Checklist of the Anostraca

In this checklist, we number the named anostracan fauna of the world at 258 species and seven subspecies oraganized in 21 genera. The list contains all species described through 31 December 1993, and those new species names made available in previous pages of this volume. The most species rich genus isStreptocephalus with 58 described species level taxa.Chirocephalus with 43,Brachinecta 35, andBranchinella 33 occupy the next three places. With the exception ofBranchipodopsis andEubranchipus each having 16 species, all the other genera include less than 10 species each. The need for zoogeographic study of these animals is demonstrated by the fact that almost 25% of the named taxa are known only from their type localities.     

A New Species of Streptocephalus Fairy Shrimp (Crustacea,Anostraca) with Tetrahedral Cysts from Central Thailand

A new species of fairy shrimp, Streptocephalus siamensis n. sp., is described from five temporary pools in Suphan Buri and Kanchana Buri Provinces, central Thailand. It sometimes co‐occurs with its congener, S. sirindhornae . This new species belongs to the subgenus Parastreptocephalus which is defined by bearing tetrahedral cysts. This is the third anostracan species reported from Thailand. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Anostracan cysts found in California salt lakes

The salt lakes of California are home to four genera and eight species of Anostraca. The cysts of most of these species are readily distinguished using a combination of cyst and geographic characters. Cyst identification is a valuable tool that can allow a look at fairy shrimp ecology when adults are not available. For example, fossil anostracan cysts from 500-year-old Mono Lake sediments show more character variation than currently exists in extant Artemia monica, indicating a greater diversity of Anostraca at that time. Continuing desertification, both natural and man-made, in the Mono Lake area over the last 500 years is associated with decreased diversity in the Mono Lake anostracan fauna.     

Diversity and zoogeography of the fairy shrimps (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) on the Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent has a specific biogeographical history, but has remained understudied with respect to invertebrates like the Anostraca. In this study, we discuss the anostracan diversity and zoogeography on the subcontinent. We collected all pertinent literature and considered nineteen bioclimatic variables along with altitude and its terrestrial ecoregions. The study area was overlaid with 10,000 km² grids, and five hundred random GIS data points per grid were extracted for analysis besides the species locality data. Species richness estimators predict at least 3–4 more species to the existing list of 19 species. The beta diversity measure βsim reveals two zoogeographic “zones,” viz., a Northern (NZ) zone and the rest of the subcontinent (RS) comprising the Central (CZ) and South (SZ) zones by Unweighted Pair-Group Method using arithmetic averages clustering and Analysis of Similarity. Complementarity index shows that no fauna is shared between NZ and RS, while CZ and SZ share 50% of the species. Principal Component analysis shows that NZ and RS differ somewhat from one another climatically. NZ and RS have different ecoregions with montane and temperate grasslands commonly observed in NZ while the latter comprising tropical forests, implying differences in soil geochemistry which is crucial for anostracan distribution.     

New records of large branchiopods (Branchiopoda: Anostraca,Notostraca, and Spinicaudata) in Mexico

This paper reports new distribution records of large branchiopods for Mexico following a three year survey of the Baja California peninsula. The occurance of the anostracans Thamnocephalus mexicanus (Linder, 1941) and T. platyurus (Packard, 1877), the notostracan Lepidurus lemmoni (Holmes, 1894), and the spinicaudatans Eulimnadia cylindrova (Belk, 1989) and E. texana (Packard,1871), all represent the first records for the peninsula. An undescribed species of the anostracan genus Streptocephalus is recorded from the state of Baja California (Norte). The occurrence of the notostracan genus Triops and four other anostracan species on the peninsula is also confirmed. The conchostracan Cyclestheria hislopi (Baird, 1859) is recorded from the state of Quintana Roo. The collections of Lepidurus and Cyclestheria are the first records for México. These records increase the number of species of large branchiopods reported fromMéxico to 36: 20 Anostraca, 3 Notostraca, 11 Spinicaudata, and 2Laevicaudata. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Patterns in the distribution of Arctic freshwater zooplankton related to glaciation history

We analysed circumpolar samples from 68 lakes within the 10°C-July isotherm from Arctic Canada, Nunavut, Greenland, Svalbard, Eastern Siberia, the Beringia region, and Alaska. In total, we found 3 species of Anostraca, 17 of Diplostraca, 1 species of cyclopoid and 14 species of calanoid copepods. Our study identifies a wider distribution for some copepods—e.g. Eurytemora pacifica, Leptodiaptomus sicilis, Arctodiaptomus novosibiricus, Cyclops abyssorum—than previously known. Moreover, one anostracan species, Artemiopsis bungei, was recorded in North America for the first time; and one chydoriid, Chydorus gibbus, is a new species for Greenland. We observed that species richness of crustaceans is lower in lakes that were glaciated during the Quaternary period, compared to those not glaciated (e.g. Chukotski Peninsula, Siberia; Point Barrow, Alaska; and Disko Island, Greenland). This confirms the findings of classic studies: glaciation has strongly affected the biogeography of freshwater crustaceans in circumpolar areas. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Field evidence of dispersal of branchiopods, ostracods and bryozoans by teal (Anas?crecca) in the Camargue (southern France)

Invertebrate propagules may survive internal and external transports by waterbirds, thus facilitating their dispersal between aquatic habitats. However, field data on such transport remain limited, especially for exozoochory. We quantified and compared the rates of internal and external invertebrate transports simultaneously in a wintering population of teal (Anas crecca) in the Camargue (southern France). We inspected lower gut (rectum) contents of birds that had been shot (N = 366) and washed birds that had been live-trapped (N = 68) during the winters 2006–2007 and 2007–2008. At least one propagule was recorded in 2.5% and 10.3% of internal and external samples, respectively. Cladoceran, ostracod, plumatellid bryozoan and anostracan propagules were all recorded in both internal and external samples. Hatching confirmed their viability, except for anostracan eggs. At least three cladoceran species and two ostracod species were recorded, none of which had previously been shown to be dispersed by birds. Amongst external samples, we recorded a significant seasonal trend in 1 year with most propagules recorded before December, keeping with a seasonal decline in the availability of propagules on the water surface. This study provides evidence that teal may be important vectors of invertebrate dispersal both within the Camargue and along migratory flyways.     

Temporary pools are not `enemy-free'

Temporary pools are traditionally considered as refuges where the conspicuous anostracans are protected from predation. While this is true for the size-selective predation by fish, there is compelling evidence that invertebrate predation is an important biotic stress regulating temporary pool communities. In rock pools in southeastern Botswana, we studied the impact of some suspected invertebrate predators on populations of the freshwater anostracan Branchipodopsis wolfi by means of observations and manipulative experiments. In a survey of 45 pools, the relationship between B. wolfi natural population sizes and the abundance of suspected predators were never negative for turbellarians and mosquito larvae. When dragonfly larvae, notonectids or tadpoles were present, the anostracan populations were generally non-existent or very small. In enclosure experiments with turbellarians, there was a significant effect of predation within one hour of the start; the average daily predation rate was about 1/4 anostracan per turbellarian. Anostracans from a pool with few turbellarians were slightly less vulnerable than those from a turbellarian-rich pool. Furthermore, there was an indication of males being predated on more than females. With dragonfly larvae and notonectids, the predation effect was marked with all six anostracans in an experiment eaten in less than one day by a single predator (predation rate: about one anostracan every 2 h per predator). In a behavioral study, both sexes of B. wolfi avoided swimming above sediment that held more turbellarians than the open patches; there was no evidence for chemical communication with respect to this behavior.     

Distribution,diversity and conservation of Anostraca (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in southern Africa

Southern Africa is defined here as Africa south of the Zambezi and Kunene Rivers. Here, annual average rainfall, rainfall season, and effective temperature are climatic factors which influence anostracan distribution. The type of temporary pool also appears to have some effect on distribution. Areas of high species richness are not confined to any particular climatic region and such areas occur in arid, montane and subtropical regions of southern Africa. Forty-six anostracan species have been recorded from the subcontinent and 80% of these are endemic. IUCN Red Data assessment of species revealed that two species can be considered 'Critically Endangered', while a further four are 'Endangered', and three are 'Vulnerable'. Many parts of southern Africa have been inadequately sampled but in South Africa, where the anostracans are relatively well known, temporary pool inhabitants are threatened mainly by agriculture, urbanization, pollution and pesticides. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The malariology centenary (1898-1998). 1898

This editorial note presents the journal initiative to celebrate the Malariology Centenary. It includes the reprint of the first annual report of the Society for Malaria Studies (founded in 1898), presented by Angelo Celli on December 3rd, 1898, to the first meeting of the Society and published in the Journal of the Royal Italian Society of Hygiene (volume 20, issue 12, 31st December 1898). The text is followed by explanatory footnotes and relevant references. An exhaustive historical essai, including the english version of the Celli's report, is scheduled to appear as supplement to volume 41, and the same volume will host the contributions issued from the international conference. "The malaria challenge after one hundred years of malariology", held in Roma at the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei on November 16-19, 1998.     

Using DNA barcoding to assess Caribbean reef fish biodiversity: expanding taxonomic and geographic coverage

This paper represents a DNA barcode data release for 3,400 specimens representing 521 species of fishes from 6 areas across the Caribbean and western central Atlantic regions (FAO Region 31). Merged with our prior published data, the combined efforts result in 3,964 specimens representing 572 species of marine fishes and constitute one of the most comprehensive DNA barcoding "coverages" for a region reported to date. The barcode data are providing new insights into Caribbean shorefish diversity, allowing for more and more accurate DNA-based identifications of larvae, juveniles, and unknown specimens. Examples are given correcting previous work that was erroneous due to database incompleteness.     

Resilience of anostracan cysts to fire

California's Mediterranean ecosystems include shrubland and grassland vegetation types that are fire-prone. Dotted within this landscape are ephemeral wetlands called vernal pools. Since surrounding upland vegetation is adapted to survive fire, it is expected that vernal pool organisms should be able to survive as well. One group of animals common to vernal pools are anostracan crustaceans that survive the pool's dry period as encysted embryos. We hydrated anostracan cysts from the soil of a recently burned pool and from soil samples intentionally burned in a prescribed fire. We also sampled burned pools when refilled the next rainy season. We found that anostracan cysts in the soil can survive fire and that shrimp occur in pools in the first post-burn season. This information is important from a management perspective concerning fire effects, controlled or natural, on vernal pools and their rare and endangered species. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

THE GENUS TRAPANIA (NUDIBRANCHIA: GONIODORIDIDAE) IN THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC

Seven new species of the nudibranch genus Trapania Pruvot-Fol,1931 (Goniodorididae) are described from the Indo-West Pacificand an eighth species, T. japonica (Baba, 1935), originallydescribed from one preserved specimen from Japan, is redescribedfrom specimens collected in Hong Kong and tropical eastern Australia.Three of the new species are from temperate south-eastern Australiaand one from tropical eastern Australia. Two species are knownonly from Hong Kong and a third is recorded from the SudaneseRed Sea as well as Hong Kong. Only ten other species of Trapania have been described, sixof those from Europe, and one each from Brazil, California,Japan and New Zealand. The anatomy and external colour patternof these species is compared with that of the seven new species. (Received 12 December 1986;     

Addendum to the checklist of the helminth parasites of vertebrates in Costa Rica

In this work, we present an addendum to the "Checklist of the helminth parasites of vertebrates in Costa Rica" with a parasite-host list as well as a host-parasite list. This addendum updates the available information on this group of parasites in Costa Rica, since very recently a new input has been made to describe the helminth fauna of vertebrates, particularly at the Area de Conservación de Guanacaste. In this paper, we add 33 records, representing 23 species. This raises the number of helminth species described in vertebrates from Costa Rica to 325, represented by 89 species of digeneans, 23 of monogeneans. 63 of cestodes, 13 of acanthocephalans, and 137 of nematodes. In total, 133 species of vertebrates have been studied for helminths in Costa Rica (31 species of fishes. 7 amphibians, 18 reptiles, 40 birds, and 37 mammals). Currently, 67 species (20.6 %) have been recorded as new species from Costa Rica and most of them are endemic to particular regions. The Colecci6n de Helmintos de Costa Rica, housed at the Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), San José, is the depositary of only 23% of the species recorded so far; however this situation is changing and people recognizes.     

Carboniferous bryozoans of the order Rhabdomesida of the East European Platform

This paper deals with the revision of Carboniferous bryozoans of the order Rhabdomesida from the East European Platform. Based on evolutionary and morphological analysis and on astogenetic method, the criteria of classification are refined and the taxonomic system of Carboniferous rhabdomesids of this region is studied in more detail. The history of studying rhabdomesids, their taphonomy and paleoecology, morphology and classification, and the dynamics of the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of rhabdomesid genera and species are discussed. A phenomenon of polymerization in the development of the subfamily Ascoporinae Gorjunova subfam. nov. has been discovered for the first time. Sixty-eight rhabdomesid species (31 new), 24 genera (8 new), belonging to six subfamilies (one new), eight familie, and three suborders are described.     

NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF POLYCHAETA FROM CEYLON

A collection of polychaetes made by the author in December 1961 and April 1962 from a number of places on the coast of Ceylon was examined. Seven new species and one new subspecies are described and sixteen species are recorded new to the fauna of Ceylon. The holotypes and lectotypes have been deposited in the British Museum (Natural History).     

Cobitis pontica sp. nova—a new spined loach species (Cobitidae) from the Bulgarian waters

Spined loaches from the Veleka River (Black Sea coast of Bulgaria), earlier confirmed to represent a separate evolution lineage within a 50-chromosome morph occurring in the Black Sea basin, are described as a new species. This species has the karyotype (2n = 50, NF = 90) similar to one from earlier described C. taurica occurring in the Crimean Peninsula, but differs from it by larger and less numerous spots in the fourth Gambetta’s zone of pigmentation and more anterior position of suborbital spine.     

Ancestral variation and the potential for genetic accommodation in larval amphibians: implications for the evolution of novel feeding strategies

SUMMARY Few studies provide empirical evidence for phenotypic plasticity's role in the evolution of novel traits. One way to do so is to test whether latent plasticity is present in an ancestor that can be refined, enhanced, or diminished by selection in derived taxa (through "genetic accommodation"), thereby producing novel traits. Here, we evaluated whether gut plasticity preceded and promoted the evolution of a novel feeding strategy in spadefoot toad tadpoles. We studied Scaphiopus couchii , whose tadpoles develop an elongate gut and consume only detritus, and two derived species, Spea multiplicata and Sp. bombifrons , whose tadpoles also express a novel, short-gut phenotype in response to a novel resource (anostracan shrimp). Consistent with the expectations of plasticity-mediated trait evolution, we found that shrimp induced a range of phenotypes in Scaphiopus that were not produced with detritus. This plasticity was either suppressed or exaggerated in Spea depending on whether the induced phenotypes were adaptive. Moreover, in contrast to its effects on morphology, shrimp induced little or no functional plasticity, as assessed by gut cell proliferation, in Scaphiopus . Shrimp did, however, induce substantial proliferation in Sp. bombifrons , the species that consumes the most shrimp and that produces the short-gut phenotype the most frequently. Thus, if Spea had ancestral morphological plasticity in response to a novel diet, their shrimp-induced short-gut morphology may have undergone subsequent genetic accommodation that improved its functionality. Hence, diet-induced phenotypic plasticity may have preceded and even promoted the evolution of a novel phenotype.     

河北泥河湾"Pliopentalagus nihewanensis"分类地位的再思考

自20世纪60年代,欧亚大陆晚新生代地层中陆续发现了p3由5个主要褶沟组成的兔类化石,并先后建立了上新五褶兔(Pliopentalagus Gureev et Konkova,1964)和三裂齿兔(Tris- chizolagus Radulesco et Samson,1967)两属。近年,在中国安徽淮南大居山新生代晚期不同时代的洞穴、裂隙堆积物中发现了保存相当完整,数量颇多的上新五褶兔的材料。笔者在研究大居山新洞早上新世的上新五褶兔时, 将其与欧亚大陆该属内的已知种和三裂齿兔的各种进行了详细比较,发现产自河北省阳原县泥河湾盆地晚上新世稻地组的Pliopentalagus nihewanensis Cai,1989被指定为上新五褶兔值得商榷。Pliopentalagus nihewanensis的材料仅有1枚p3(GMC V 2008-1)和两枚中间颊齿(p4 或ml,GMC V 2008-2及m2,V 2008-3)。正型标本p3的中前褶沟(AR)中央、后外褶沟和后内褶沟后壁釉质层具有小褶曲,这些形态确实与上新五褶兔的特征有些相似。但褶曲的发育程度明显比上新五褶兔的弱;另外,其齿冠舌侧后缘向后内突出,后外褶沟和后内褶沟较平直并近与齿纵轴垂直,后外褶沟与后内褶沟深度相近等而与上新五褶兔也有所不同。褶沟的釉质层在两枚中间颊齿中较平直,与上新五褶兔显然也有较大的区别。就该p3而言,可以认为它属于一枚釉质构造极简单的上新五褶兔的前臼齿,也可以认为是釉质构造很复杂的三裂齿兔的p3。研究表明,在上新五褶兔和三裂齿兔的系统演化过程中,其颊齿褶沟釉质层的构造有越来越复杂的趋向。作为上新世较晚期的“Pliopentalagus nihewanensis”的p3,指定为上新五褶兔显然有悖于该属釉质构造在地史中越来越复杂的演化事实,而指定为三裂齿兔则正好与该属釉质构造的演化趋势相符(Averianov and Tesakov,1997)。另外,从共生动物群和动物的生活习性看,安徽淮南发现的上新五褶兔与大量现代东洋界特有的类型共生(如Tupaiidae、Platacanthomyidae等),上新五褶兔的后裔——现生的日本琉球奄美黑兔(Pentalagus)的栖息地为温暖、湿润的多山环境;而目前发现的三裂齿兔共生动物群所指示的是干凉的稀树草原环境,与上新五褶兔的生态环境有所不同。含“Pliopentalagus nihewanensis”的晚上新世稻地动物群主要由典型的古北界属种(如Mesosiphneus paratingi、Mimomys orientalis、Germanomys cf. G.weileri、Chardinomys nihewanicus及Ochotona spp.等)组成,而未见典型的东洋界成员。这种温带相对干旱的草原环境,显然与中国发现的上新五褶兔及其后裔的生存环境很不一样。因此,笔者认为“泥河湾上新五褶兔”应归入三裂齿兔属,正名泥河湾三裂齿兔Trischizolagus nihe—wanensis(Cai,1989)。种征订正为:p3具有较复杂的形态构造;中前褶沟具衍生的中央小褶曲, 后外褶沟和后内褶沟后壁釉质层褶曲相对发育。该种以这些基本特征而不同于欧亚大陆的已知种(如T.dumitrescuae、T.mirificus等),它可能代表该属的一个进步类型。     

中国两栖、爬行动物更新名录

本文在2015年发表的爬行动物名录及同年《中国两栖类信息系统》发布的两栖动物名录的基础上, 通过整理新发表的分类学研究及先前名录遗漏的部分早期文献, 更新了截至2019年底中国现生本土两栖、爬行动物物种名录。2015-2019年间, 中国两栖动物新记录1科, 新描述2属, 恢复1属有效性, 新记录1属, 新描述或恢复有效种74种, 新增国家纪录18种; 另6属、8种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持(在此视为次定同物异名而未做收录, 后同)。同期, 中国爬行动物新恢复5科, 新描述1亚科, 新描述1属, 恢复3属有效性, 新记录3属, 新描述、恢复或提升有效种43个, 新增国家纪录10种; 另有5属、4种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 并移除1属、4种在我国的分布纪录。此外, 通过整理2015年前文献, 爬行动物增补3属, 提升3亚种至种级地位, 增补国家新纪录3种, 另有3属、2种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 同时移除1种在我国的分布纪录。综上, 截至2019年底, 我国共记录现生本土两栖动物3目13科62属515种(蚓螈目1科1属1种, 有尾目3科14属82种, 无尾目9科47属431种), 爬行动物3目35科135属511种(鳄形目1科1属1种, 龟鳖目6科18属34种, 有鳞目蛇亚目18科73属265种、蜥蜴亚目10科43属211种)。此外, 本文还对先前名录中部分爬行动物的中文名提出了修改建议, 建议恢复部分物种的惯用中文名。2015-2019年, 新物种及新纪录已知物种数量占现两栖、爬行动物物种总数的17.1%和10.2%。近年来, 我国发表的两栖、爬行动物新物种和已知物种的新纪录数量持续增加, 分类体系也在研究中不断完善, 建议今后及时地进行阶段性总结, 同时对存在的问题提出讨论, 以推动中国两栖、爬行动物分类学研究工作的进一步开展。