干细胞的旁分泌和自分泌功能——基础与临床研究的新视角

近年发现干细胞具有很强的旁/自分泌功能,本文综述干细胞所分泌的生长因子、细胞因子、调节肽、细胞信号分子等生物活性因子,以及缺血、缺氧、生长因子、性别和其它激素对干细胞分泌功能的调节;并分析干细胞分泌功能在血管生成、心脏、肝脏、肾脏和神经系统保护中的作用,认为干细胞可通过其分泌功能影响靶器官结构、功能状态及其病理状态下的修复,是干细胞治疗改善靶器官功能、抗凋亡、抗炎等作用的机制之一.     

促肾上腺皮质激素的旁分泌调节

腺垂体促肾上腺皮质激素的分泌主要受下丘脑和靶腺激素的调节，近年来发现，不同的ＡＣＴＨ分泌细胞通过产生局部因子，促进或抑制ＡＣＴＨ的分泌。这种旁分泌调节方式，在生理或紧张状态下都起着重要作用。     

BDNF，NT-3在猫背根神经元的自分泌和旁分泌作用初探—原位杂交和免疫组织化学研究

探讨脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)、神经营养因子 3 (NT- 3)在成年猫背根节 (DRG)神经元是否存在自分泌或旁分泌作用方式。用特异的 trk B、 trk C抗体及 BDNF、 NT- 3的 c RNA探针 ,以免疫组化及原位杂交双标法观察了成年猫 L6DRG神经元 BDNF m RNA与 trk B、 NT- 3 m RNA与 trk C的关系 ,以了解 BDNF、 NT- 3在成年猫 L6 DRG神经元有无自分泌或旁分泌作用。结果表明 ,在成年猫 L6 DRG BDNFm RNA阳性细胞主要是部分中、小神经元 (4 2～ 5 7μm,<42μm) ,而 trk B阳性细胞则主要是部分大神经元 (>5 7μm)。未见双标的 BDNF m RNA和 trk B阳性神经元 ,但见一些双标的卫星细胞。与BDNF者比较 ,大多数大神经元既表达 NT- 3 m RNA,又表达 trk C。这表明在成年猫 L6 DRG神经元 ,NT- 3可能存在自分泌方式。但本文的结果未证明 BDNF在成年猫 L6 DRG神经元存在自分泌。     

间充质干细胞旁分泌作用的研究进展

间充质干细胞（MSCs）通常利用多分化特性在组织损伤时起到修复功能。然而,近期研究表明,MSCs大多数治疗作用都是通过旁分泌来发挥作用的,其中最受关注的是可溶性蛋白分泌和细胞外膜泡（EVS）。MSCs释放的EVS可反映细胞的来源,能够影响局部微环境中其他细胞的活动。越来越多人提出利用MSCs分泌的各种因子（称为分泌体）替代MSCs细胞治疗的观点。现就MSCs旁分泌特性、分泌体发生和释放机制以及细胞来源对旁分泌影响等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

内分泌细胞中溶酶体对激素分泌调节的作用

Enzyme cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry were utilized to study the morphological alterations of the lysosomes and associated crinophagic and autophagic structures in the hypo-secreting pituitary gonadotrophin and Leydig cells induced by exogenous androgen. The lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles in the electron micrographs were quantitatively analysed. The morphological and quantitative data led to the following conclusions: 1) The hypo-secreting gonadotrophin showed an increase in the number of lysosomes and an enhancement of crinophagy. It demonstrated once again that the lysosomes in the protein and polypeptide hormone secreting cells play a role in the regulation of secretion process by means of the crinophagy. 2) The hypo-secreting Leydig cells showed an increase in the number of lysosomes and an enhancement of autophagic activity. This indicated that the lysosomes in the steroid hormone secreting cells also function in the regulation of hormone secretion but by means of autophagy which scavenge a part of steroid-producing apparatus and hormone. The autophagy might have similar effect in regulation of steroid secretion to the crinophagy in regulation of protein secretion.     

神经内分泌讲座（二）：———促甲状腺激素分泌的神经内分泌调节

甲状腺是人及动物体内十分重要的内分泌器官。它分泌的甲状腺激素调节机体的代谢、生长发育等过程。甲状腺的功能又受到下丘脑－腺垂体－甲状腺轴的调节,而下丘脑又受脑的其它部位的功能控制。因此,通过下丘脑的神经内分泌作用,将神经系统的活动与甲状腺的内分泌功能有...     

脑室注射NE驿室旁核神经内分泌大细胞的作用

在成年ＳＤ大鼠上,用玻璃微电极进行细胞外记录,结合塑行鉴定技术确定下丘脑室旁核神经内分泌大细胞,并观察其对去甲肾上腺素的反应,在４９个逆行鉴定神经元中,位相型,快连续型及慢不规则型放电单位分别占４２．９％,３６．７％及２０．４％。脑室内注射去甲肾上腺素（０．２μｇ／μｌ）对位相型单位主要产生抑制作用,对快连续及慢不规则单位主要为兴奋作用。脑室内注射酚妥拉明（２μｇ／μ）能部分拮抗ＮＥ对位相型神经元     

野生鲇鱼生长激素分泌的季节变化及其神经内分泌调控

采用离体垂体碎片灌流孵育系统 ,将处于性腺退化期野生鲇鱼垂体切成约 1mm3 的碎片 ,用M 199冲洗之后放入灌流柱的两层Cytodex -Ⅲ微载体之间 (温度为 19± 1℃ )。每 5分钟收集一管灌流液 ,- 2 5℃贮存待测GH。采用鲤鱼GH放射免疫测定方法 (cGHRIA)测定鲇鱼垂体碎片灌流液以及血清和垂体中的GH含量。结果表明 :促黄体素释放激素类似物 [desGly10 (D Ala6)LHRHethylamide ,LHRH A]不能显著刺激离体垂体碎片基础GH分泌 ,注射LHRH A后不能显著提高血清基础GH水平 ;注射DA能显著提高鲇鱼血清基础GH水平 ,APO能以剂量依赖方式显著刺激垂体碎片基础GH分泌。雌、雄鲇鱼血清GH水平在 6月达到峰值 ,垂体GH水平在 3月和 7月份各出现一个峰值 ,各个季节雌鱼垂体和血清GH水平均显著高于雄鱼。鲇鱼血清和垂体GH水平与生殖周期有密切联系。     

自噬调控白色脂肪细胞棕色化的研究进展

脂肪细胞自噬(autophagy)以脂自噬和线粒体自噬的形式存在。细胞通过脂自噬调节脂质代谢,降低脂毒性并为线粒体活动提供原料;通过线粒体自噬控制细胞数量和质量影响细胞的功能。白色脂肪细胞中脂质过度积累及自噬调控异常引起的炎症,可导致肥胖症及其相关代谢疾病的发生。通过白色脂肪细胞棕色化将储能的白色脂肪细胞转变成产热的米色脂肪细胞是防治肥胖症的策略之一,而白色脂肪细胞棕色化过程需要自噬的调控。就目前有关两种形式的自噬在白色脂肪细胞棕色化中的作用、相关信号通路及自噬调节炎症的研究进展做一综述评论,以期为抗肥胖及其相关代谢性疾病研究提供参考依据。     

脂肪细胞衰老通过衰老相关分泌表型诱导微血管内皮细胞早衰和功能紊乱

摘要 目的：探讨衰老脂肪细胞对微循环内皮细胞（ECs）功能状态的影响,以及异常早衰在糖尿病肾病（DKD）中的潜在作用。方法：3T3-L1细胞被诱导分化为年轻和衰老的脂肪细胞。HMEC-1细胞分别培养在年轻、衰老脂肪细胞制成的条件培养基和对照培养基中。通过免疫荧光检测γH2AX和SA-β-半乳糖苷酶活性鉴定细胞衰老状态。通过qPCR、Western blot检测衰老相关分泌表型（SASP）、胰岛素受体底物1（IRS1）、Jun原癌基因（JUN）、组蛋白H3第4位赖氨酸二甲基化、三甲基化（H3K4me2、H3K4me3）等指标的表达水平。利用GEO数据库对衰老肾脏和早期糖尿病肾病的差异表达基因（DGE）进行生物信息学分析。结果：衰老脂肪细胞的SASP表达显著升高,其条件培养基成功诱导HMEC-1细胞衰老。与年轻HMEC-1细胞相比,诱导衰老的HMEC-1细胞中斯钙素1（STC1）表达上调,前炎症因子、JUN和H3K4me3均表达下调。与对照组相比,IRS1在年轻HMEC-1细胞中显著下调,在诱导衰老的HMEC-1细胞中无显著变化。生物信息学结果显示差异基因的交集仅存在于衰老肾脏的上调基因和早期糖尿病肾病的下调基因之间。PPI网络分析、GO及KEGG富集分析表明IL6-SOCS3-IRS1是异常早衰机制参与早期DKD发生的核心信号通路。结论：脂肪细胞衰老导致微循环内皮细胞早衰并损害其正常功能状态,异常早衰机制参与了DKD的发生发展。     

HGF/SF Induces Mesothelial Cell Migration and Proliferation by Autocrine and Paracrine Pathways

Mesothelial repair differs from that of other epithelial-like surfaces as healing does not occur solely by centripetal in-growth of cells as a sheet from the wound margins. Mesothelial cells lose their cell-cell junctions, divide, and adopt a fibroblast-like morphology while scattering across and covering the wound surface. These features are consistent with a cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). In this study, we examined the ability of mesothelial cells to secrete HGF/SF and investigated its possible role as an autocrine regulator of mesothelial cell motility and proliferation. We found that human primary mesothelial cells expressed HGF/SF mRNA and secreted active HGF/SF into conditioned medium as determined by ELISA and in a scattering bioassay. These cells also expressed the HGF/SF receptor, Met, as shown by RT-PCR and by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Incubation of mesothelial cells with neutralizing antibodies to HGF/SF decreased cell migration to 25% of controls, whereas addition of HGF/SF disrupted cell-cell junctions and induced scattering and enhanced mesothelial cell migration. Furthermore, HGF/SF showed a small but significant mitogenic effect on all mesothelial cell lines examined. In conclusion, HGF/SF is produced by mesothelial cells and induces both motility and proliferation of these cells. These data are consistent with HGF/SF playing an autocrine role in mesothelial healing.     

Type I Interferons Function as Autocrine and Paracrine Factors to Induce Autotaxin in Response to TLR Activation

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important phospholipid mediator in inflammation and immunity. However, the mechanism of LPA regulation during inflammatory response is largely unknown. Autotaxin (ATX) is the key enzyme to produce extracellular LPA from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). In this study, we found that ATX was induced in monocytic THP-1 cells by TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TLR9 ligand CpG oligonucleotide, and TLR3 ligand poly(I:C), respectively. The ATX induction by TLR ligand was abolished by the neutralizing antibody against IFN-β or the knockdown of IFNAR1, indicating that type I IFN autocrine loop is responsible for the ATX induction upon TLR activation. Both IFN-β and IFN-α were able to induce ATX expression via the JAK-STAT and PI3K-AKT pathways but with different time-dependent manners. The ATX induction by IFN-β was dramatically enhanced by IFN-γ, which had no significant effect on ATX expression alone, suggesting a synergy effect between type I and type II IFNs in ATX induction. Extracellular LPA levels were significantly increased when THP-1 cells were treated with IFN-α/β or TLR ligands. In addition, the type I IFN-mediated ATX induction was identified in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) stimulated with LPS or poly(I:C), and IFN-α/β could induce ATX expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes isolated form blood samples. These results suggest that, in response to TLR activation, ATX is induced through a type I INF autocrine-paracrine loop to enhance LPA generation.     

Promotion of Human Early Embryonic Development and Blastocyst Outgrowth In Vitro Using Autocrine/Paracrine Growth Factors

Studies using animal models demonstrated the importance of autocrine/paracrine factors secreted by preimplantation embryos and reproductive tracts for embryonic development and implantation. Although in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is an established procedure, there is no evidence that present culture conditions are optimal for human early embryonic development. In this study, key polypeptide ligands known to be important for early embryonic development in animal models were tested for their ability to improve human early embryo development and blastocyst outgrowth in vitro. We confirmed the expression of key ligand/receptor pairs in cleavage embryos derived from discarded human tri-pronuclear zygotes and in human endometrium. Combined treatment with key embryonic growth factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, colony-stimulating factor, epidermal growth factor, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor, and artemin) in serum-free media promoted >2.5-fold the development of tri-pronuclear zygotes to blastocysts. For normally fertilized embryos, day 3 surplus embryos cultured individually with the key growth factors showed >3-fold increases in the development of 6–8 cell stage embryos to blastocysts and >7-fold increase in the proportion of high quality blastocysts based on Gardner’s criteria. Growth factor treatment also led to a 2-fold promotion of blastocyst outgrowth in vitro when day 7 surplus hatching blastocysts were used. When failed-to-be-fertilized oocytes were used to perform somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using fibroblasts as donor karyoplasts, inclusion of growth factors increased the progression of reconstructed SCNT embryos to >4-cell stage embryos. Growth factor supplementation of serum-free cultures could promote optimal early embryonic development and implantation in IVF-ET and SCNT procedures. This approach is valuable for infertility treatment and future derivation of patient-specific embryonic stem cells.     

Autocrine/Paracrine secretion of IL-6 family cytokines causes angiotensin II-induced delayed STAT3 activation

We recently reported that angiotensin II (AngII) biphasically activates the JAK/STAT pathway and induces delayed phosphorylation of STAT3 in the late stage (120 min) in cardiomyocytes. This study was designed to determine the mechanism of delayed phosphorylation of STAT3. Conditioned medium prepared from AngII-stimulated cardiomyocytes could reproduce the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 at 5 min. This delayed phosphorylation was almost completely inhibited by anti-gp130 blocking antibody RX435, but not by TAK044 (ET-A/B-R antagonist), prazosin, or propranolol. AngII induced phosphorylation of gp130 in the late stage, which was temporally in parallel with the delayed phosphorylation of STAT3. AngII augmented IL-6, CT-1, and LIF mRNA expression at 30-60 min, but not CNTF expression. AngII increased IL-6 protein levels by 3-fold in the conditioned media at 2 h compared with the control. These findings indicated that AngII-induced delayed activation of STAT3 is caused by autocrine/paracrine secreted IL-6 family cytokines.     

Androgen Receptor Splice Variant AR3 Promotes Prostate Cancer via Modulating Expression of Autocrine/Paracrine Factors

Deregulation of androgen receptor (AR) splice variants has been implicated to play a role in prostate cancer development and progression. To understand their functions in prostate, we established a transgenic mouse model (AR3Tg) with targeted expression of the constitutively active and androgen-independent AR splice variant AR3 (a.k.a. AR-V7) in prostate epithelium. We found that overexpression of AR3 modulates expression of a number of tumor-promoting autocrine/paracrine growth factors (including Tgfβ2 and Igf1) and expands prostatic progenitor cell population, leading to development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. In addition, we showed that some epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated genes are up-regulated in AR3Tg prostates, suggesting that AR3 may antagonize AR activity and halt the differentiation process driven by AR and androgen. This notion is supported by our observations that the number of Ck5⁺/Ck8⁺ intermediate cells is increased in AR3Tg prostates after castration, and expression of AR3 transgene in these intermediate cells compromises prostate epithelium regeneration upon androgen replacement. Our results demonstrate that AR3 is a driver of prostate cancer, at least in part, through modulating multiple tumor-promoting autocrine/paracrine factors.     

Vasoreparative Dysfunction of CD34+ Cells in Diabetic Individuals Involves Hypoxic Desensitization and Impaired Autocrine/Paracrine Mechanisms

We hypothesized that endothelial progenitor cells derived from individuals with diabetes would exhibit functional defects including inability to respond to hypoxia and altered paracrine/autocrine function that would impair the angiogenic potential of these cells. Circulating mononuclear cells isolated from diabetic (n = 69) and nondiabetic (n = 46) individuals were used to grow endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC), early endothelial progenitor cells (eEPCs) and isolate CD34⁺ cells. ECFCs and eEPCs were established from only 15% of the diabetic individuals tested thus directing our main effort toward examination of CD34⁺ cells. CD34⁺ cells were plated in basal medium to obtain cell-free conditioned medium (CM). In CM derived from CD34⁺ cells of diabetic individuals (diabetic-CM), the levels of stem cell factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and thrombopoietin were lower, and IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) levels were higher than CM derived from nondiabetic individuals (nondiabetic-CM). Hypoxia did not upregulate HIF1α in CD34⁺ cells of diabetic origin. Migration and proliferation of nondiabetic CD34⁺ cells toward diabetic-CM were lower compared to nondiabetic-CM. Attenuation of pressure-induced constriction, potentiation of bradykinin relaxation, and generation of cGMP and cAMP in arterioles were observed with nondiabetic-CM, but not with diabetic-CM. Diabetic-CM failed to induce endothelial tube formation from vascular tissue. These results suggest that diabetic subjects with microvascular complications exhibit severely limited capacity to generate ex-vivo expanded endothelial progenitor populations and that the vasoreparative dysfunction observed in diabetic CD34⁺ cells is due to impaired autocrine/paracrine function and reduced sensitivity to hypoxia.     

Brain and Endocrine Function

A brief review of relationships between brain and pituitarygland is presented. The primary portal plexus of the pituitaryand hypothalamic neurones terminating upon these vessels representthe prime mechanism for neural influence upon adenohypophysealfunction. The vascular architecture here may also permit a feedbackloop from the adenohypophysis to the hypothalamus. Neurones("final neural components") are presumed to be responsible forthe elaboration of releasing factors (hypophysiotrophins). Influencingthese cells is a wide variety of afferent neural circuits withboth excitatory and inhibitory components. In addition to thequestion of identity of many of these circuits, a major problemfor future research is the manner in which this diverse neuralinformation is processed into an integrated signal to the finalcommon neurone.     

雌激素替代疗法对内分泌失调女性内分泌轴功能的影响

目的:探讨雌激素替代疗法对内分泌失调女性内分泌轴功能的影响。方法:选取2014年9月至2018年2月到本院就诊的186例内分泌失调女性患者当作研究对象,根据治疗方法的不同将其分为观察组(给予雌激素替代疗法)100例与对照组(给予常规药物)86例,两组均治疗3个月,比较两组治疗前TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C水平、黄体生成素(LH)和雌二醇(E2)水平的变化、疗效与不良反应的发生情况。结果:观察组与对照组治疗后的总有效率分别为98.0%和88.4%,观察组明显高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组治疗后的血清HDL-C、E2值较对照组显著增加,血清TC、TG与LDL-C、FSH水平均较对照组明显降低(P0.05)。观察组与对照组治疗期间的主要不良反应为乳房胀痛、乳房包块、肝功能异常、下肢水肿等,组间对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),所有不良反应经过对症处理后好转。结论:雌激素替代疗法治疗内分泌失调女性能调节内分泌轴功能,提高治疗效果,改善临床症状,促使血脂分泌平衡,且安全性好。