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宏基因组文库技术的发展拓宽了酶学的研究范围,从而导致了一系列新型的生物催化剂被发现和鉴定。采用蛋白酶的活性筛选策略,从已构建的碱性污染土壤宏基因组文库分离得到了一个表达蛋白酶的阳性克隆。生物信息学分析表明该克隆所包含的外源DNA片断编码一个由381个氨基酸编码组成的多肽,该多肽大约为39kDa,等电点为8.91。BLAST软件分析该外源DNA片断包含一个完整的碱性蛋白酶基因(ap01),GC含量为46.3%。相关酶学数据表明该阳性克隆所分泌的碱性蛋白酶最适作用pH值为9.5,最佳作用温度为40℃。 相似文献
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宏基因组学诞生于上世纪90年代,是指不经过微生物培养阶段,采用直接提取环境中总DNA的方法,对微生物基因总和进行研究的一门新学科.宏基因组技术的出现,使得人们对占微生物总体99%以上不可培养微生物的研究成为现实,微生物基因的可探测空间显著增大.总的来说,目前宏基因组技术的应用主要分为两个方面:一方面是筛选功能基因,开发具有所需功能的蛋白;另一方面是通过对宏基因组文库进行分析,探讨在各种环境下微生物间相互作用和微生物与周围环境间相互影响的规律,以便我们能更加客观、全面地认识微生物世界.在宏基因组技术的应用范围被不断扩展的同时,围绕着宏基因组文库的构建和筛选、测序和分析等方面的研究已成为宏基因组学发展的主要推动力,宏基因组技术的进步将不断提升其应用价值. 相似文献
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采用宏基因组技术构建了高糖土壤微生物的DNA文库,该文库约含9万个克隆,文库外源DNA总容量为3.1×10~9bp。利用活性筛选策略,对文库进行筛选,获得11个β-葡萄糖苷酶的阳性克隆,并对其中2个表达β-葡萄糖苷酶的克隆进行亚克隆和序列分析,获得两个编码新型β-葡萄糖苷酶的基因分别命名为:unbgl3A和unbgl3B。生物信息学分析表明:unbgl3A基因由2241个碱基对组成,unbgl3B基因由2292个碱基对组成。在核苷酸水平上,unbgl3A、unbgl3B与已知数据库中的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因没有任何相似性。在氨基酸水平上,与GenBank数据库中已知β-葡萄糖苷酶的相似性分别为73%和69%。 相似文献
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聚酮化合物是一类重要的具有生物活性的次级代谢物。由于运用传统方法从自然界中直接筛选新型天然聚酮化合物的重现率很高, 近年来出现了很多开发新型聚酮化合物的新方法, 文章主要介绍通过环境宏基因组文库获得新聚酮类化合物的方法。 相似文献
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宏基因组技术在开发未培养环境微生物基因资源中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
环境微生物宏基因组是一个巨大的基因资源库,但是仅有0.1%~1%的微生物在现有技术条件下是可培养的,因此致使未培养微生物基因资源的开发利用受到限制.宏基因组技术直接提取环境样品总DNA,避开了微生物分离培养的问题,极大扩展了微生物资源的利用空间,增加了获得新生物活性物质的机会.简要介绍了宏基因组的概念及宏基因组克隆技术的基本操作流程和技术要点,重点阐述了目的基因富集、核酸提取、载体和宿主系统选择、宏基因组文库筛选等"瓶颈"技术的研究进展.目的基因富集技术主要包括稳定同位素探针(SIP)、抑制消减杂交(SSH)和差异显示(DD)等.基因文库筛选分为序列依赖性筛选和非序列依赖性筛选,其中序列依赖性筛选包括特定基因PCR、反转录PCR (RT-PCR)、DNA微阵、亲和捕获等技术;非序列依赖性筛选主要指基于基因表达活性筛选和基因"陷阱"技术等.此外,介绍了一些近年来通过构建宏基因组文库筛选目的基因的应用实例. 相似文献
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宏基因组学在发现新基因方面的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
现代分子微生物生态学研究表明,自然环境中约99%的微生物不能用传统的分离培养方法获得其纯培养,使得环境微生物中的多样性基因资源难以得到充分的开发和应用.宏基因组学是近年来发展起来的,通过直接提取特定环境中全部微生物的总基因组DNA并克隆到合适的可培养微生物宿主中,来筛选目的基因的方法.它已在微生物新功能基因筛选、活性物质开发和微生物多样性研究等方面取得了显著成果.该文旨在介绍宏基因组学在新功能基因发现方面的应用概况并结合我们的研究情况,对这一崭新领域中的最近研究进展进行简要综述. 相似文献
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细菌的"活的非可培养状态"(VBNC, viable but nonculturable)发现于20世纪80年代,处于此状态的细菌不但丧失了在培养基上生长繁殖的能力,而且具有与原菌相似的致病性,成为可以逃避检测的"隐性"传染源,对周围的环境及人类安全构成潜在威胁.作为公认的未可培养微生物,它一直是预防医学、流行病学、微生物生态学以及公共卫生检验检疫方面研究的热点问题之一.现代分子生物学技术和基因组学的深入研究,为开发环境中的未可培养微生物提供了新的研究方法和机遇.其中遗传指纹图谱技术、宏基因组技术显示出一定的优势,同时,随着各种细菌的非可培养状态的实验室模型已日臻成熟,这为开发和利用未可培养微生物资源提供了新的研究思路. 相似文献
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细菌的“活的非可培养状态”(VBNC, viable but nonculturable)发现于20世纪80年代, 处于此状态的细菌不但丧失了在培养基上生长繁殖的能力, 而且具有与原菌相似的致病性, 成为可以逃避检测的“隐性”传染源, 对周围的环境及人类安全构成潜在威胁。作为公认的未可培养微生物, 它一直是预防医学、流行病学、微生物生态学以及公共卫生检验检疫方面研究的热点问题之一。现代分子生物学技术和基因组学的深入研究, 为开发环境中的未可培养微生物提供了新的研究方法和机遇。其中遗传指纹图谱技术、宏基因组技术显示出一定的优势, 同时, 随着各种细菌的非可培养状态的实验室模型已日臻成熟, 这为开发和利用未可培养微生物资源提供了新的研究思路。 相似文献
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环境微生物基因组学是基于功能和序列的基础上对得到的环境样品基因组进行分析的科学,是目前国际生物技术研究开发的最新热点之一。对环境微生物基因组技术的概念、研究策略和筛选方式进行了介绍,并对该技术存在的问题和未来发展方向做了展望。 相似文献
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微生物在生物圈中分布广泛,并且在地球物质循环中占有重要地位,但是约99﹪的微生物目前还不能通过传统的培养方法得到纯培养物(即未培养微生物),给这些未培养微生物的研究带来很大的困难。随着分子生物学的快速发展及其在微生物研究中的广泛运用,促进了以环境中未培养微生物为研究对象的新兴学科--环境基因组学的产生和发展。在不进行相关微生物培养分离的情况下,通过从环境样品中直接提取获得所有微小生物的全部遗传物质,并构建环境基因组文库;进一步利用功能基因组学研究策略,从文库中寻找编码产生新的有生物活性产物的基因;通过对系统发育相关锚定位点基因序列分析,从而确定特定生态环境体系中未培养微生物的种类结构组成及进化地位,并最终重建该体系中微生物群体的基本物质循环模式。此外,环境基因组学也可以在对未培养微生物生理生化特性深入了解的基础上,建立发展合适的培养体系,最终获得某些特定微生物的纯培养物。本文对环境基因组的构建及相关分析研究策略的进展进行了综述;同时介绍了其在微生物分类及生态学研究的应用。 相似文献
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Metagenomes from uncultured microorganisms are rich resources for novel enzyme genes. The methods used to screen the metagenomic libraries fall into two categories, which are based on sequence or function of the enzymes. The sequence-based approaches rely on the known sequences of the target gene families. In contrast, the function-based approaches do not involve the incorporation of metagenomic sequencing data and, therefore, may lead to the discovery of novel gene sequences with desired functions. In this review, we discuss the function-based screening strategies that have been used in the identification of enzymes from metagenomes. Because of its simplicity, agar plate screening is most commonly used in the identification of novel enzymes with diverse functions. Other screening methods with higher sensitivity are also employed, such as microtiter plate screening. Furthermore, several ultra-high-throughput methods were developed to deal with large metagenomic libraries. Among these are the FACS-based screening, droplet-based screening, and the in vivo reporter-based screening methods. The application of these novel screening strategies has increased the chance for the discovery of novel enzyme genes. 相似文献
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Modern biotechnology has a steadily increasing demand for novel genes for application in various industrial processes and
development of genetically modified organisms. Identification, isolation and cloning for novel genes at a reasonable pace
is the main driving force behind the development of unprecedented experimental approaches. Metagenomics is one such novel
approach for engendering novel genes. Metagenomics of complex microbial communities (both cultivable and uncultivable) is
a rich source of novel genes for biotechnological purposes. The contributions made by metagenomics to the already existing
repository of prokaryotic genes is quite impressive but nevertheless, this technique is still in its infancy. In the present
review we have drawn comparison between routine cloning techniques and metagenomic approach for harvesting novel microbial
genes and described various methods to reach down to the specific genes in the metagenome. Accomplishments made thus far,
limitations and future prospects of this resourceful technique are discussed. 相似文献
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Dupré J O'Malley MA 《Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences》2007,38(4):834-846
Metagenomics is an emerging microbial systems science that is based on the large-scale analysis of the DNA of microbial communities in their natural environments. Studies of metagenomes are revealing the vast scope of biodiversity in a wide range of environments, as well as new functional capacities of individual cells and communities, and the complex evolutionary relationships between them. Our examination of this science focuses on the ontological implications of these studies of metagenomes and metaorganisms, and what they mean for common sense and philosophical understandings of multicellularity, individuality and organism. We show how metagenomics requires us to think in different ways about what human beings are and what their relation to the microbial world is. Metagenomics could also transform the way in which evolutionary processes are understood, with the most basic relationship between cells from both similar and different organisms being far more cooperative and less antagonistic than is widely assumed. In addition to raising fundamental questions about biological ontology, metagenomics generates possibilities for powerful technologies addressed to issues of climate, health and conservation. We conclude with reflections about process-oriented versus entity-oriented analysis in light of current trends towards systems approaches. 相似文献
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Metagenomics,biotechnology with non-culturable microbes 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
Metagenomics as a new field of research has been developed over the past decade to elucidate the genomes of the non-cultured
microbes with the goal to better understand global microbial ecology on the one side, and on the other side it has been driven
by the increasing biotechnological demands for novel enzymes and biomolecules. Since it is well accepted that the majority
of all microbes has not yet been cultured, the not-yet-cultivated microbes represent a shear unlimited and intriguing resource
for the development of novel genes, enzymes and chemical compounds for use in biotechnology. However, with respect to biotechnology,
metagenomics faces now two major challenges. Firstly, it has to identify truly novel biocatalysts to fulfil the needs of industrial
processes and green chemistry. Secondly, the already available genes and enzymes need to be implemented in production processes
to further prove the value of metagenome-derived sequences. 相似文献