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1.
农业动物种质资源面临着严重危机, 有必要构建一个科学、有效的保护方案, 合理分配有限的资金, 以期保护最大的多样性。本文应用边际多样性方法, 以中国18个地方猪种为例, 通过对灭绝概率、现实多样性、边际多样性和保护潜力的分析, 应用3种模型分析了未来群体期望多样性变化趋势, 并提出了相应的资金优化配置方案。在文中所涉及的模型中, 加性模型(Model A)被评定为资金优化配置的最佳模型; 共有10个品种获得保护资金, 其中杭猪获得最高比例(16%)的保护资金; 其次为赣中南花猪(万安猪)、嵊县花猪, 各获得14%; 阳新猪、乐平猪各获得11%; 五指山猪、玉山乌猪、赣中南花猪(冠朝猪)、清平猪、武夷黑猪和嘉兴黑猪分别获得10%、9%、9%、2%、2%和2%的保护资金。结果表明, 分配保护资金需综合考虑群体的受威胁程度、群体遗传多样性和经济重要性等。 相似文献
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植物遗传多样性保护及其分子生物学研究方法 总被引:26,自引:2,他引:26
植物遗传多样性保护及其分子生物学研究方法李俊清(北京林业大学森林资源与环境学院,100083)ConservationofPlantGeneticDiversityandRelatedMolecularBiologicalTechniques.¥Li... 相似文献
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分子生物学方法在微生物多样性研究中的应用 总被引:26,自引:0,他引:26
微生物多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分。由于微生物和大生物(动、植物)相比,存在着多种显著差异,因此其多样性,保护及利用也有所不同,尤其是研究方法亟待完善,提高。近年来,分子生物学方法广泛用于微生物多样性的研究并取得了一系列研究成果。本文从四个方面加以介绍:1)微生物总DNA制备及其遗传多样性检测方法;2)16SrRNA基因序列研究;3)核酸杂交分析技术;4)DNA动力学的研究。今后的发展趋势是加 相似文献
4.
RAPD技术及其在动物遗传多样性分析中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
RAPD技术是在PCR基础之上发展而来的1种DNA多态性检测工具,具有方便、快捷、经济等特点.本文概述了RAPD的反应原理及特点,总结了RAPD在动物遗传多样性检测、群体遗传结构和亲缘关系分析中的应用,并肯定了RAPD在动物遗传多样性分析中的应用前景. 相似文献
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系统发育多样性测定及其在生物多样性保护中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
生物多样性保护面临两个基本问题:如何确定生物多样性测度以及如何保护生物多样性。传统的生物多样性测度是以物种概念为基础的,用生态学和地理学方法确定各种生物多样性指数。其测度依赖于样方面积的大小,并且所有的物种在分类上同等对待。系统发育多样性测度基于系统发育和遗传学的理论和方法,能确定某一物种对类群多样性的贡献大小。该方法比较复杂,只有在类群的系统发育或遗传资料比较齐全时方能应用。本文认为,物种生存力 相似文献
6.
我国麻类资源的多样性及其保护利用对策 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
栗建光 《植物遗传资源科学》2002,3(3):41-46
在“七五”、“八五”、“九五”研究的基础上,本文论述了我国麻类资源的种类、数量与分布以及保护利用现状等方面的问题,并提出了多样性的可持续发展和利用对策,为今后我国麻类资源的收集、保存、鉴定、创新和利用提供依据。 相似文献
7.
中国7个地方绵羊品种遗传多样性的微卫星分析 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
利用26个微卫星标记分析了中国7个地方绵羊(Ovis aries)品种的遗传多样性。通过计算基因频率、平均杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)及有效等位基因数(Ne),并根据Nei氏标准遗传距离,利用UPGMA法进行了聚类分析,评估其种内遗传变异和品种间遗传关系。结果表明:26个微卫星位点共检测到278个等位基因,Ne 在2.1288-13.3924之间;以等位基因频率为基础,得出位点的平均杂合度在0.0629-0.5903之间,品种平均杂合度在0.3633-0.4489之间。26个位点均为高度多态位点,PIC在0.6628-0.8712之间。聚类分析表明哈萨克羊、阿勒泰羊和巴音布鲁克羊遗传关系最近;然后与白藏羊、黑藏羊聚为一类;湖羊和晋中羊聚为一类。各绵羊品种的聚类关系与其来源、育成史及地理分布基本一致。 相似文献
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9.
为检测家蚕(Bombyx mori)地方品种间的遗传差异,分析其遗传多样性和系统分化模式,为家蚕的品种鉴定和杂交育种亲本选择提供分子依据,本文对72个家蚕地方品种的淀粉酶基因(Bmamy2)片段进行测序,采用DNA序列分析技术探究了家蚕地方品种在核苷酸序列水平上的遗传差异及其系统分化特征.结果显示,家蚕地方品种在Bmamy2基因变异丰富,碱基突变率为5.6-8.2%,单倍型多样度为0.8294,核苷酸多样度为0.0236±0.00122,表明Bmamy2是一个具有丰富序列多样性的标记基因,能够较好地区分家蚕地方品种间的遗传多样性.系统发育分析、分子方差分析和Network分析等多种分析方法均检测到家蚕地方品种不按地理系统或生态类型聚类,各聚类种群均由来自不同地理系统或生态类型的品种构成,而来自同一地理系统或生态类型的品种则分别归属于不同的聚类种群.推测在家蚕的进化过程中并没有形成按地理系统或生态类型归类的分化格局,家蚕可能具有多种化性混合驯化起源的遗传背景和系统分化特征. 相似文献
10.
生物多样性保护面临两个基本问题:如何确定生物多样性测度以及如何保护生物多样性。传统的生物多样性测度是以物种概念为基础的,用生态学和地理学方法确定各种生物多样性指数。其测度依赖于样方面积的大小,并且所有的物种在分类上同等对待。系统发育多样性测度基于系统发育和遗传学的理论和方法,能确定某一物种对类群多样性的贡献大小。该方法比较复杂,只有在类群的系统发育或遗传资料比较齐全时方能应用。本文认为,物种生存力途径和系统发育多样性测度相结合有助于确定物种和生态系统保护的优先秩序。 相似文献
11.
用RAPD标记方法对神农架地区香果树4个自然居群的28个个体进行了遗传多样性分析,11个引物共得到71个扩增位点,其中多态性位点39个。POPGENE分析显示:在物种水平上,神农架地区香果树的多态性条带百分率为54.93%,Nei基因多样性指数(h)为0.1903,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.2856;而在居群水平上,上述3个指标平均值依次为16.2%、0.0578和0.0865。4个自然居群间的遗传分化程度较低,居群间的基因流(Nm)为0.2329。结果表明神农架地区香果树的遗传多样性较低,居群间基因流较低可能是香果树的致濒原因之一。 相似文献
12.
J?rn Bennewitz Juha Kantanen Ilma Tapio Meng Hua Li Ernst Kalm Johanna Vilkki Innokentyi Ammosov Zoya Ivanova Tatyana Kiselyova Ruslan Popov Theo HE Meuwissen 《遗传、选种与进化》2006,38(2):201-220
Extinction of breeds threatens genetic diversity of livestock species. The need to conserve genetic diversity is widely accepted but involves in general two questions: (i) is the expected loss of diversity in a set of breeds within a defined future time horizon large enough to establish a conservation plan, and if so (ii) which breeds should be prioritised for such a conservation plan? The present study uses a marker assisted methodology to address these questions. The methodology combines core set diversity measures with a stochastic method for the estimation of expected future diversity and breed marginal diversities. The latter is defined as the change in the total diversity of all breeds caused by a one unit decrease in extinction probability of a particular breed. The stochastic method was validated by means of simulations. A large field data set consisting of 44 North Eurasian cattle breeds was analysed using simplified determined extinction probabilities. The results show that the expected loss of diversity in this set within the next 20 to 50 years is between 1 and 3% of the actual diversity, provided that the extinction probabilities which were used are approximately valid. If this loss is to be reduced, it is sufficient to include those three to five breeds with the highest marginal diversity in a conservation scheme. 相似文献
13.
Marginal populations are often isolated and under extreme selection pressures resulting in anomalous genetics. Consequently, ecosystems that are geographically and ecologically marginal might have a large share of genetically atypical populations, in need of particular concern in management of these ecosystems. To test this prediction, we analysed genetic data from 29 species inhabiting the low saline Baltic Sea, a geographically and ecologically marginal ecosystem. On average Baltic populations had lost genetic diversity compared to Atlantic populations: a pattern unrelated to dispersal capacity, generation time of species and taxonomic group of organism, but strongly related to type of genetic marker (mitochondrial DNA loci had lost c. 50% diversity, and nuclear loci 10%). Analyses of genetic isolation by geographic distance revealed clinal patterns of differentiation between Baltic and Atlantic regions. For a majority of species, clines were sigmoid with a sharp slope around the Baltic Sea entrance, indicating impeded gene flows between Baltic and Atlantic populations. Some species showed signs of allele frequencies being perturbed at the edge of their distribution inside the Baltic Sea. Despite the short geological history of the Baltic Sea (8000 years), populations inhabiting the Baltic have evolved substantially different from Atlantic populations, probably as a consequence of isolation and bottlenecks, as well as selection on adaptive traits. In addition, the Baltic Sea also acts a refuge for unique evolutionary lineages. This marginal ecosystem is thus vulnerable but also exceedingly valuable, housing unique genes, genotypes and populations that constitute an important genetic resource for management and conservation. 相似文献
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《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2013,7(6):885-894
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis is a tool widely used to help in decision making in complex systems. It suits to exploring the issues and measures related to the conservation and development of local breeds, as it allows the integration of many driving factors influencing breed dynamics. We developed a quantified SWOT method as a decision-making tool for identification and ranking of conservation and development strategies of local breeds, and applied it to a set of 13 cattle breeds of six European countries. The method has four steps: definition of the system, identification and grouping of the driving factors, quantification of the importance of driving factors and identification and prioritization of the strategies. The factors were determined following a multi-stakeholder approach and grouped with a three-level structure. Animal genetic resources expert groups ranked the factors, and a quantification process was implemented to identify and prioritize strategies. The proposed SWOT methodology allows analyzing the dynamics of local cattle breeds in a structured and systematic way. It is a flexible tool developed to assist different stakeholders in defining the strategies and actions. The quantification process allows the comparison of the driving factors and the prioritization of the strategies for the conservation and development of local cattle breeds. We identified 99 factors across the breeds. Although the situation is very heterogeneous, the future of these breeds may be promising. The most important strengths and weaknesses were related to production systems and farmers. The most important opportunities were found in marketing new products, whereas the most relevant threats were found in selling the current products. The across-breed strategies utility decreased as they gained specificity. Therefore, the strategies at European level should focus on general aspects and be flexible enough to be adapted to the country and breed specificities. 相似文献
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Understanding the partitioning of genetic variance in peripheral and central populations may shed more light on the effects of genetic drift and gene flow on population genetic structure and, thereby, improve attempts to conserve genetic diversity. We analysed genetic structure of peripheral and central populations of three insect-pollinated violets (Viola elatior, Viola pumila, Viola stagnina) to evaluate to what extent these patterns can be explained by gene flow and genetic drift. Amplified fragment length polymorphism was used to analyse 930 individuals of 50 populations. Consistent with theoretical predictions, peripheral populations were smaller and more isolated, differentiation was stronger, and genetic diversity and gene flow lower in peripheral populations of V. pumila and V. stagnina. In V. elatior, probably historic fragmentation effects linked to its specific habitat type were superimposed on the plant geographic (peripheral-central) patterns, resulting in lower relative importance of gene flow in central populations. Genetic variation between regions (3-6%), among (30-37%) and within populations (60-64%) was significant. Peripheral populations lacked markers that were rare and localized in central populations. Loss of widespread markers in peripheral V. stagnina populations indicated genetic erosion. Autocorrelation within populations was statistically significant up to a distance of 10-20 m. Higher average genetic similarity in peripheral populations than in central ones indicated higher local gene flow, probably owing to management practices. Peripheral populations contributed significantly to genetic variation and contained unique markers, which made them valuable for the conservation of genetic diversity. 相似文献
16.
三峡库区特有种疏花水柏枝的保护遗传学研究 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:12
采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对三峡库区特有种疏花水柏枝 (Myricarialaxiflora)的 13个自然居群和 1个人工迁地保护居群的等位酶遗传变异进行了初步研究。检测了 5个酶系统 ,得到 13个等位酶位点 ,遗传多样性及其遗传结构分析结果表明 :疏花水柏枝具有较高水平的遗传多样性 ,平均多态位点比率P =78.7% ,每位点平均等位基因数A =1.8,平均预期杂合度He=0 .317,高于中国植物特有种的平均水平 ,且群体中杂合基因型个体偏多 ;其遗传变异主要发生于居群内 ( 84.86 % ) ,居群间又存在一定的遗传分化 (Gst=0 .15 14) ,居群间平均基因流Nm =1.40 1,居群间遗传距离为 0 .0 0 2~ 0 .176 ;UPGMA聚类分析显示疏花水柏枝在三峡湖北境内的白水河—泄滩一带分为上游和下游 2个居群组 ;武汉植物园迁地保护的混合居群基本保育了其遗传多样性总水平。在分析讨论疏花水柏枝遗传多样性与其繁育系统、生境及其起源进化的关系的基础上 ,探讨了疏花水柏枝濒危的主要原因 ,推断其应为第四纪冰期影响后的古孑遗种。最后 ,在评价迁地保护成果的基础上 ,提出了今后进一步保育的策略。 相似文献
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该研究采用ISSR分子标记,对黄枝油杉7个自然种群的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明:用12条ISSR引物对218个黄枝油杉个体进行扩增,共扩增出125个位点。在物种水平上,多态性位点百分数( PPL)为100.00%,Shannon信息多样性指数( I)为0.4177,Nei’ s基因多样性指数( H)为0.2666;在种群水平上,多态性位点百分数(PPL)在71.20%~92.00%之间,平均值为80.69%,Shannon信息多样性指数(I)在0.3273~0.3886之间,平均值为0.3548,Nei’ s基因多样性指数( H)在0.2139~0.2478之间,平均值为0.2291。这说明黄枝油杉在物种水平和种群水平上均显示出较高的遗传多样性。 Nei’ s遗传多样性分析( Gst=0.1433)和AMOVA分析(Φst=17.91%)表明,黄枝油杉的遗传变异主要存在于种群内,种群间的遗传分化程度较低,种群间保持一定的基因交流( Nm=2.9890>1)。 Mantel分析显示,黄枝油杉种群间的遗传距离和地理距离之间不存在显著的相关关系( r=0.4567, P=0.0610>0.05)。 相似文献
18.
利用SRAP分子标记技术,对湖北省河岸带植物中华蚊母树的4个自然居群和1个迁地居群的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果表明,中华蚊母树物种具有较高水平的遗传多样性,7对SRAP引物进行PCR扩增的多态性位点百分率(PPF)为80.43%,每个位点的等位基因数(A)为2,有效等位基因数(Ae)为1.34,总遗传多样性Nei’s基因多样性指数(Hp)为0.215 9,Shannon信息多样性指数(I)为0.350 9。在居群水平上,5个居群总的遗传变异Ht为0.218 8,居群内的遗传变异Hs为0.193 4,居群间的遗传分化系数Gst为0.116 1,表明在总的遗传变异中有88.39%变异存在于居群内,仅11.61%存在于居群间,居群间的基因流Nm为3.807 2,表明居群间有较大程度的基因交流。UPGMA聚类分析和主成分分析显示中华蚊母树主要分为两个居群组,在长江三峡沿岸香溪和乐天溪由于遗传距离比较近聚为一小类再与高家堰聚为一大类,而沿渡河和三峡植物园居群聚为另一大类,表明迁地居群三峡植物园的中华蚊母树与来自巴东沿渡河居群的样本亲缘关系最近,且三峡植物园迁地保护居群基本保育了其遗传多样性总水平。同时在分析讨论了中华蚊母树遗传多样性与其繁育系统、生境及其起源进化的关系的基础上,评价了中华蚊母树的保护策略,并在评价保护成果的基础上,提出了今后进一步保育的策略。结果还表明SRAP标记是分析中华蚊母树遗传多样性和遗传结构非常可靠的一种标记,而且这是使用SRAP标记研究中华蚊母树的首次报道。 相似文献
19.
Because of harsh conditions, suboptimal habitat quality and poor connectivity to other populations, plant populations at the margin of a distribution are expected to be less genetically diverse, but to be more divergent from each other than populations in the centre of a distribution. In northern Europe, northern marginal populations may also be younger than populations further to the south, and may have had less time to accumulate genetic diversity by mutation and gene flow. However, orchids have very small seeds, which are easily dispersed long distances by wind, and orchids are therefore expected to show less differentiation between marginal and central populations than other groups of seed plants. Here, we analysed whether Scandinavian populations of the tetraploid marsh orchid Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. majalis differ from central European populations in genetic diversity patterns. A total of 220 plants from eight central European and ten Scandinavian populations was examined for variation at five nuclear microsatellite loci, nuclear ITS and 13 polymorphic sites in noncoding regions of the plastid genome. The total genetic diversity was slightly lower in Scandinavia than in central Europe, both in plastid and nuclear markers, but the differences were small. Also, the Scandinavian populations were less diverse and somewhat more strongly differentiated from each other than the central European ones. Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. majalis has apparently colonized Scandinavia on multiple independent occasions and from different source areas in the south. Seed flow between Scandinavian populations has still not fully erased the patterns imprinted by early colonization. Our results suggest that marginal populations of orchids may be as important as central ones in preserving genetic diversity through Pleistocene glacial cycles. We also predict that orchids with their light seeds are better adapted than many other plants to respond to future climate changes by dispersing into new suitable areas. 相似文献
20.
植物是人类和动物生活所必需,由于缺乏长远规划的目标,无计划的滥用已导致许多植物灭绝或陷入濒临灭绝的境地。为此,IUCN—WWF联合建立了“植物保护研究计划”,并把其列入他们各自工作的重点。主要工作内容有下列各项:1)传播信息宣传群众;2)建立必要的植物保护的工作条件:3)植物遗传资源的保护:4)野生经济植物的保护:5)加强植物园开展植物保护的工作条件:6)促进植物丰富的国家开展植物保护工作。 相似文献