1958年全国土农药药效测定初步报告

中国科学院昆虫研究所自1958年国庆节献礼以后,与北京的十个有关研究单位协作进行全国土农药的研究整理工作。各研究单位首先考虑要到重点地区去进行实地工作,后来由于治虫季节已过去,很难在现场展开试验研究。为了很好利用冬春两季的农闲时间,我们决定先在室内饲养各种害虫进行各种土农药的药效测定。当然温室饲养的昆虫,与野外生长的条件不同,对药剂的抵抗力亦有差异,这样室内试验的结果,不能完全代表野外的实际情况。但室内各项因子较野     

三种新烟碱农药对西方蜜蜂生存和生理的联合影响

为探究亚致死浓度的3种常用新烟碱农药噻虫嗪、吡虫啉和噻虫胺两两混合对西方蜜蜂生存以及乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性的联合影响,本研究通过饲喂管法检测这3种新烟碱农药对西方蜜蜂的经口性急性毒性。用各农药的LD_(10)值作为处理剂量,检测LD_(10)的各农药及其两两混合处理西方蜜蜂后48 h蜜蜂的死亡率,并检测各处理组蜜蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性变化。3种农药两两互混后与单一农药相比均能显著增加西方蜜蜂的死亡率(P0.05);噻虫嗪和吡虫啉以及噻虫嗪和噻虫胺联合用药均对蜜蜂毒性具有协同增效作用(Q1.15)。所有农药处理组蜜蜂的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中噻虫嗪与噻虫胺混合组乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性最高;噻虫嗪和吡虫啉以及噻虫嗪和噻虫胺两两互混后与单一农药处理组相比均能显著增加蜜蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶活性(P0.05)。除噻虫嗪与噻虫胺互混组对蜜蜂谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性具有明显的抑制作用(P0.05),其他农药组谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性均没有明显变化。新烟碱类农药噻虫嗪和吡虫啉以及噻虫嗪和噻虫胺互混处理组能够协同增加对蜜蜂的毒性,而且农药混合与单一农药处理相比能引起蜜蜂不同的生理变化。本研究利于更深入了解和探究混合农药对蜜蜂健康的影响,并为保护蜜蜂提供一定理论基础。     

玻瓶投放饵料诱捕日本原螋效果观察

<正> 在开展天敌昆虫资源调查和保护利用工作中,革翅目的原螋、蠼螋、肥螋等是有待研究的捕食性天敌。近年我们对日本原螋Labidura japonica de Haan进行室内饲养观察,但工作开始时感到虫源较为困难,在20瓦黑光灯下虽可见到一些,但有的年份扑灯时期较晚,数量也不多;同时,落入集虫盒内药液中的成虫容易死亡,故不适作饲养用虫。经过多次试验,证明在诱捕器内投放饵料诱捕日本原螋成本低廉,方法简便,效益较为理想,在短期内可捕获大量的活虫供饲养观察。本文简要介绍诱捕方法、诱捕效果及应注意的问题。     

黄斑露尾甲的室内饲养

黄斑露尾甲Carpophilushemipterus（L．）隶属于鞘翅目露尾甲科,是一世界性仓虫,其食性很杂,嗜食发酵腐败物及霉菌、酵母菌,在美国严重为害无花果和甜玉米[1],近年来在我国酿造业中日见严重[2～4]。为了配合对此虫的研究,在Patrick[5]饲养方法的基础上,改用玉米快餐粉复配人工饲料成功地进行了室内饲养。1饲料、虫源及饲养方法1．1饲料成分和配制方法人工复配饲料成分：玉米快餐粉（成分为甜玉米、大豆、糯米、精面粉、植物油,四川德阳市粮油食品厂生产,市售）60g、麦芽粉20g、酵母粉20g、复合VB4．0g、VC1.4g、山梨酸0．5g、琼…     

黄曲条跳甲人工饲养技术改进

通过室内人工饲养建立实验种群,是开展黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)各种研究的基础,解决其幼虫阶段的人工饲养技术是建立其实验种群的关键。介绍经改进后的黄曲条跳甲室内人工饲养技术,该方法简单易行,可以方便地获取试虫的不同虫态;采用"小菜苗法"和"萝卜薄片堆叠法"室内饲养黄曲条跳甲幼虫,最高存活率可达90%以上。     

虫蜀敌捕食杨叶甲幼虫实验研究

虫蜀敌(ArmachinensisFallou)又称虫蜀蝽,是农林业上重要的捕食性天敌。利用室内人工饲养和野外套笼饲养虫蜀蝽取食对象杨叶甲幼虫的方法,测定了虫蜀蝽的取食量和取食能力,为进一步探讨生物防治提供借鉴。     

幼虫密度对马铃薯块茎蛾生殖的影响

[目的]为了研究马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)幼虫的饲养密度对生殖的影响。[方法]本实验研究并比较了两种幼虫密度(15头/130 g块茎、45头/130 g块茎)的马铃薯块茎蛾成虫按照1:5和1:1比例交配后代的产卵量、畸形卵率、孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率、性比等生物学参数。[结果]高幼虫密度饲养的马铃薯块茎蛾化蛹率、羽化率、存活率、性比均显著较低,而幼虫~蛹的历期显著短于正常幼虫密度的。两种密度成虫按1:5头配对产卵,若雄性亲本为高幼虫密度饲养则卵的孵化率显著较低,若雌性亲本为高幼虫密度饲养则产卵量较低,畸形卵率显著较高。两种密度雌雄虫均为5头进行配对时,正常幼虫密度雌虫其所产卵的畸形率显著较低,产卵量、卵孵化率均显著较高,后代幼虫历期、化蛹率显著较高。而高幼虫密度雌虫其所产卵则受雄虫影响,亲代为高密度雄虫则畸形率较低,孵化率较高。[结论]高幼虫密度饲养的雄、雌虫生殖活力均降低。高幼虫密度雌虫可受高幼虫密度雄虫的诱导提高生殖能力,并影响其后代性比从而调节其种群动态。     

梨黄粉蚜的饲养方法

<正> 梨黄粉蚜Aphanostigma jakusuiense(Kishida)的饲养是研究该虫的基础,但该虫身体微小,栖息隐蔽,饲养异常困难。根据多年研究实践,我们曾寻找出一种较好的室内外饲养法。现介绍于后供参考。     

白背飞虱对水稻抗虫品种N_(22)的适应性研究

在室内连续用感虫品种TN1和抗虫品种N2 2 单管饲养白背飞虱 (Sogatellafurcifera)种群 ,研究它对抗虫水稻品种的适应性及其体内保护酶的变化 .结果表明 ,白背飞虱在感虫品种TN1和抗虫品种N2 2品种上饲养 1至 2代 ,其卵历期、若虫期和全世代历期均无明显差异 .从感虫品种TN1转移到抗虫品种N2 2 上饲养 1代 ,白背飞虱的若虫存活率、雌成虫寿命、体重、蜜露量、产卵量和内禀增长率等均低于在抗虫品种上连续饲养 2代 ,而后者又低于在感虫品种上饲养的指标 .白背飞虱在抗虫品种上连续饲养 2代后 ,体内保护酶中超氧化物岐化酶 (SOD)和过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性逐渐接近于感虫品种上连续饲养的结果 ,说明白背飞虱从感虫品种转到抗虫品种在开始时并不适应 ,经过连续繁殖多代后白背飞虱逐渐适应 ,最后导致抗虫品种的抗性丧失     

桃小食心虫的人工合成饲料及其饲养方法

桃小食心虫Carposina nipponensis Walsingham是苹果、梨、山楂、桃和枣的重要害虫。作为研究和防治对象,尤其是开展辐射不育、生物防治和抗药性测定研究工作,研究其人工合成饲料及大量饲养繁殖技术,解决试虫供应问题,是十分重要的。 作者等自1983年开始对桃小食心虫的人工合成饲料及其饲养的技术方法进行了研究。 经过3年的试验,从多种饲料配方中选出一种饲养桃小食心虫最佳的人工合成饲料,并摸索出适于人工大量饲养     

2(S)-(Cycloalk-1-enecarbonyl)-1-(4-phenyl-butanoyl)pyrrolidines and 2(S)-(aroyl)-1-(4-phenylbutanoyl)pyrrolidines as prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors

In order to replace the P2-P1 amide group, different 1-cycloalkenyls and 2-aryls were studied in the place of the P1 pyrrolidine group of a 4-phenylbutanoyl-L-Pro-pyrrolidine structure, which is a well-known prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor SUAM-1221. The 1-cyclopentenyl and the 2-thienyl groups gave novel compounds, which were equipotent with the corresponding pyrrolidine-analog SUAM-1221. It was shown that the P2-P1 amide group of POP inhibitors can be replaced by an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group or the aryl conjugated carbonyl group.     

Population dynamics ofTrigoniulus lumbricinus (gerst) (Diplopoda: Trigoniulidae)

The number of the diplopod, Trigoniulus lumbricinus (Gerst ) in the leaf litter varies between months. The annual population peak is reached during May to July after which the population declines. The seasonal population change is statistically correlated with the rainfall, but a causal relationship is difficult to establish: there is no indication that the population is regulated by any density related process either. It is speculated that a long term study of the population in different parts of its distribution range can only clarify the density relations.     

Ras-induced cellular events (review)

Ras is a crucial regulator of cell growth in eukaryotic cells. Activated Ras can stimulate signal transduction cascades, leading to cell proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. It is also one of the most commonly mutated genes in both solid tumours and haematologic neoplasias. In leukaemia and tumours, aberrant Ras signalling can be induced directly by Ras mutation or indirectly by altering genes that associate with Ras or its signalling pathways. A requisite for Ras function is localization to the plasma membrane, which is induced by the post-translational modification farnesylation. Molecules that interfere with this Ras modification have been used as antitumour agents. Ras is emerging as a dual regulator of cell functions, playing either positive or negative roles in the control of proliferation or apoptosis. The diversity of Ras-mediated effects may be related in part to the differential involvement of Ras homologues in distinct cellular processes or to the expanding array of Ras effectors.     

Pollen morphology of Trichosanthes (Cucurbitaceae)

The pollen morphology of 37 species of Trichosanthes was examined, using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. On the basis of the diverse exine ornamentation it is possible to distinguish five pollen types. With aperture characters, two of them can be subdivided into subtypes. Two types can be characterised with ultrastructural features as well. It appeared that several of the types (alt. subtypes) correspond very well to existing macromorphological groupings. The most deviating type, including only the monotypic section Trichosanthes (T. cucumerina), shows verrucate ornamentation, a thick granular infratectum and a thin, indistinctly delimited nexine. It is similar to that of the Madagascan genus Tricyclandra.     

活植物收集圃信息系统

本文介绍了南京中山植物园活植物收集圃信息系统。该系统是利用关系数据库ＯＲＡＣＬＥ及Ｃ语言开发的,具有安全、数据可共享及可维护性强等特点。适用于大、中、小植物园、树木园、自然保护区和其他活植物田间收集圃。     

OVULE ABORTION IN QUERCUS (FAGACEAE)

This study deals with the occurrence and relative abundance of four different types of abortive ovules in three species of Quercus. It was found that, contrary to previous literature, fertilization does not always occur in the abortive ovules. The most common type of abortive ovule is the one in which a normal embryo sac develops, yet fertilization does not occur. The absence of embryo sacs and the occurrence of empty embryo sacs account for abortion in other ovules. All types of abortive ovules can occur in the same ovary. It is proposed that all of the ovules that develop a normal embryo sac are potential seeds, but the first one to be fertilized suppresses the normal development of the others.     

基于独立元分析的MEG(脑磁图)数据分析和处理

独立元分析(independent component analysis,ICA)可用于分离混迭的MEG(Magnetoencephalography)多通道信号中的信号源。从ICA分解的结果中消除干扰源和噪声,并将剩余分量投影回MEG多通道数据空间,可得到净化的MEG信号,表示各个信号源的各独立元分别投影回多通道,可对各活动源进行空间定位。特别是,响应于外界刺激的诱发活动源亦可从重叠的MEG多通道信号中得到分离,这对脑功能研究及脑医学临床应用极有吸引力。提出了一个简单有效的基于ICA的MEG数据分析和处理方法,研究和分析了一些实际应用问题,特别是给出了听觉诱发响应的一些有意义的分析结果。     

A standard operating procedure for phylogenetic inference (SOPPI) using (rRNA) marker genes

Phylogenetic analysis is currently used worldwide for taxonomic classification and identification of microorganisms. However, despite the countless trees that have been reconstructed and published in recent decades, so far, no user-friendly compilation of recommendations to standardize the data analysis and tree reconstruction process has been published. Consequently, this standard operating procedure for phylogenetic inference (SOPPI) offers a helping hand for working through the process from sampling in the field to phylogenetic tree reconstruction and publication. It is not meant to be authoritative or comprehensive, but should help to make phylogenetic inference and diversity analysis more reliable and comparable between different laboratories. It is mainly focused on using the ribosomal RNA as a universal phylogenetic marker, but the principles and recommendations can be applied to any valid marker gene. Feedback and suggestions from the scientific community are welcome in order to improve these guidelines further. Any updates will be made available on the SILVA webpage at http://www.arb-silva.de/projects/soppi.     

Isoenzymes and population genetics of sorbit dehydrogenase (EC: 1.1.1.14) in swine (sus scrofa)

Summary A method is described for detecting the enzyme sorbit dehydrogenase (SDH) after starchgel electrophoresis. Activity of this enzyme occurs predominantly in liver, kidney, thyroid and testis. It was found that this enzyme exists in multiple molecular forms. Three electrophoretic phenotypes were observed apparently representing two different homozygotes and the corresponding heterozygote. These findings can be interpreted in terms of two alleles at one SDH locus.