原举腹蜂科(昆虫纲膜翅目)化石在我国的发现及意义

描述了自产辽宁北票上园地区黄半吉沟上侏罗统义县组下部膜翅目昆虫化石１新属新种Ｓｉｎｏｗｅｓｔｒａｔｉａ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔａ ｇｅｎ．ｅｔ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,归入原举腹蜂科（Ｐｒａｅａｕｌａｃｉｄａｅ）中的白垩细腹蜂亚科（Ｃｒｅｔｏｃｌｅｉｓｔｏｇａｓｔｒｉｎａｅ）。这是原举腹蜂科在我国的首次发现,也是白垩细腹蜂亚科在晚株罗世的首次报道。新化石的发现表明（Ｃｒｅｔｏｃｌｅｉｓｔｏｇａｓｔｒｉｎａｅ     

中国新纪录科--修复细蜂科(膜翅目:细蜂总科)

作者在整理我国窄腹细蜂科Ｒｏｐｒｏｎｉｉｄａｅ种类时 ,发现杨集昆教授 1997年在《武夷科学》(13:10 1～ 10 5 )上作为新属新种发表的赵修复窄腹细蜂ＨｓｉｕｆｕｒｏｐｒｏｎｉａｃｈａｏｉＹａｎｇ(分布北京门头沟 ,1♀ )并不隶于窄腹细蜂科 ,也非新属 ,而是属于在我国尚无记录的ＰｒｏｃｔｏｒｅｎｙｘｉｄａｅＬｅｌｅｊｅｔＫｏｚｌｏｖ ,1999(=ＲｅｎｙｘｉｄａｅＫｏｚｌｏｖ ,1994 )的ＰｒｏｃｔｏｒｅｎｙｘａＬｅｌｅｊｅｔＫｏｚｌｏｖ ,1999(=ＲｅｎｙｘａＫｏｚｌｏｖ ,1994 )。这一发现 ,表明Ｐｒｏｃｔｏｒｅｎｙｘｉｄａ…     

松毛虫卵期几种寄生蜂的共寄生现象及其对寄生率的影响

松毛虫赤眼蜂Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｇｒａｍｍａｄｅｎｄｒｏｌｉｍ　Ｍａｔｓｕｍｕｒａ,白跗平腹小蜂ＰｓｅｕｄａｎａｓｔａｔｕｓａｌｂｉｔａｒｓｉｓＡｓｈｍｅａｄ,松毛虫宽缘金小蜂Ｐａｃｈｙｎｅｕｒｏｎ　ｓｏｌｉｔａｒｉｕｍ（Ｈａｒｔｉｇ）,松毛虫黑卵蜂Ｔｅｌｅｎｏ－ｍｕｓ　ｄｅｎｄｒｏｌｉｍｕｓｉ　Ｃｈｕ和大蛾卵跳小蜂Ｏｏｅｎｃｙｒｔｕｓｋｕｗａｎａｅ（Ｈｏｗａｒｄ）是松毛虫卵期几种主要寄生蜂。通过对上述几种寄生蜂寄生习性的研究表明：赤眼蜂和平腹小蜂不但能寄生新鲜害虫卵,还可以寄生对方已寄生并已发育１—３天的寄生卵,但羽化率均不高;松毛虫宽缘金小峰不寄生新鲜害虫卵,专门寄生赤眼蜂寄生后已发育１—７天的寄生卵,其中又以赤眼蜂发育３—５天的卵寄生率和羽化率为最高。除赤眼蜂和平腹小蜂可以混合使用外,其它蜂种混用都不同程度地存在相互排挤的现象。如果先让平腹小蜂寄生尔后再让赤眼蜂寄生或先让赤眼蜂寄生,尔后再让跳小蜂或黑卵蜂寄生,能够提高卵块寄生率和充分发挥各自天敌的作用。     

新疆双距螯蜂属一新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科）

本文记述新疆螯蜂科二个种,－为黑腹单节螯蜂Ｈａｐｌｏｇｏｎａｔｏｐｕｓｏｒａｔｏｒｉｕｓ（Ｗｅｓｔｗｏｏｄ）,另－为新种：晶额双距螯蜂Ｇｏｎａｔｏｐｕｓｃｒｙｓｔａｌｌｉｎｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．     

斑须蝽蝽卵蜂生物学特性的初步研究

<正> 以蝽科昆虫卵为寄主的蝽卵蜂属(Trissol-cus)是缘腹细蜂科(Scelionidae)中一个较大类群,Kieffer(1926),Hellen(1971),Козлов(1970,1971),Masner(1976)等人先后进行了详细的研究,仅苏联就记述了53种(Медведва,1978),有的国家还用蝽卵蜂作了蝽科害虫的生物防治试验(Larachi,1976)。我国仅周仁濂(1955)等人记载一种稻蝽沟卵蜂能寄生稻褐蝽卵,寄生率达41.75—94.2％。作者近年发现广泛为害粮、棉、油料、麻类、甜菜、蔬菜、烟草和果树的害虫斑须蝽Dolycoris baccarum L.的卵能被另一种蝽卵蜂——斑须蝽蝽卵蜂Trissolcus sp.大量寄生,寄生率达35—60％,为其重要天敌,国内未见报道,我们对其生物学特性作了初步观察,现把两年来结果报道如下。     

我国黑卵蜂属新纪录

现将我国缘腹细蜂科Scelionidae黑卵蜂属Telenomus新纪录8种,纪录如下: 1.四川黑卵蜂Telenomus manolus Nixon 寄主:不明。分布:四川成都。 2.舟形毛虫黑卵蜂Telenomus kolbei Mayr 寄主:舟形毛虫Phalera flavescens(Bremer et Grey)、杨扇舟蛾Clostera anachoreta(Fabricius)、杨毒蛾Leucoma salicis Linnaeus、柳毒蛾等。分布:北京、黑龙江、河北。     

中国窄径茧蜂亚科新纪录种(膜翅目:茧蜂科)

在整理茧蜂科标本时发现窄径茧蜂亚科有 6种为中国新纪录种 ,报道如下。1　前叉布伦茧蜂ＢｒａｕｎｓｉａａｎｔｅｆｕｒｃａｌｉｓＷａｔａｎａｂｅ ,1937标本记录 :4 4♀♀ ,35♂♂。浙江 (龙泉凤阳山、庆元百山祖 )、福建 (武夷山大竹岚 ) ;日本 ,俄罗斯 (远东部分 )。2　松村布伦茧蜂ＢｒａｕｎｓｉａｍａｔｓｕｍｕｒａｉＷａｔａｎａｂｅ ,1937标本记录 :8♀♀ ,3♂♂。浙江 (西天目山、安吉龙王山、丽水、临海 )、湖南 (道县 )、福建 (武夷山 )、广西(龙胜花坪 ) ;日本 ,俄罗斯 (远东部分 )。3　红胸长距径茧蜂Ｃｏｃｃｙｇｉｄｉｕ…     

山东小腹茧蜂属一新种记述：膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科

本文记述了采自山东泰山小腹茧蜂属Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ Ｌａｔｒｅｉｌｌｅ １８０４一新种,即泰山小腹茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｔａｉｓｈａｎａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．新种与分布于古北区和东洋区的Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｇｌｏｂａｔａ 相似,模式标本保存在山东农业大学植保系昆虫标本室。     

梵净山常足螯蜂属三新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科：常足螯蜂亚科）

本文记述常足螯蜂属３新种：白脸常足螯蜂Ａｐｈｅｌｏｐｕｓ ａｌｂｉｆａｃｉａｌｉｓ Ｘｕ ｅｔ Ｈｅ,ＳＰ．ｎｏｖ。褐唇常足螯蜂Ａｐｈｅｌｏｐｕｓ ｓｐａｄｉｃｅｕｓ Ｘｕ ｅｔ Ｈｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。和扁腹常足螯蜂Ａｐｈｅｌｏｐｕｓ ｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｕｓ Ｘｕ ｅｔ Ｙａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

中国梨室蜂科新种记述附已知属种检索表(膜翅目:梨室蜂亚目)

本文记述中国梨室蜂科３新种：陕西三节梨室蜂ＲｕｎａｒｉａｓｈａａｎｘｉｎｉｃａＷｅｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;湖南三节梨室蜂ＲｕｎａｒｉａｈｕｎａｎｎｉｃａＷｅｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;刻盾三节梨室蜂ＲｕｎａｒｉａｐｕｎｃｔａｔａＷｅｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。并确定１个属级新异名：ＲｕｎａｒｉａＭａｌａｉｓｅ１９３１＝ＢｏｈｅａＭａａ１９４４ｓｙｎ．ｎｏｖ．和１个新组合：Ｒｕｎａｒｉａａｂｒｕｐｔａ（Ｍａａ）,ｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．文中还给出了梨室蜂科已知属种的名录和四节梨室蜂属Ｂｌａｓｔｉｃｏｔｏｍａ及三节梨室蜂属Ｒｕｎａｒｉａ已知种检索表,并简要讨论了梨室蜂科的分布和生物地理。模式标本保存于中南林学院昆虫标本室。     

畸形细胞在协调寄生蜂同其寄主 相互关系中的作用

Teratocytes originating from the serosal membrane of an endoparasitic wasp embryo, which is one of the species found in the Hymenopteran families Braconidae, Platygasteridae and Socelionidae, act an important role in coordinating the relationship between the larval wasp and its host. It may be concluded that inhibiting the immune system of the host, regulating development of the host and nourishing the parasitoid larva are three major functions of the teratocytes. By means of releasing inhibitor of phenol oxidase, a fundamental ingredient of the immune system of the host, the teratocytes prevent the host from encapsulation, which is fatal to the parasitoid larva. In the process of parasitism, the teratocytes reduce ecdysteroid titer and inhibit the metabolism of JH in the hemoymph of the host, and subsequently result in the developmental arrest of the host larva. On the other hand, the teratocytes secrete proteins or present themselves as food to the parasitoid. Although all those above are generally acknowledged functions of the teratocytes, there are other putative functions of the teratocytes, such as secreting histolytic enzymes and mycostatic material, and protecting the host from overharmed by the parasitoid before the parasitoid emerges from its host. The studies in this area can provide us more understanding and knowledge about the relationship between a parasitoid and its host.     

Effect of mating status and age of Microplitis rufiventris (Hym., Braconidae) females on the growth pattern and number of their teratocytes

The effect of mating status and age of the female of Microplitis rufiventris parasitoid on the growth pattern of its teratocytes during the larval development is described as well as the changes in the number of these cells. The growth pattern of teratocytes derived from haploid eggs significantly differed from that of eggs deposited by mated females. Both cell diameter and the number of maturing M. rufiventris teratocytes was fertilization-dependent. Following the parasitization of Spodoptera littoralis larvae with virgin parasitoid females, the host larvae hosted a large number of cells of smaller size at the end of parasitoid development. The opposite effect was seen when the host larvae contained female parasitoid larvae. The age of the female at parasitization had an effect on the maximum cell size attained prior to parasitoid emergence. It seems that there are two factors other than mating which affect the number of teratocytes: degeneration inside the host haemolymph and to some degree accidental ingestion by parasitoid larva.     

Free serosal cells originating from the embryo of the wasp Diadromus pulchellus in the pupal body of parasitized leek-moth,Acrolepiosis assectella. Are these cells teratocyte-like?

In braconid species, teratocytes are derived from a serosal cell membrane which envelops the developing parasitoid embryo. On hatching, this membrane dissociates into individual cells, the teratocytes, which then circulate in the haemolymph of the host. We describe herein such a membrane, surrounding the embryo in eggs of the ichneumonid parasitoid wasp, Diadromus pulchellus. This membrane consisted of a single sheet of tightly packed cells with large 12+/-1.4 &mgr;m nuclei. These cells were released after hatching in vitro and cells of the same size were detected in vivo, in the vicinity of the D. pulchellus embryo. The number of nuclei detected suggests that the serosal membrane consists of about 450+/-150 cells. These cells did not grow after hatching of the parasitoid egg in the parasitized host, Acrolepiosis assectella, during the development of the parasitoid wasp larva. Southern blot experiments, using D. pulchellus satellite DNA or the ribosomal genes as probes, showed that free-living floating cells of wasp origin were present in the body of the parasitized host. This is the first time that free-floating teratocyte-like cells have been described in species of the Ichneumonidae.     

Crowding inhibits pupation inTribolium freemani: contact chemical and mechanical stimuli are involved

The relationship between the development ofCoccinella septempunctata brucki Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its parasitoid,Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied at two photoperiods (L 16:D8 and L 12: D12) at 26°C. The development ofP. coccinellae is well synchronized with the physiological state of the host,C. septempunctata, which can be parasitized not only as adult but also as larva or pupa. The parasitoid larva completed larval development within 19 days in a non-diapausing host, while in diapausing adults as well as in pupae held at diapause-averting conditions, the parasitoid larva ceased growth at the first instar. Growth was resumed when diapause of the host terminated or by the emergence of the adult host from the pupa. About 550 spheric cells, teratocytes, were liberated into the host hemocoel when the parasitoid egg hatched. The teratocytes increased in size in the active host, while their development was arrested in the diapausing host. Application of methoprene caused diapause termination of both host and parasitoid larva. The results indicate that the development of the larva ofP. coccinellae depends on the physiological conditions of the host,C. septempunctata brucki. The host-parasite relation thus represents an ‘endogenous synchronization’ in the sense of Schoonhoven's definition.     

Additive effect of teratocyte and calyx fluid from Cotesia plutellae on immunosuppression of Plutella xylostella

Abstract.  Teratocytes are cells that originate from the extra-embryonic tissues of some hymenopteran parasitoids, typically dissociate upon hatching, and develop in the host haemolymph. They are considered to be involved in parasitoid larval nutrient uptake, host immunosuppression and/or repression of competing parasitoid development. Teratocytes of the parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are found in its natural host, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and can be cultured in vitro . The present study demonstrates that teratocytes of C. plutellae possess a significantly depressive effect on host cellular immunity. When the hosts are preinjected with 200 cultured teratocytes (corresponding to the normal number of teratocytes released during wasp hatching), haemocyte nodulation is inhibited by approximately 40%, with younger teratocytes being more potent than older ones. Similarly, the medium in which teratocytes are cultured has similar immunosuppressive properties. In comparison, calyx fluid extracted from the C. plutellae ovary also has an immunosuppressive effect on P. xylostella . These two maternal (calyx fluid) and embryonic (teratocytes) factors are additive and result in a reduced level of nodule formation equivalent to that induced by natural parasitization. However, the immunosuppression of the parasitized P. xylostella does not appear to be due to inhibition of phospholipase A₂, an immune mediator, because injection of arachidonic acid failed to restore haemocyte nodulation capability.     

一种中红侧沟茧蜂畸形细胞分泌的寄生特异蛋白

SDS-PAGE电泳表明,黏虫Pseudaletia separa-ta、棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera、小地老虎 Agrotisypsilon的幼虫受中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator寄生后,血淋巴中都出现一个98.6 kDa的寄生特异蛋白(p98.6)。畸形细胞(teratocytes)的体外培养发现,p98.6是由来自中红侧沟茧蜂胚胎浆膜层的畸形细胞分泌的。这一结果将为研究寄生蜂的寄生生理和畸形细胞在协调寄生蜂和寄主关系中的作用打下基础。     

Molecular cloning and analysis of a novel teratocyte-specific carboxylesterase from the parasitic wasp, Dinocampus coccinellae

Teratocytes derived from the embryonic membrane (serosa) of parasitoids are released into the host hemocoel when the parasitoid eggs hatch, where they perform several functions during the post-embryonic stage. A full-length cDNA encoding a putative carboxylesterase was isolated from the teratocytes of Dinocampus coccinellae and was designated as teratocyte-specific carboxylesterase (TSC). It contained an open reading frame of 2571 bp coding for a protein of 857 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 89 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence had many structural features that are highly conserved among serine hydrolases including Ser, Glu and His as a catalytic triad, carboxylesterase type-B (FGGNPNSVTLLGYSAG)/ lipase-serine (VTLLGYSAGA) active sites, and six N-glycosylation sites. Interestingly, the mRNA encoding the TSC gene was expressed exclusively in teratocytes but not in the parasitoid larva or in the non-parasitized host. Most notably, the TSC protein was distinguished by an insertion of 294 amino acids towards the N-terminal region and was flanked by carboxylesterase domains. Furthermore, sequence alignment and homology search revealed these additional amino acids to be unique to TSC and the insertion contributed significantly to its molecular mass resulting in a larger protein than other esterases. In addition to sequence analysis, the possible role of TSC in relation to the host (Coccinella septempunctata) and parasitoid (D. coccinellae) system is discussed.     

Stage-dependent strategies of host invasion in the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus inanitus

Chelonus inanitus (Braconidae) is a solitary egg-larval parasitoid which lays its eggs into eggs of Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae); the parasitoid larva then develops in the haemocoel of the host larva. Host embryonic development lasts approx. 3.5 days while parasitoid embryonic development lasts approx. 16 h. All stages of host eggs can be successfully parasitized, and we show here that either the parasitoid larva or the wasp assures that the larva eventually is located in the host's haemocoel. (1) When freshly laid eggs, up to almost 1-day-old, are parasitized, the parasitoid hatches while still in the yolk and enters the host either after waiting or immediately through the dorsal opening. (2) When 1-2-day-old eggs are parasitized, the host embryo has accomplished final dorsal closure and is covered by an embryonic cuticle when the parasitoid hatches; in this case the parasitoid larva bores with its moving abdominal tip into the host. (3) When 2.5-3.5-day-old eggs are parasitized, the wasp oviposits directly into the haemocoel of the host embryo; from day 2 to 2.5 the embryo is still very small and the wasps, after probing, often restrain from oviposition for a few hours.     

菜蛾盘绒茧蜂对寄主小菜蛾幼虫营养的调节和利用

寄主小菜蛾Plutella xylostella被内寄生蜂菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae寄生后,其取食、发育及营养代谢在各种寄生因子的作用下伴随幼蜂的发育而发生很大的变化,畸形细胞作为调节因子之一也发挥了重要的作用。本实验通过比较被寄生和未被寄生小菜蛾血淋巴蛋白浓度以及两种血淋巴对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂幼蜂进行体外培养的培养液的蛋白浓度,发现被寄生小菜蛾血淋巴比未被寄生小菜蛾血淋巴的蛋白浓度略低但差异不显著,而未被寄生小菜蛾血淋巴幼蜂培养液的蛋白浓度显著低于被寄生小菜蛾血淋巴幼蜂培养液的蛋白浓度,证明畸形细胞的蛋白质分泌功能。被寄生后期, 小菜蛾体重明显大于未被寄生的小菜蛾体重,而脂肪体重量相比正好相反;通过显微染色观察,在小菜蛾念珠状脂肪体表面粘附有畸形细胞,对脂肪体进行分解破坏而使其成颗粒状; 蛋白含量和脂滴浓度测定也表明,脂肪体的可溶性蛋白含量和脂滴浓度也迅速降低,同比低于未被寄生小菜蛾。而与此同时,幼蜂正处在快速生长阶段,中肠酯酶的活性逐步上升,幼蜂得以快速消化吸收小菜蛾体内的营养直到完成幼虫发育,整个幼蜂的脂滴浓度也达到了最大值。因此寄生后期,推测在畸形细胞的协助下,幼蜂吸收了寄主小菜蛾体内的营养为自身生长发育所用。     

Growth patterns of Microplitis rufiventris (Hym., Braconidae) teratocytes in Spodoptera littoralis (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae treated with a chitin synthesis inhibitor

The influence of sublethal dietary levels (0.4 p.p.m.) of a chitin synthesis inhibitor lefenuron { N -[2,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-phenylaminocarbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide} on the development of Microplitis rufiventris teratocytes was investigated. Observations and data were taken on maturing teratocytes, i.e. at the end of parasitoid development. When embryogenesis of the parasitoid eggs was initiated in treated hosts, the dissociated cells of the embryonic membrane of some of the parasitoid larvae did not liberate in the haemolymph of the host, whereas in the other hosts, the released ones as individual cells scored the largest mean number per host larva. When young teratocytes were exposed to the treatment they were found in some cases clumping in masses or clustered around the parasitoid larvae. In treated hosts, different size classes of teratocytes co-existed. Larger and morphological abnormal cells were more common in hosts which contained older teratocytes at the time of treatments. Abnormal teratocytes were associated with developmental abnormalities of parasitoid larvae, possibly due to deterioration of the host environment. This observation was common in treated hosts and in few cases of untreated ones. A significant decrease in teratocyte size occurred 24 h after parasitoid emergence. Observations and results obtained in the present work suggested that: (1) teratocyte may function in controlling the growth and successful development of parasitoid larvae; (2) they might have a protective function through sequestering abnormal materials issuing in the haemolymph of the host either during the course of parasitoid development or due to external stress; and (3) number of teratocyte cells liberated from the embryonic membrane of parasitoid egg is not constant.