分离自茯砖茶的真菌菌株MJAU EC021的鉴定及培养过程中生理特性

【目的】从茯砖茶样中分离纯化得到生长优势菌株,研究其液体培养时的生理生化特性,为茯砖茶实际生产提供依据。【方法】用PDA平板稀释涂布法从茯砖茶中分离纯化菌株。采用常规真菌发酵培养方法,单因素筛选其培养条件,再利用响应面法优化最优培养条件,测定冠突散囊菌发酵液中还原糖、多酚、胞外酶酶活及抗氧化的能力。【结果】利用形态学与ITS序列分析鉴定优势菌株MJAU EC021为冠突散囊菌Eurotium cristatum;最优的培养条件:转速187 r/min,培养时间10 d,培养温度28°C,冠突散囊菌生物量为21.52 g/L。冠突散囊菌发酵培养过程中4种胞外酶活性均在第10天时达到最大值,第9天时胞外多酚含量达到峰值为0.588 g GAE(没食子酸)/m L;发酵液对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(DPPH)、羟基自由基的清除率达到最大值分别是90%、94%。【结论】真菌菌株MJAU EC021是株冠突散囊菌E.cristatum,发酵液具有较好的抗氧化能力,是潜在的抗氧化添加剂。     

茯砖茶中冠突散囊菌的研究进展

冠突散囊菌(Eurotium cristatum)是茯砖茶微生物发酵过程中的优势菌,在特定的条件下冠突散囊菌可在茯砖茶中形成黄色闭囊壳,俗称"金花"。本文从茯砖茶的产地、冠突散囊菌的鉴定历史以及对茯砖茶品质的影响与应用方面进行了综述,并对目前存在的问题及未来的发展方向进行了讨论与展望。     

冠突散囊菌的研究与应用进展

冠突散囊菌是茯砖茶发酵中的优势菌,其数量和质量直接关系到茯砖茶的品质,国内外学者对其进行了比较全面的研究。本文中,笔者综述了冠突散囊菌的分离鉴定、分子生物学、培养、发花过程、保健功能及其应用等几个方面,并对其研究与应用前景进行了展望。     

冠突散囊菌黑茶发酵液对消化酶活性影响的研究

在模拟人体胃肠环境中研究不同发酵时期的冠突散囊菌黑茶发酵液对淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明冠突散囊菌黑茶发酵液能显著提高α-淀粉酶、蛋白酶活力,并有效抑制脂肪酶活力。冠突散囊菌发酵液利于淀粉、蛋白质消化吸收,抑制脂肪分解吸收,为解释茯砖茶的保健功能提供了理论依据。     

一株冠突散囊菌的分离鉴定、基因组成及其枇杷花发酵特性分析

【背景】冠突散囊菌LYEC03是从陕西泾阳茯砖茶中分离得到的主要发酵菌株。【目的】研究冠突散囊菌LYEC03菌株的基因组信息及其发酵枇杷花产品的特性,从分子水平阐明冠突散囊菌的发酵机制。【方法】应用形态和显微形态观察、ITS序列鉴定、重测序及框架图测序对所分离的菌株LYEC03进行鉴定和基因组信息解析,采用所分离的菌株LYEC03发酵枇杷花,研究冠突散囊菌对枇杷花主要功效成分及抗氧化性能的影响。【结果】陕西泾阳茯砖茶中分离得到的主要发酵菌株LYEC03确定为冠突散囊菌。菌株LYEC03与参考基因组覆盖率高,含有丰富的纤维素酶、蛋白酶、氧化酶和脂肪酶相关基因;基因组相关整体变异较小,其中假设蛋白、碳水化合物激酶、纤维素酶家族糖基水解酶、位点2蛋白酶家族蛋白、多酚氧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等与菌株生长、能量代谢调节、产纤维酶、产蛋白酶和产氧化酶相关的基因发生了变异。菌株LYEC03基因组序列长度30 623 602 bp、GC含量51.70%、编码13 033个基因、编码基因占比55.74%,参与了碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、外源生物降解代谢、能量代谢、脂质代谢与萜类化合物和聚酮类化合物的...     

湖南地区茯砖茶中金花菌的分离鉴定

对湖南地区茯砖茶上＂金花菌＂的菌落特征、形态特征进行了研究,并运用扫描电镜观察了其子囊孢子和分生孢子的发育过程,鉴定其为冠突散囊菌（Eurotium cristatum）。     

茯砖茶中优势菌种的鉴定

所谓“黄霉菌”是茯砖茶发酵中的益菌。它实际上是散囊菌属产生的黄色闭囊壳。优势种经鉴定为冠突散囊菌[Eurotium cristatum(Raper ＆ Fennell)Malloch & cain],它的无性型是针刺曲霉(Aspergillus spiculosus Blaser),异名是冠突曲霉(A.cristatus Raper &Fennell)。文中还对有关该菌的命名问题和在我国的分布作了讨论。     

国槐叶黄酮的抗氧化活性研究

本文采用ABTS清除体系、DPPH清除体系、H2O2/Fe2+/水杨酸检测体系、亚硝基清除体系、普鲁士蓝法、邻苯三酚自氧化法研究了国槐叶黄酮的抗氧化活性,并同芦丁、Vc进行了比较。结果表明,国槐叶黄酮对几种自由基均有不同的清除效果,在质量浓度为50μg/mL时,国槐叶黄酮对羟基自由基(·OH)、ABTS、DPPH、亚硝基自由基(NO2-)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)的清除率为分别62.09%、47.70%、43.28%、22.11%、21.83%;与芦丁、Vc相比较,国槐叶黄酮清除ABTS、DPPH自由基的能力低于芦丁和Vc,而清除NO2-、.OH的能力高于芦丁和Vc,对O2-·的清除能力低于Vc而高于芦丁,其次国槐叶黄酮具有很好的还原力。由此说明,国槐叶提取物可以作为天然抗氧化剂,可以应用在医药食品领域。     

温度和水活度对冠突散囊菌菌丝生长和产孢的影响

冠突散囊菌(Eurotium cristatum)是茯砖茶发酵过程中的优势菌。通过调节甘油含量制备具有不同水活度(aw)的培养基,研究培养基水活度、培养温度以及不同温度和水活度组合对冠突散囊菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生、萌发和菌落形态的影响。供试的冠突散囊菌菌株FZ-2、FZ-3和FZ-4在水活度为0.77～0.99的培养基中均能生长,最适培养基水活度为0.90～0.95。培养基水活度在0.77～0.95范围内有利于菌株FZ-2产生分生孢子,最适水活度为0.83;培养基水活度于0.83～0.95范围内有利于菌株FZ-4产孢;而菌株FZ-3适合产孢的培养基水活度为0.95。菌株FZ-2分生孢子萌发的最适水活度为0.87～0.95。菌株FZ-2适合的生长温度为28～37℃,温度38℃时菌体生长速度下降,至40～45℃时菌丝停止生长;菌株FZ-3和FZ-4最适生长温度均为28℃。在20～37℃条件下菌株FZ-2均能产生分生孢子,最适产孢温度为37℃;菌株FZ-3在28～37℃范围内产生分生孢子;菌株FZ-4在20～37℃内产生分生孢子,最适产孢温度为37℃。菌株FZ-2分生孢子可以在较宽的温度范围内(20～40℃)萌发,最适温度为25～33℃。研究结果表明不同水活度-温度组合对菌株FZ-2菌丝生长和菌落形态产生显著的影响,与温度作用相比,水活度的影响更为明显。本研究证明了冠突散囊菌适合在干燥的茶叶中生长和繁殖,为解释其在茯砖茶加工过程中的优势地位提供理论依据,研究结果也将促进茶叶发酵菌剂的开发利用和砖茶的标准化生产。     

乳孔硫磺菌的化学成分和抗氧化活性

对乳孔硫磺菌子实体不同极性提取物进行了DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力的测定,并对氯仿和乙酸乙酯提取物进行了分离纯化。结果表明,乳孔硫磺菌的石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和甲醇提取物均有一定的抗氧化活性,各提取物对两种自由基的清除能力均表现为甲醇提取物＞乙酸乙酯提取物＞氯仿提取物＞石油醚提取物,甲醇提取物对DPPH自由基的清除率最高可达到93.78%;对ABTS自由基的清除率最高可达到62.06%;从氯仿和乙酸乙酯提取物中分离得到10个化合物,分别是：(22E,24R)-5α,8α-过氧麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇（1）,阿里红酸 A（2）,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇（3）,啤酒甾醇（4）,硫色多孔菌酸（5）,(4E,8E)-N-d-2′-hydroxypalmitoyl-1-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl- 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine（6）,麦角甾醇（7）,N-(2′-羟基二十四碳酰基)-1,3,4-三羟基-2-氨基-十八烷（8）,烟酸（9）和齿孔酸（10）。其中,化合物2、6、8和9为首次从硫磺菌属真菌中分离得到。     

Modulation of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of maize by solid state fermentation with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thamnidium elegans</Emphasis> CCF 1456

Thamnidium elegans CCF 1456, a filamentous fungus, was used to enhance the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of maize via solid-state fermentation. Thamnidium fermented maize (TFM) and unfermented maize (UFM) grains were extracted with 65% ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Total phenolic content (TPC), and radical scavenging capacity — determined with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and radical cations of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS^·+) found for TFM — were significantly (P < 0.05) higher on the 5^th day of incubation than that of UFM extracts. A linear correlation was observed among TPC, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, and also among TPC and various carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes (α-amylase, β-glucosidase and xylanase), suggesting that this? strategy may help to enrich? TFM with improved phytochemical properties and antioxidant activities.     

Radical scavenging activity of dicaffeoyloxycyclohexanes: contribution of an intramolecular interaction of two caffeoyl residues

Six regio- and stereoisomers of dicaffeoyloxycyclohexanes and 2,4-di-O-caffeoyl-1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucose were synthesized as model compounds of dicaffeoylquinic acids, and their radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging tests. Both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging reactions of these compounds consisted of two different steps. In the first step, catechol moieties of the caffeoyl residues were rapidly converted to o-quinone structures and no significant difference in the reactivity was observed among the tested compounds. In the second step, however, the rate of the reaction increased as the intramolecular distance of the two caffeoyl residues decreased. A novel intramolecular coupling product, which could scavenge additional radicals, was isolated from the reaction mixture of trans-1,2-dicaffeoyloxycyclohexane and DPPH radical. The result suggests that the second step of the radical scavenging reaction is arising from an intramolecular interaction between the two caffeoquinone residues to regenerate catechol structures, and that the closer their distance is, the more rapidly they react. The radical scavenging activity of natural dicaffeoylquinic acids in a biological aqueous system might also depend on the positions of caffeoyl ester groups.     

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melothria maderaspatana in vitro</Emphasis>

In this study, an aqueous extract of leaves from Melothria maderaspatana was tested for in vitro antioxidant activity. Free radical scavenging assays, such as hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethyl-enzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and reducing power assay, were studied. The extract effectively scavenged hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals. It also scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals. Furthermore, it was found to have reducing power. All concentrations of leaf extract exhibited free radical scavenging and antioxidant power, and the preventive effects were in a dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant activities of the above were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the M. maderaspatana extract could be considered a potential source of natural antioxidant.     

In vitro antioxidant studies in leaves of Annona species

Antioxidant potential of leaves of three different species of Annona was studied by using different in vitro models eg., 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), nitric oxide, superoxide, hydroxy radical and lipid peroxidation. The ethanolic extract of A. muricata at 500 microg/ml showed maximum scavenging activity (90.05%) of ABTS radical cation followed by the scavenging of hydroxyl radical (85.88%) and nitric oxide (72.60%) at the same concentration. However, the extract showed only moderate lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. In contrast, the extract of A. reticulata showed better activity in quenching DPPH (89.37%) and superoxide radical (80.88%) respectively. A.squamosa extract exhibited least inhibition in all in vitro antioxidant models excepting hydroxyl radical (79.79%). These findings suggest that the extracts of A. muricata possess potent in vitro antioxidant activity as compared to leaves of A. squamosa and A. reticulata suggesting its role as an effective free radical scavenger, augmenting its therapeutic     

Free radical scavenging, anti-glycation and tyrosinase inhibition properties of a polysaccharide fraction isolated from the rind from Punica granatum

The present investigation deals with the isolation of a polysaccharide fraction from Pomegranate (PFP), which was found to inhibit 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate] ABTS(+) radical activities by 69% and 88%, respectively with 4 microg/ml concentration. The activity of PFP for free radical scavenging was also evaluated by electron spin resonance (ESR) Spectrophotometer and DPPH dot blot test. Anti-glycation ability of PFP was tested using BSA, which inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) by 28% and also inhibited the formation of fructosamine in the BSA/Glucose system. The inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by 43% at 10 microg/ml concentration of PFP strongly suggested its efficacy as a possible skin whitener.     

Sulphonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine structural motifs show antioxidant,acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase,and tyrosinase inhibitory profile

Abstract

A series of 16 novel benzenesulfonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine moieties substituted with aromatic amines, dimethylamine, morpholine and piperidine were investigated. These compounds were assayed for antioxidant properties by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2`-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical decolarisation assay and metal chelating methods. They were also investigated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase, which are associated with several diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and pigmentation disorders. These benzenesulfonamides showed moderate DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating activity, and low ABTS cation radical scavenging activity. Compounds 2?b, 3d and 3?h showed inhibitory potency against AChE with % inhibition values of >90. BChE was also effectively inhibited by most of the synthesised compounds with >90% inhibition potency. Tyrosinase was less inhibited by these compounds.     

Lipase-catalysed synthesis of esters of ferulic acid with natural compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant properties

Lipases from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435^®), Candida rugosa, Chromobacterium viscosum and Pseudomonas sp. were used to perform transesterifications of vinyl ferulate with hydroxyl-steroids and p-arbutin. The antioxidant activity of the products was evaluated using the free radical 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radical quenching antioxidant assays, and inhibition of the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, LDL. Arbutin ferulate was found to possess a 19% higher antiradical activity against the ABTS free radical than its precursor ferulic acid, and it also inhibited the oxidation of LDL more efficiently (by 10%) than its precursors. All of the biocatalytically synthesised products exhibited higher antioxidant activity than Trolox, the well known commercial benchmark antioxidant, and their precursor, ferulic acid.     

Antioxidative properties and inhibitory effect of Bifidobacterium adolescentis on melanogenesis

Melanin is a dark pigment produced by melanocytes. Tyrosinase is a key enzyme which catalyzes the rate-limiting step of melanogenesis. However, accumulation of melanin leads to various skin hyperpigmentation disorders. To find a novel skin-whitening agent, the antioxidant capacity of Bifidobacterium adolescentis culture filtrate and inhibitory effect on melanogenesis were investigated. The antioxidant effects of B. adolescentis culture filtrate include 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity and reducing power were measured spectrophotometrically. The reducing power is a useful index for the evaluation of potential antioxidants which carry out reduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of the bacterial culture filtrate on mushroom tyrosinase, B16F10 intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content were also determined. The results revealed that B. adolescentis culture filtrate (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5?%; v/v) effectively scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals, and lower concentrations of the bacterial culture filtrates (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5?%; v/v) showed potent reducing power in a dose-dependent pattern. Additionally, the bacterial culture filtrate suppressed murine tyrosinase activity and decreased the amount of melanin in a dose-dependent manner. Our results demonstrated that B. adolescentis culture filtrate decreases the melanogenesis process of melanoma cells by inhibiting tyrosinase activity, which we suggest may be mediated through its antioxidant activity.     

Evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Commelina nudiflora L. extracts prepared by different polar solvents

The study explored on the commonly available weed plant Commelina nudiflora which has potential in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The different polar solvents such as ethanol, chloroform, dichloromethane, hexane and aqueous were used for the soxhlet extraction. The extracts were identified pharmacologically as important bioactive compounds and their potential free radical scavenging activities, and antimicrobial properties were studied. C. nudiflora extracts were monitored on their in-vitro antioxidant ability by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. Aqueous extract shows significant free radical scavenging activity of 63.4 mg/GAE and 49.10 mg/g in DPPH and ABTS respectively. Furthermore, the aqueous crude extract was used in antibacterial studies, which shows the highest inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Among all the extracts, aqueous extract of C. nudiflora has significant control over free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of the growth of food pathogenic bacteria. Also, the aqueous extract contains abundance of phenolics and flavonoids higher than other extracts. This study explored weed plant C. nudiflora as a potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy and identified various therapeutic value bioactive compounds from GC–MS analysis.Abbreviations: ABTS, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, GAE, gallic acid equivalent, GC–MS, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry