Selfing and Its Role in the Life Cycle of Euplotes woodruffi syngen 3 (Ciliophora)

Methods for inducing selfing, and the relation between selfing and the life cycle of Euplotes woodruffi syngen 3 are reported. Three intercrossing stocks were used in this experiment. Selfing was induced with several treatments as follows: cell-free fluid from the cultures of complementary mating types; intact cells of GI or S phase in the cell cycle; heat-killed cells, and lysed cells of GI-, S-, and D-phase cells which were prepared by freeze-thawing. Stock SJ-27 was used as a parental stock from which Fl clones were originated through selfing. The other two stocks, SJ-8 and SJ-19, were used as testers. The period of immaturity varied from clone to clone. The heterotypic conjugation of clones with cells of stock SJ-8 seems to occur earlier in the life cycle than with cells of stock SJ-19. This result shows that this syngen has an adolescent period in the life cycle. The length of selfing immaturity seems to be different from that of crossing immaturity, and selfing appeared slightly later than crossing with testers. But the clones in which selfing 1st occurred are considered to be in adolescence or maturity, not in senility. Once selfing appeared in any clone, the clone continued to produce selfing pairs till just before clonal death. The viability of selfing and of outcrossing were compared and found not significantly different. Inbreeding depression took place in some of the F2 clones by successive selfing. The viability of F2 clones from young parents was significantly higher than that from old parents (220 to 230 fissions) both in selfing and outcrossing. The total life spans which were studied in three F1 clones were 168 to 264 fissions.