三江平原桦南县景观格局时序变化与驱动因素研究

基于RS和GIS技术,集成地形图与遥感影像(MSS、TM)数据,对1954～2005年三江平原桦南县景观格局动态变化特征与驱动力进行分析。结果表明,过去50年间,桦南县景观格局发生了剧烈变化,耕地和林地是研究区面积最大的2种景观类型,1986年以后,耕地成为研究区面积最大的景观类型。1954～1976年期间耕地面积增加速率较大,主要是草地、湿地大面积被开垦为耕地;1976～1986年期间,有大面积湿地、林地转化为耕地;1986年以后,各景观类型面积变化趋势变缓。景观指数在过去几十年期间都发生了重大变化,农业的大规模开发与以上景观指数的变化规律存在密切关系。气候变暖和人类活动的增强共同作用于区域景观格局。     

The consultation process and physician satisfaction: review of referral patterns in three urban family practice units.

To improve communication in the referral process a standard referral form was composed that seeks to involve the patient in the referral process. It has been well received by the consulted physicians, the family practitioners who use it in everyday office parctice and the patients. A review of referral patterns in general practice showed many similarities from practice to practice and from country to country. Ophthalmologists were the most frequently consulted, followed by obstetricians and gynecologists, general surgeons, otolaryngologists and orthopedic surgeons. A follow-up assessment of referral outcome revealed a poor response from the teaching clinics of one tertiary-care hospital to the referring physicians. This resulted in a substantial decrease in the proportion of patients referred from one family practice unit to the hospital over a 3-year period.     

National survey of job satisfaction and retirement intentions among general practitioners in England

ObjectivesTo measure general practitioners'' intentions to quit direct patient care, to assess changes between 1998 and 2000, and to investigate associated factors, notably job satisfaction.DesignAnalysis of national postal surveys conducted in 1998 and 2001.SettingEngland.Participants1949 general practitioner principals, of whom 790 were surveyed in 1998 and 1159 in 2001.ResultsThe proportion of doctors intending to quit direct patient care in the next five years rose from 14% in 1998 to 22% in 2001. In both years, the main factors associated with an increased likelihood of quitting were older age and ethnic minority status. Higher job satisfaction and having children younger than 18 years were associated with a reduced likelihood of quitting. There were no significant differences in regression coefficients between 1998 and 2001, suggesting that the effect of factors influencing intentions to quit remained stable over time. The rise in intentions to quit was due mainly to a reduction in job satisfaction (1998 mean 4.64, 2001 mean 3.96) together with a slight increase in the proportion of doctors from ethnic minorities and in the mean age of doctors. Doctors'' personal and practice characteristics explained little of the variation in job satisfaction within or between years.ConclusionsJob satisfaction is an important factor underlying intention to quit, and attention to this aspect of doctors'' working lives may help to increase the supply of general practitioners.

What is already known on this topic

Early retirement is one of the factors contributing to a shortage of general practitioners in the NHS

What this study adds

The proportion of general practitioners intending to quit direct patient care within five years rose from 14% in 1998 to 22% in 2001A decrease in overall job satisfaction is the most important factor underlying this riseImproving the quality of doctors'' working lives might help improve retention     

Women in medicine: practice patterns and attitudes.

Increasing numbers of women are entering medicine in Canada. In 1959 women accounted for 6% of the medical school graduates, but by 1989 they accounted for 44%. Although there has been little systematic investigation of the impact of this increase on Canada''s health care system, there are grounds for believing that female physicians bring with them distinctive values and interests, which may be reflected in the way they conduct their professional practices. We used data from a recent national survey of 2398 Canadian physicians to examine differences between women and men in their practices and their attitudes toward health care issues. Significant differences were found in the organization and management of the practices. Women preferred group over solo practice and were overrepresented in community health centres, health service organizations and centres locaux de services communautaires in Quebec. One-third of the women, as compared with half of the men, were in specialties. Even after adjusting for differences in workloads the incomes of the women were significantly lower than those of the men. Only minor differences were observed in the assessment of the health care system and alternative modes of organizing health care services. We believe that the differences were due to the double workload of women as professionals and family caregivers and the powerful socialization effects of medical education. As women overcome their minority status in the medical profession, differences between the sexes may become more apparent. Thus, the extent and effects of the progressive increase in the number of women in Canadian medicine should be assessed on an ongoing basis.     

Paleoprimatological research over the last 50 years: Foci and trends

Since 1930 the approach to fossil primates has undergone a twofold revolution, in more advanced taxonomic thinking, and in the growth of studies relating living primates to the interpretation of past forms. Great strides have also been made in discovering primate fossils–in 1930 there were some 58 genera of extinct primates known, and since then more than 65 new genera have been named. A major aspect of paleoprimatological research today is multidisciplinary field projects, which have accounted for a fuller understanding of dating and context. The application of functional morphology to aspects of primate evolution has allowed better understanding of primate locomotion, diet, and behavior.