滇金丝猴线粒体D-loop 片段SNPs 位点的鉴别及初步分析

本文利用已测序的157 个滇金丝猴控制区(D-loop)片段,通过与参考序列比对,鉴别了线粒体D-loop 片段中的52 个SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms)位点,定义了30 种滇金丝猴单倍型,排除概率为0. 938。谱系及种群遗传结构分析结果与以前利用D-loop 片段的研究结果相似。同时表明基于粪便样品进行保护遗传学、谱系生物地理学、种群遗传学等研究时,与线粒体标记和微卫星标记相比,SNP 标记可能具有一定的优越性,并建议进一步分析滇金丝猴线粒体D-loop 全序列甚至线粒体全基因组上的SNPs 位点的信息,以促进滇金丝猴保护遗传学等研究的开展。     

金丝猴属的DNA序列变异及进化与保护遗传学研究

金丝猴的分类及系统发育存在许多争议。本文测定了２只川金丝猴、８只滇金丝猴、１只越南金丝猴和１只灰叶猴的２５３ｂｐ的线粒体细胞色素ｂ基因的序列。其中４７个位点（１９％）检出变异。我们采用简约法、最大似然法和距离法构建了一系列的分子系统树,得到相同的拓扑结构,从而可能在分子水平澄清了金丝猴属的系统发育。结果表明,云南金丝猴与越南金丝猴间的关系较与川金丝猴的为近。金丝猴属的分化大约发生在２～６百万年以前。这３种金丝猴均是独立的种,且都应归入金丝猴属。对８只来自野外的滇金丝猴（其中包括了昆明动物研究所圈养群体的所有６只创立者）的非损伤性遗传分析提示,编号为ＹＫ２的母猴是维持该圈养群体遗传多样性的关键猴。我们建立的这种非损伤性遗传分析方法广泛适用于珍稀濒危动物的遗传多样性及遗传管理研究。     

云南白马雪山自然保护区猕猴和滇金丝猴的生态位分离(英文)

原则上,食叶的滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)和杂食的猕猴(Macaca mulatta)是可以同地共栖的,但这两种灵长类究竟是如何同地共存却一直是一个鲜见涉足的问题。该文初步通过分析它们的食性和生境需求来阐明两者共存的可能性。在猕猴取食约22种植物中,有16种也是滇金丝猴的取食对象。两种灵长类都显示出喜食果实。人们尚未发现滇金丝猴涉足人类作物等相关资源,但发现猕猴经常侵食庄稼。这与其生活海拔不同有关:滇金丝猴一般生活在平均海拔为3218m的山林中,而猕猴活动在平均海拔为2995m的林地。猕猴也会涉足牧场,而滇金丝猴回避这种场地。对于这两个种,混合的落叶阔叶/针叶林是最频繁使用的森林类型;滇金丝猴很少进入常绿阔叶林(青冈属群落,利用率仅3%),而猕猴相对进入这类林型的机会远比滇金丝猴高(36%)。两个物种的群体间常相互远离(2.4km)。当其相遇时,常是猕猴主动回避。上述结果提示滇金丝猴和猕猴是通过大生境分化利用和空间避让来共存的。尽管不同的生境利用策略一定程度上会反映种间竞争的存在,但这种不同更可能反映着它们不同的生理/生态需求。     

金丝猴分类及系统发育关系

本文对金丝猴的99项形态学特征的研究结果表明:川、滇、黔金丝猴应为三个独立的种;根据我国的地质变迁推测,川、滇金丝猴间分离最早,其次是川、黔金丝猴,最后是滇、黔金丝猴;由于特殊的生态环境,滇金丝猴是属中进化较完善者,而黔金丝猴是最原始者;至于分布在阿萨姆和上缅甸的金丝猴,如果存在,很可能是一个新种或属于滇金丝猴的一个新亚种。     

中华卵索线虫线粒体基因组多态性分析

为完善昆虫病原索科线虫线粒体基因组全序列数据库, 更系统地研究其基因组特征和系统演化规律, 进而为发挥该线虫生防潜力打下基础, 我们开展了中华卵索线虫Ovomermis sinensis线粒体全基因组的研究。该研究通过线粒体基因组滚环复制及酶切图谱, 揭示了中华卵索线虫线粒体基因组具有种内遗传多态性, 即群体中单体线虫具有独特的酶切条带, 且条带累加之和变化范围较大, 为16.5～24.5 kb。为进一步了解线粒体基因组多态性特征及产生的分子机制, 采用两步长PCR方法对2条代表性成虫线粒体基因组进行了测序及拼接, 得其全长分别为18 864和16 777 bp。对这2条序列的比对表明, 线粒体基因组中位于ND2和ND4之间的可变区域, 不仅基因排列顺序不同, 且存在ND3基因重复现象, 这是导致中华卵索线虫线粒体基因组呈现多态性的主要原因。通过对以上研究结果的分析及与GenBank中已有的6种索科线虫线粒体基因组序列进行比对, 概括出其线粒体基因组基本特点: ①线粒体基因排列顺序各不相同;②部分线虫线粒体基因存在重复现象, 且重复次数不同;③线粒体基因组大小存在很大差异。     

滇金丝猴的随机扩增多态DNA与遗传多样性分析

对6只笼养滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)进行了随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)及遗传多样性分析.用45个10bp随机短引物对每只滇金丝猴的基因组DNA进行了扩增,平均每个个体观察到的RAPD标记约为130个左右,单个引物获得的标记在1～7个之间.80%的RAPD标记表现为无多态的单型性.个体间的遗传距离为0.052,表明笼养滇金丝猴群体的遗传多样性很低.此研究结果与在蛋白多态研究中得到的一致.贫乏的遗传多样性一方面使目前处于濒危境地的滇金丝猴生存情况更加危险,同时其本身也可能是造成目前滇金丝猴濒危的原因之一.另外,通过成对的遗传距离分析,构建了这一群滇金丝猴的谱系关系图,提出了让遗传距离较远的个体间进行交配的笼养繁育计划.     

白马雪山自然保护区响古箐滇金丝猴的食性

2008 年6 月至2009 年5 月,采用扫描瞬时取样法对云南白马雪山自然保护区响古箐滇金丝猴群的食性进行了研究。研究表明,该滇金丝猴群的食物主要由42 个科105 种植物组成。滇金丝猴全年的食物构成如下:松萝50.6% ,成熟叶16.3% ,果实/种子10.5% , 嫩叶8.4% ,竹笋7.9% , 芽3.0% , 花1.9% ,树皮/ 叶柄/茎0.8% ,真菌类0.5% 。研究还表明,滇金丝猴的食谱具有一定的季节性:即夏季取食的植物种类最多,冬季取食的植物种类最少,嫩叶是滇金丝猴春季的主要食物,而果实/ 种子在响古箐的滇金丝猴秋季食物中占有重要的比重。此外,发现竹笋是滇金丝猴夏季的主要食物资源。研究还发现,除松萝以外,对其食物贡献率最大的10科植物的比重达到39.6%,而蔷薇科的取食则高达17.57% ,表明响古箐滇金丝猴对不同种类的食物具有明显的选择性。以上结果表明,响古箐滇金丝猴的取食行为受食物资源季节性变化的影响。     

滇金丝猴粪便微生物GH10家族木聚糖酶基因多样性

【目的】分析滇金丝猴粪便微生物中GH10家族木聚糖酶的基因多样性。【方法】以野生和半圈养滇金丝猴粪便微生物宏基因组DNA为模板,用GH10木聚糖酶简并引物扩增木聚糖酶基因片段,利用p MD19-T载体构建细菌克隆文库并进行分析。【结果】从野生和半圈养滇金丝猴粪便微生物克隆文库中分别获得26、28条GH10木聚糖酶基因片段,与Gen Bank中木聚糖酶序列一致性分别介于58%-95%、63%-81%之间。比对分析表明,两种环境中的GH10木聚糖酶均来自厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和未培养细菌。野生滇金丝猴粪便微生物的GH10木聚糖酶基因来源于Uncultured bacterium和Butyrivibrio、Bacteroides、Ruminococcus、Sphingobacterium、Chryseobacterium、Clostridium、Bacillus 7个属;而半圈养滇金丝猴粪便微生物的GH10木聚糖酶基因来源于Uncultured bacterium和Clostridium、Paludibacter、Sphingobacterium、Ruminococcus、Roseburia、Chryseobacterium 6个属,其中两种环境都存在来源于Ruminococcus、Clostridium、Chryseobacterium、Sphingobacterium的GH10木聚糖酶。【结论】滇金丝猴粪便微生物中含有丰富的GH10木聚糖酶基因,且野生和半圈养两种不同环境中GH10木聚糖酶基因的微生物来源存在一定差异。该研究丰富了动物胃肠道中GH10木聚糖酶基因多样性,并为新型木聚糖酶的开发和滇金丝猴胃肠道微生物资源的利用奠定了基础。     

中国云南塔城滇金丝猴的社会结构

在云南塔城附近的山地森林中,我们利用摄象机记录了一群滇金丝猴通过山谷和在水源地饮水的过程。我们利用这些记录分析这群滇金丝猴的种群大小、组成成员以及个体的空间分布,并利用连续通过个体之间的时间间隔来揭示社会结构。塔城滇金丝猴群由366个个体组成,是目前所知最大的滇金丝猴群体。猴群内雌性个体较多。猴群可以分为26个单位,其中有19个单雄多雌单位、5个多雄多雌单位和2个全雄单位。统计结果表明单位内个体间的时间间隔显著比单位间的短。2/3以上的亚成年雄性个体和全雄单位一起活动。猴群在地面活动时全雄单位位于猴群的外围,充当前卫和后卫。塔城猴群的生命表组成结构与吾牙普亚猴群的大致一样,同样是多层社会结构,单雄多雌和全雄单位构成猴群的主体。亚成年雄性多数与全雄单位一起活动,表明雄性可能会从其出生的单雄多雌单位中迁移出来。     

白马雪山自然保护区响古箐滇金丝猴活动时间分配

2008 年6 月至2009 年5 月,在白马雪山国家级自然保护区南端的响古箐(北纬27°37′,东经99°22′),采用瞬时扫描取样法对一群数量约480 只的滇金丝猴群的活动时间分配进行了研究。研究期间共观察取样1 609 h,扫描个体数为260 546。研究表明,响古箐滇金丝猴用38.8% 的时间取食、27. 4% 的时间移动、20. 9%的时间休息、12.9% 的时间从事其他类型活动。滇金丝猴活动时间分配季节性差异明显。冬季,滇金丝猴的取食时间长于其他季节,达到41. 5% ;秋季,取食时间在全年最短(36.5% )。夏季的高温没有影响滇金丝猴的移动,它们移动的时间达到32.8% ,高于其他3 个季节。寒冷的冬季,响古箐滇金丝猴为了减少能量损失,用于休息的时间达到24.4% 。秋季,滇金丝猴从事其他类型活动的时间(15.7% )多于另外3 个季节。研究发现,
绝对移动时间与昼长和月平均温度呈明显正相关(P < 0. 01),绝对休息时间与月平均温度呈负相关(r =- 0. 585,P = 0.046),但降水量的多少与猴群各种活动时间分配之间没有明显的相关性(P > 0.05)。食物贡献率与滇金丝猴日活动时间分配也存在相关性。取食松萝比例与猴群移动时间呈负相关(r = - 0.902,P <0.001),与休息时间呈正相关(r = 0.860,P < 0.001)。猴群取食树叶比例增加时,它们移动时间也随之增加(r = 0.832,P = 0.001)。夏季,滇金丝猴取食竹笋的比例增加时,猴群移动时间也明显增多。以上结果表明,滇金丝猴活动时间分配受食物资源状况、昼长季节性变化和气候条件的影响。     

Spatial and temporal variability in a butterfly population

Summary The dynamics of a butterfly (Plebejus argus) population were analysed at two levels, (i) the population as a whole and (ii) sections within the population. Some sections of the population fluctuated out of synchrony with others, such that the variability [SD Log(Density+1)] shown by the population as a whole was less than the variability shown by each part of the population — overall temporal variability was dampened by spatial asynchrony. Since observed population variability depends on the spatial scale that is sampled, comparisons of population variability among taxa should be carried out only with caution. Implications for island biogeography and conservation biology are discussed.     

Systems analysis of density-dependent population processes in the azuki bean weevil,Callosobruchus chinensis

Systems analysis of density-dependent population processes was conducted in an experimental population of the azuki bean weevil,Callosobruchus chinensis. Density-dependent population change was formulated for two separate processes; adult production of eggs and hatching of the eggs outside the beans, and survival of the first instar larvae inside the beans and their emergence as new adults. The formulation of each process was based on a common basic equation modified from the logistic-difference equation. Parametric values were estimated from experimental data onC. chinensis in a laboratory population. Simulations of the model showed good fits not only to observed population changes both outside and inside the beans, but also to the observed reproduction curve reflecting the population change as a whole within one generation in an experimental population. Furthermore, population dynamics from generation to generation were simulated from the model reproduction curve. The simulation showed a slight dumped oscillation and converged to a carrying capacity, which fitted well with the experimental population dynamics.     

Selection and gene flow between microenvironments: the case of Drosophila at Lower Nahal Oren,Mount Carmel,Israel

Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans from contrasted microenvironments (south- and north-facing slopes of Lower Nahal Oren Canyon in Israel) were tested for genetic differentiation at microsatellite loci, which might be linked to differential adaptation to local ecological factors. No overall genetic differentiation was observed in either species. This indicates that the contrasted selective pressures on the two sides of the valley are not strong enough to cause population subdivision in highly mobile species such as Drosophila. Significant differences in allele frequencies were observed at two microsatellite loci, but on the whole the level of divergence we observed is far lower than has been reported previously.     

On the number of segregating sites in genetical models without recombination.

The distribution is obtained for the number of segregating sites observed in a sample from a population which is subject to recurring, new, mutations but not subject to recombination. After allowance is made for the different effective population sizes, the results apply approximately to three population models, due to Wright, Burrows and Cockerham, and Moran. Included as extreme special cases are the distributions of the number of segregating sites in the whole population and of the number of heterozygous sites in a diploid individual. Some results of Fisher, Haldane, Kimura, and Ewens concerning the means of the distributions for different models are confirmed, but the variances, and the distributions themselves, are new.     

Geographic variation in reproduction and survival of kelp gulls Larus dominicanus vetula in southern Africa

Different populations of a species tend to vary in survival and reproduction, but the extent and scale of such spatial variation are poorly known. We estimated survival and clutch size of kelp gulls Larus dominicanus vetula across their entire African range. At this large geographic scale, we found no evidence for spatial variation in survival, and there was no variation in clutch size. However, there was considerable variation in clutch size among colonies within regions. Over the whole study, mean annual survival of juvenile and adult birds was 0.44 and 0.84, and mean clutch size was 2.2 eggs. A matrix population model showed that population growth was least sensitive to variation in clutch size, and the observed variation in clutch size could not fully account for the observed variation in population growth among colonies and regions. Our results thus suggest that dispersal and/or variation in survival (including egg/nestling survival) at a small spatial scale are also important for the spatial pattern of kelp gull population dynamics. These results are consistent with a metapopulation approach to spatial population dynamics.     

Distribution of blood groups in the East African Somali population

The results of a population survey on blood group distribution in Somalia, East Africa, are presented. Over 1,000 subjects were tested for most blood groups included in the survey. The sampling covered the whole country and was well in accordance with the population density as estimated by the recorded birth places of the subjects. Altogether, 46 blood group antigens were tested, partly common antigens within 11 of the major blood group systems, but also infrequent and very frequent antigens, some not tested before in Africa, were included. The results were compared with the available data for other related peoples and for populations from the same geographical area. The standard genetic distances were also applied in the comparison. The results suggest that only a minor component in the genetic constitution of the Somali population can be ascribed to Caucasian admixture. They are markedly in contrast with some earlier findings. During the survey we observed a previously unknown Rh gene complex occurring with a polymorphic frequency in Somalis.     

Travelling Waves of Attached and Detached Cells in a Wound-Healing Cell Migration Assay

During a wound-healing cell migration assay experiment, cells are observed to detach and undergo mitosis before reattaching as a pair of cells on the substrate. During experiments with mice 3T3 fibroblasts, cell detachment can be confined to the wavefront region or it can occur over the whole wave profile. A multi-species continuum approach to modelling a wound-healing assay is taken to account for this phenomenon. The first cell population is composed of attached motile cells, while the second population is composed of detached immotile cells undergoing mitosis and returning to the migrating population after successful division. The first model describes cell division occurring only in the wavefront region, while a second model describes cell division over the whole of the scrape wound. The first model reverts to the Fisher equation when the reattachment rate relative to the detachment rate is large, while the second case does not revert to the Fisher equation in any limit. The models yield travelling wave solutions. The minimum wave speed is slower than the minimum Fisher wave speed and its dependence on the cell detachment and reattachment rate parameters is analysed. Approximate travelling wave profiles of the two cell populations are determined asymptotically under certain parameter regimes.     

中国毛茛科翠雀属的分类学研究(七):岩瓦翠雀花的名实订正

通过标本室和野外观察,发现根据云南西北部维西标本描述的毛茛科岩瓦翠雀花(Delphinium yanwaense W. T. Wang)与云南西北部颇为常见的中甸翠雀花(D. yuanum Chen)没有本质区别,故将前者处理为后者的异名。中甸翠雀花在叶的分裂程度上变异颇大。     

Sequence diversity analysis of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase intron 1 in common bean.

Variation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was investigated by sequencing intron 1 of the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene for 92 genotypes that represent both landraces and cultivars. We were also interested in determining if introns provide sufficient variation for genetic diversity studies and if the sequence data could be used to develop allele-specific primers that could differentiate genotypes using a standard PCR assay. Sixty-nine polymorphic sites were observed. Nucleotide variation (pi/bp) was 0.0481, a value higher than that reported for introns from other plant species. Tests for significant deviation from the mutation drift model were positive for the population as a whole, the cultivar and landrace subsets, and the Middle American landrace set. Significant linkage disequilibrium extended about 300 nucleotides. Twenty haplotypes were detected among the cultivated genotypes. Seven recombination events were detected for the whole population, and six events for the landraces. Recombination was not observed among the landraces within either the Middle American or Andean gene pools. Evidence for hybridization between the two gene pools was discovered. Five allele-specific primers were developed that could distinguish 56 additional genotypes. The allele-specific primers were used to map duplicate DFR genes on linkage group B8.     

Mobility and lifetime fecundity in new versus old populations of the Glanville fritillary butterfly

Life history theory often assumes a trade-off between dispersal and reproduction, and such a trade-off is commonly observed in wing-dimorphic insects. The results are less consistent for wing-monomorphic species, for which it is more difficult to assess dispersal capacity and rate. Three replicate experiments were carried out in consecutive years on the Glanville fritillary butterfly in a large outdoor population cage to study the relationship between lifetime egg production and mobility. The experimental material included females originating from newly-established and old populations, as previous studies have shown dispersal capacity to depend on population age. There was a consistent and significant interaction between mobility and population age, such that in newly-established populations mobile females had higher fecundity than less mobile females, while in old populations there was no such relationship. As selection favours individuals with the highest fecundity, selection pressure on mobility is likely to be different between the two population types, which may contribute to maintenance of variation in dispersal rate in the metapopulation as a whole. Several other female traits also affected lifetime fecundity, including lifespan, number of matings and date of eclosion, although these effects were not consistent across the years. These results highlight the importance of conducting experiments in more than one year before generalizing about patterns in life history variation.