大鼠5/6肾切除慢性肾功能衰竭动物模型的实验研究

观察5/6肾切除大鼠模型中肾功能、肾脏病理改变、肾组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达的变化,证明5/6肾切除可制作理想的慢性肾功能衰竭、肾间质纤维化动物模型。方法:大鼠随机分为假手术组(SOR)和5/6肾切除组。随机选取各组中的10只大鼠分别于5/6肾切除术后30、60和90天处死,收集血清与肾组织供生化及病理分析。结果:①5/6肾切除组24小时尿蛋白定量、血尿素氮、血肌酐水平明显高于假手术组(P<0.05)。②残肾的肾重/体重逐渐增加,到术后90天时,几乎接近假手术组大鼠左肾肾重/体重。③5/6肾切除后,残肾肾小球面积和肾小球毛细血管体积增加,肾小球硬化指数(GSI)及肾小管间质损伤评分(TIS)明显高于假手术组(P<0.05)。④免疫组化结果显示,5/6肾切除组肾间质和小管上皮细胞α-SMA表达增加。⑤肾小球面积、GSI、α-SMA表达与血肌酐、蛋白尿水平呈明显正相关性。结论:5/6肾切除可以建立伴慢性肾功能衰竭的肾间质纤维化动物模型。     

STZ诱导糖尿病肾病大鼠模型的建立

目的建立糖尿病大鼠动物模型,探讨其肾脏损害规律。方法用STZ65mg/kg一次性腹腔内注射方式制作糖尿病大鼠模型,设立空白对照组,饲养14周,期间观察大鼠血糖、尿糖及一般情况变化,实验结束时测定血肌酐、尿素氮、尿蛋白、尿白蛋白排泄率,取肾作病理及超微病理检查。结果模型组大鼠出现血肌酐、尿素氮、尿蛋白、尿白蛋白明显升高,出现肾脏肥大,病理显示明显的肾小球、肾小管病变。结论STZ诱导糖尿病大鼠肾脏表现肾小球及小管间质损害,可以用作糖尿病肾病研究的动物模型。     

兔慢性肾功能衰竭模型的建立与评价

目的建立兔慢性肾功能衰竭模型,为干细胞移植治疗和相关研究奠定基础。方法普通级大耳白兔随机分为正常对照组和单侧输尿管结扎（unilateral ureteral obstruction,UUO）组。UUO组于输尿管结扎后2、4、6、8周进行血生化肾功能指标检测,并取肾组织观察肾脏病理学改变,通过SPECT动态观察肾小球滤过率的变化,采用免疫组织化学方法观察肾组织转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）的表达情况。结果①UUO组术后第2周,出现明显的血肌酐升高,尿素氮术后第8周开始升高（P〈0.01）。②UUO组术后第4周,肾脏组织出现了早期间质纤维化的病理改变,术后第8周肾小球开始出现硬化,间质纤维化明显,皮质明显变薄。术后第12周,肾小球硬化比例增加,肾小管玻璃样变性,间质纤维化进一步加重（P〈0.05）。③SPECT动态观察肾小球滤过率,UUO组第4周GFR值比正常对照组降低,到第8周时,GFR值进一步下降,结扎侧肾脏功能降低甚至丧失。④免疫组织化学染色显示,TGF-β1在术后第4、8、12周均明显增强,并且各时间点表达均有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论单侧输尿管结扎法成功制作比较稳定的慢性肾功能不全模型,UUO后第8周符合肾脏间质纤维化模型标准。     

携带人肝细胞生长因子重组质粒pUDK-HGF对大鼠肾纤维化的防治作用

目的:研究肝细胞生长因子(HGF)基因转导对庆大霉素诱导的大鼠肾纤维化损伤的防治效果。方法:以雄性Wistar大鼠腹腔注射硫酸庆大霉素注射液制备肾纤维化模型;实验分为正常对照组、肾纤维化模型组、HGF治疗组;造模后第30 d,HGF治疗组于左侧肾脏直接注射重组质粒pUDK-HGF注射液,模型组注射质粒pUDK,正常对照组只进行假手术;于造模后第60 d处死大鼠,评价HGF对血尿素氮、血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白、肾系数等肾功能指标的改善作用,并对肾纤维化进行组织学评价。结果:与正常对照组相比,模型组肾功能下降,肾系数(8.8±0.95 g/kg)、血尿素氮(9.4±2.61 mmol/L)、血肌酐(42±10.33μmol/L,P<0.05)及24 h尿蛋白定量(25.78±8.66 mg,P<0.05)升高;HGF治疗组对肾功能有所改善,可缓解肾纤维化的进展。此外,本实验表明,对已纤维化肾脏直接注射HGF基因,可促进肾间质血管再生,并进一步降低肾小管间质损伤积分。结论:将HGF基因靶向导入大鼠体内可有效防治肾纤维化。     

大鼠肾间质纤维化动物模型的实验研究

目的　观察单侧输尿管结扎 (UUO)大鼠模型中肾脏病理改变 ,肾组织α 平滑肌肌动蛋白 (α SMA)和纤维连接蛋白 (FN)表达的变化 ,证明UUO方法可快速制作理想的肾脏细胞转分化和间质纤维化动物模型。方法　大鼠随机分为假手术组 (SOR)和UUO组。随机选取各组中的 6只大鼠分别于单侧输尿管结扎术后 3天、 7天、 14天、 2 1天和 2 8天处死 ,收集血清与肾组织供生化及病理分析。结果　① 2 4小时尿蛋白定量 ,UUO组与假手术组无统计学差异。UUO术后 7～ 14天 ,大鼠出现明显血尿素氮、肌酐值升高 ;术后 2 1～ 2 8天 ,血尿素氮、肌酐值反而下降 ,但 2 8天时血肌酐值仍然高于假手术组 (P <0 0 5 )。②UUO组肾小管间质损伤评分 (TIS)明显高于假手术组。UUO术后 3天 ,肾脏组织出现了早期纤维化的病理改变。随着梗阻时间延长 ,小管间质纤维化程度和间质细胞增殖、炎细胞浸润逐渐加重 ,皮质变薄十分明显。术后 2 8天 ,Masson染色见皮质区、皮髓交界处纤维化明显 ,但肾小球仍无明显病变。③免疫组化结果显示 ,UUO术后 3天肾间质α SMA阳性细胞数和FN表达增加 ,并随时间递增。UUO术后 7天 ,可见少许α SMA阳性的转分化小管上皮细胞 ;术后14天转分化的小管上皮细胞明显增多。α SMA表达与FN表达成正相关 (r=0 996 ,P <     

姜黄素衍生物B06对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的:观察姜黄素衍生物B06对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用及机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠35只,随机均分成5组(n=7):正常对照组、高脂组、高脂治疗组、糖尿病组、糖尿病治疗组。采用高脂饮食结合链脲佐菌素诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型。治疗组给予0.2 mg/kg·d剂量的B06灌胃,维持8周。检测血肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸,光镜和电镜观察大鼠肾组织的形态学改变,Masson染色观察肾组织的胶原纤维,并用免疫组化方法检测肾脏IV型胶原、纤维连接蛋白的表达。结果:糖尿病组大鼠血肌酐、尿素氮水平升高;光镜下见肾小球系膜基质增多,胶原纤维增多,肾小球毛细血管基底膜增厚;电镜下足细胞足突肿胀及足突融合;Masson染色示肾小球亮绿色阳性基质增多;免疫组化显示IV型胶原、纤维连接蛋白的表达水平升高。经B06干预后,血肌酐、尿素氮下降;肾小球病变减轻,肾脏组织IV型胶原、纤维连接蛋白的表达水平降低。结论:B06对2型糖尿病大鼠的肾脏具有保护作用,其机制可能是通过降低肾脏IV型胶原、纤维连接蛋白的表达,从而抑制细胞外基质的积聚和肾小球系膜增殖,发挥抗肾纤维化的作用。     

单侧输尿管结扎再通大鼠模型的建立方法及其评价

目的比较单侧输尿管结扎（UUO）与单侧输尿管结扎再通（RUUO）建立的SD大鼠肾纤维化模型的优劣,从而得到更符合临床慢性肾衰进展特点的动物模型,以供临床药物筛选、疗效评介、科研、教学使用。方法健康SPF级雄性SD大鼠54只,随机分成假手术组、UUO组及UUO再通组各18只,造模成功后检测血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）及尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）,病理检查肾小管间质纤维化指数和免疫组化检查α-肌动蛋白（α-SMA）。结果无论从肾功能方面,还是病理检查方面,UUO再通的大鼠肾纤维化动物模型均优于UUO大鼠模型。结论再通UUO肾纤维化大鼠模型在功能及病理方面及其相关的免疫组化方面优于UUO组,其病理特点更符合慢性肾小管间质纤维化进程的动物模型。     

淫羊藿总黄酮对实验性糖尿病大鼠肾脏保护作用

目的：研究淫羊藿总黄酮（TFE）对链脲佐菌素（STZ）致糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤的影响,并初步探讨其可能的作用机制。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠一次性尾静脉注射STZ（40 mg/kg）建立糖尿病模型。动物随机分成3组（n=10）：对照组、模型组和TFE组（100 mg/kg,i.g.）。12周后,处死大鼠。测定空腹血糖,肾脏脏器系数,血清尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）含量;测定肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量;Masson染色观察肾组织胶原纤维增生;免疫组化测定转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）蛋白的表达。结果：与对照组比较,模型组肾脏脏器系数增大、肾功能下降、肾组织抗氧化能力降低;病理学可见肾小球、肾小管间质纤维化;同时TGF-β1蛋白表达水平上调。TFE组明显改善上述指标。结论：TFE对STZ致糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤有明显的改善作用,其作用机制可能与抗氧化作用和抑制TGF-β1蛋白表达有关。     

树突状细胞在肾小管间质纤维化中作用及缬沙坦的干预调节

探讨树突状细胞(DC)在肾纤维化大鼠肾小管间质中分布,以及缬沙坦对DC浸润聚集的干预作用。建立肾大部切除大鼠模型,随机分为正常组(n=18),假手术组(n=18),模型组(n=18),缬沙坦治疗组(n=18)。分别于建模1、4、12周取肾组织,采用HE和Masson染色评定各组肾小管间质纤维化(TIF)程度;采用免疫双染及荧光图像分析法,观察DC-SIGN DC在各组大鼠肾组织中分布变化;采用免疫组化方法,观察P-选择素以及TGF-β1、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、III型胶元(ColIII)、纤维连接蛋白(FN)在上述肾组织中表达;以及RT-PCR检测P-选择素、TGF-β1、α-SMA、ColIII、FN的mRNA水平。结果显示,(1)模型组DC-SIGN DC主要分布于肾小管、肾间质和肾血管,以肾间质最为明显;其分布数量于12周较1和4周呈明显增多,且与慢性肾功能减退呈正相关。(2)12周时手术组大鼠肾小管间质区P-选择素、TGF-β1、α-SMA、ColIII、FN mRNA转录水平和蛋白质表达均明显增加,并与TIF程度以及DC-SIGN DC分布数量呈正相关。(3)经缬沙坦治疗后,DC-SIGN DC分布减少,以及P-选择素、TGF-β1、α-SMA、ColIII、FN mRNA转录水平和蛋白质表达下降,TIF程度减轻及肾功能改善。研究结果表明,DC启动参与了肾小管间质纤维化形成,并与肾功能损害程度密切相关。缬沙坦对此具有明显的抑制和肾脏保护作用。     

上调miR-200c通过抑制TGF-β1/Smad3通路减轻单侧输尿管梗阻小鼠肾纤维化

目的观察mi R-200c在单侧输尿管梗阻(unilateral ureteral obstruction,UUO)小鼠肾组织中的表达变化及其对UUO小鼠肾间质纤维化和TGF-β1/Smad3通路的影响。方法 45只C57BL/6J小鼠,随机数字表法分为假UUO组、UUO组、UUO+agomi R-200c组,每组15只。假UUO组仅游离左侧输尿管但不结扎;UUO组和UUO+agomi R-200c组通过结扎左侧输尿管建立的肾纤维化模型,手术后第1、7、14d两组小鼠分别给予生理盐水和agomir-200c尾静脉注射。第21d后处死全部小鼠,取血测定血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)。取小鼠梗阻侧肾脏组织,HE染色和Masson染色评价肾小管间质损伤和肾间质纤维化损伤程度,实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)检测肾组织mi R-200c的表达,Western blotting检测肾组织TGF-β1、Smad3及α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)蛋白的表达。结果与假UUO组比较,UUO组小鼠肾组织mi R-200c的表达水平明显降低,血清Scr、BUN水平明显升高,肾小管间质损伤病理评分升高,肾胶原容积分数(c VF)增加,肾组织中TGF-β1、Smad3及α-SMA水平明显升高。与UUO组比较,UUO+agomi R-200c组小鼠肾组织mi R-200c的表达明显增高,血清Scr、BUN水平明显降低,肾小管间质损伤病理评分下降,肾胶原容积分数减少,肾组织中TGF-β1、Smad3及α-SMA水平明显降低。结论上调mi R-200c能够通过抑制TGF-β1/Smad3通路减轻UUO小鼠肾间质纤维化。     

Effect of beraprost sodium (BPS) in a new rat partial unilateral ureteral obstruction model

Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is a representative model for investigating the common mechanism of decreasing renal function in chronic renal failure. In this study, we present a new partial UUO model in adult rats and evaluated the effect of beraprost sodium (BPS: stable prostaglandin I₂ (PGI₂) analog). We could make reproductive and uniform partial UUO by ligating the left ureter together with a 0.5 mm diameter stainless steel wire with nylon thread, and withdrawing the stainless wire. One week later, the ureteral obstruction was released. After 3 weeks from the release of UUO, all animals of control group, without BPS administration, developed basophilic degeneration of tubular epithelium, tubular dilatation and interstitial fibrosis. The areas of tubular degeneration and fibrosis were significantly reduced in the BPS group, orally administered BPS 300 μg/kg twice a day from the next day of the release of obstruction, than in control group.In conclusion, we can established the adult rat partial UUO-release model and revealed that BPS can inhibit renal tubular damage and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.     

苦参素对肾间质纤维化大鼠单核巨噬细胞浸润及MCP-1表达的影响

目的 观察苦参素对肾间质纤维化大鼠单核巨噬细胞（MC/MP）浸润,MCP-1及Ⅰ型胶原表达的影响。方法 大鼠行单侧输尿管结扎（UUO）建立肾小管间质纤维化模型。实验分为3组：假手术组,UUO组,苦参素治疗组。治疗组在UUO的基础上每天以苦参素100mg/Kg腹腔注射。各组于术后第14d分别处死5只大鼠。用PAS及Masson染色法观察肾脏病理改变。用免疫组织化学法观察肾间质ED-1阳性的MC/MP细胞浸润,单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）及Ⅰ型胶原（ColⅠ）的表达。结果 苦参素治疗组肾间质MC/MP细胞浸润数及MCP-1,ColⅠ的表达显著低于UUO组,肾小管变性和肾间质纤维化的程度也明显减轻。结论 苦参素可下调UUO大鼠肾间质MCP-1的表达,减少MC/MP细胞浸润,减轻肾间质纤维化。     

益气化湿通络方对实验性肾功能衰竭大鼠肾脏氧化应激损伤及纤维化的改善作用

目的:观察益气化湿通络方对5/6肾切除肾衰竭模型大鼠残留肾脏氧化应激损伤及纤维化的改善作用。方法:采用Platt法建立5/6肾切除慢性肾衰竭大鼠模型。术后2周抽检大鼠确认造模成功后,将大鼠随机分为:模型组(Model)、益气化湿通络方组(YHT)、贝那普利组(BH)、假手术组(Sham),每组8只。每日灌胃治疗1次(YHT组免煎颗粒水溶液0.276 g/100 g;BH组盐酸贝那普利片剂水溶液0.09 mg/100 g灌胃;Sham及Model 1 ml/100 g生理盐水灌胃),连续治疗12周。12周末用代谢笼收集24 h尿液,检测尿蛋白含量。之后麻醉大鼠腹主动脉取血、摘取肾脏,检测血清血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)含量;HE、Masson染色观察左肾病理改变;检测肾组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,检测肾组织中核因子NF-E2相关因子(Nrf2)、Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白-1(Keap1)、NADPH氧化酶4(Nox4)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、I型胶原蛋白(Collagen1)的表达以及Nrf2在肾组织细胞核内的表达。结果:与Sham组比较,Model组大鼠肾小球损伤较重,纤维化明显;Scr、BUN、MDA水平和24 h尿蛋白的排出量,Keap1、Nox4、TGF-β1、Collagen1的蛋白表达均明显升高(P＜0.01),SOD活性、Nrf2表达明显降低(P＜0.01);与Model组比较,经YHT或BH干预后肾小球病变程度减轻,纤维化较少,Scr、BUN、MDA水平和24 h尿蛋白的排出量,Keap1、Nox4、TGF-β1、Collagen1的蛋白表达均明显减少(P＜0.01),SOD活性、Nrf2表达明显升高(P＜0.01)。结论:益气化湿通络方通过影响Nrf2/Keap1信号通路、下调TGF-β1蛋白表达,从而改善肾衰竭模型大鼠残留肾脏的氧化应激损伤及纤维化程度。     

Renal cortex remodeling in nitric oxide deficient rats treated with enalapril

The kidney NO synthase is one of the most important renal controlling systems. This paper aims the quantification of renal cortical components involved in blood pressure regulation under NOs blockade. Spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) are submitted to chronic blockade of NOs by L-nitro-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) and an ACE inhibitor (enalapril) in comparison with the normotensive Wistar rats. Twenty SHRs and 5 Wistar rats were divided in 5 groups and observed for 21 days for blood pressure (BP) and serum creatinine: control Wistar (5) (C-W), control SHR (5) (C-SHR), L-SHR (5) - received L-NAME 30 mg/kg/day, L+E-SHR (5) - received L-NAME and Enalapril maleate 15 mg/kg/day, E-SHR (5) - received Enalapril maleate. A quantitative morphometric study (glomerular density, Q_A[g1], interstitium volume density, Vv[i], tubular surface and length densities, Sv[t] and Lv[t]) were performed at the end. The BP reached 226±15 mmHg in L-SHR group. The BP difference between the L-SHR and the C-SHR groups was significant from the first week while the E-SHR group became significant from the second week. At the end of the experiment the BP of the E-SHR group was similar to the BP in the C-W group. The Q_A[g1] was similar among C-SHR, L-SHR and L+E-SHR groups and no difference was found between E-SHR and C-W groups. In the L-SHRs serum creatinine was greatly increased, and microscopy showed thickening of arteriolar tunica media with an increase of the wall-to-lumen ratio, perivascular fibrosis, inflammatory infiltrated, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The use of enalapril was not completely efficient in reducing BP and morphological injury when the hypertension of SHRs was increased with the NOs blockade suggesting that NO deficiency-induced hypertension is not entirely mediated by the RAAS.     

大鼠左肾静脉狭窄致左肾淤血性损伤模型的建立

目的观察大鼠左肾静脉不同程度狭窄所致左肾病变,为实验研究左肾静脉受压综合征肾组织淤血性损伤提供合适的动物模型。方法采用左肾静脉不全结扎的方法建立大鼠左肾静脉狭窄模型。将大鼠分为4组,假手术组和左肾静脉狭窄1.0mm模型组、0.7mm模型组、0.5mm模型组。术后7周处死动物。肾组织行病理学检查。肾皮质匀浆检测丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果病理学检查见1.0mm模型组未见明显病变,0.7mm和0.5mm模型组肾小球系膜区增生,小管、间质细胞浸润和纤维化形成,0.5mm模型组病变程度较重。各模型组左肾皮质丙二醛含量均显著增高,超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著降低,变化幅度随狭窄程度的增大而增大。结论大鼠左肾静脉狭窄程度为0.7mm时,各项观察指标与胡桃夹综合征（NCS）患者的临床实际情况最接近,而1.0mm和0.5mm相对偏轻和偏重,0.7mm模型组可以作为大鼠左肾静脉狭窄致左肾淤血实验研究的合适模型。     

The role of the tubulointerstitium in radiation-induced renal fibrosis

The functional and morphological response of the remaining hypertrophied kidney in unilaterally nephrectomized rats to single doses of 0-20 Gy X rays was investigated. Functional and histological end points were assessed serially 4-24 weeks postirradiation. Renal irradiation led to time- and dose-dependent reductions in renal function, seen in terms of a decreased glomerular filtration rate, increased blood urea nitrogen, and reduced hematocrit. These changes were accompanied by morphological changes in the glomerular, tubular and interstitial portions of the kidney. However, dose-dependent changes were observed only in terms of tubulointerstitial lesions. Significant increases in the degree of interstitial staining for collagen type III and fibronectin were observed 24 weeks postirradiation. These increases in extracellular matrix components were accompanied by a significant increase in interstitial alpha smooth muscle actin, suggesting activation of interstitial fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. There was no evidence of glomerular Tgfb after renal irradiation. A significant increase in tubular Tgfb staining was only seen 8 weeks postirradiation. In contrast, there was a shift of staining to the interstitium such that by 24 weeks postirradiation interstitial Tgfb staining was significantly greater than that seen in controls. These findings suggest that the tubule epithelial cell and the interstitial fibroblast are both active participants in the development and/or progression of radiation-induced renal fibrosis.     

Induced Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Treatment of Rabbit Renal Interstitial Fibrosis

Introduction

Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a significant cause of end-stage renal failure. The goal of this study was to characterize the distribution of transplanted induced autologous stem cells in a rabbit model of renal interstitial fibrosis and evaluate its therapeutic efficacy for treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis.

Methods

A rabbit model of renal interstitial fibrosis was established. Autologous fibroblasts were cultured, induced and labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). These labeled stem cells were transplanted into the renal artery of model animals at 8 weeks.

Results

Eight weeks following transplantation of induced autologous stem cells, significant reductions (P < 0.05) were observed in serum creatinine (SCr) (14.8 ± 1.9 mmol/L to 10.1 ± 2.1 mmol/L) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (119 ± 22 µmol/L to 97 ± 13 µmol/L), indicating improvement in renal function.

Conclusions

We successfully established a rabbit model of renal interstitial fibrosis and demonstrated that transplantation of induced autologous stem cells can repair kidney damage within 8 weeks. The repair occurred by both inhibition of further development of renal interstitial fibrosis and partial reversal of pre-existing renal interstitial fibrosis. These beneficial effects lead to the development of normal tissue structure and improved renal function.