甜菊愈伤组织中的质膜内陷:超微结构和酸性磷酸酶细胞化学定位

对在分化条件下的甜菊 (Stevia rebaudiana)愈伤组织分生区域细胞的质膜内陷进行了超微结构和酸性磷酸酶细胞化学研究。结果表明 ,在不同液泡化状态的细胞中均有质膜内陷存在。在原生质浓密的细胞中 ,质膜呈起伏的波纹状 ,某些部位发生明显内陷 ,大小不等 ,多呈圆球状。在部分液泡化细胞中 ,质膜内陷体积增大 ,内含物增多且结构复杂。在液泡化细胞中 ,质膜内陷嵌入中央液泡 ,但彼此间以一膜间隙隔开。质膜内陷中的内含物以小泡和卷绕的膜结构形式存在。酸性磷酸酶活性定位结果显示 ,质膜及其内陷含高的酶活性。推测质膜内陷在功能上与液泡相似 ,构成了这些细胞水解空间的一部分。     

冬小麦(Triticum aetivum)进入寒冬过程中分蘗节细胞内酸性磷酸酶活性的超微结构定位

冬小麦分蘖节细胞内的酸性磷酸酶活性在麦苗秋季的活跃生长时期,主要定位于液泡膜内侧和液泡内含物周围,核内染色质上,以及细胞间隙周围的细胞壁表面和细胞间隙的内含物上,到寒冬时期,除保持以上各部位的活性外,突出的变化是在质膜上以及质膜和细胞壁分离的间隙内产生该酶的高活性。作者认为,这可能是对植物在寒冬中细胞内水流到细胞外结冰,避免细胞内结冰伤害的一种适应。图版说明图1—2,秋季生长时期(10月20日)的分蘖节细胞。酶活性主要定位于液泡膜上和液泡内含物的周围、染色质以及细胞间隙周围的细胞壁表面和细胞间隙的内含物上。图1,×11500。图2,×10400。V:液泡。Vm:液泡膜。CH:染色质。PL:质膜。N:核仁。Pd:胞间连丝。Is:细胞间隙。W:细胞壁。图3—4,寒冬中(12月9日)的分蘖节细胞。液泡内侧和液泡内含物表面表现酸性磷酸酶的高活性;特别是质膜和细胞壁之间也呈现大量的反应产物。图3,×14400。图4,×12200。图5,仲冬(1月10日)固定的材料。在质膜以及质膜和细胞壁分离的间隙内,突出地显示出酶的高活性反应。图5,×8900。     

扶桑插条愈伤组织质膜内陷的超微结构研究

对扶桑插条愈伤组织细胞中质膜内陷现象的超微结构观察结果表明,不同液胞化状态的细胞中均有质膜内陷存在。在分化细胞中,质膜呈波状起伏或形成某些大小不等的质膜内陷。兴胞化细胞中的质膜内陷数量多,体积增大。质膜内陷多呈圆球状,内含多种形状的内含物,由靠近原质体,线粒体和高尔基体的质膜组成。     

水稻胚乳发育中淀粉体和蛋白体ATPase活性的动态变化

利用ATPase定位技术,对水稻品种(Oryza sativa L.cv．Minghui 63)胚乳细胞发育中后期淀粉体和蛋白体的ATPase活性进行了超微细胞化学定位。结果表明,在淀粉体内外膜上、淀粉粒间的通道上和淀粉体四周的无定形物上呈现显著的ATPase活性。蛋白体Ⅰ和蛋白体Ⅱ的膜上和四周的囊泡、小泡上均出现ATPase活性产物。另外,胚乳细胞的胞壁和质膜,糊粉层和亚糊粉层细胞的胞壁、质膜、细胞核和胞间连丝上也有定位的ATPase活性产物分布。根据ATPase活性产物分布特点,推测淀粉体内的网状通道是便于养分进入淀粉体内部的转运通道。淀粉体膜和蛋白体膜上的ATPase主要是为养分进入内部提供跨膜动力。     

冬季沙冬青叶肉细胞液泡中泡状内含物的研究

用透射电镜观察了沙冬青叶肉细胞液泡中泡状内含物的形成。在早期,这种泡状内含物位于细胞质中,它由大小不等、形态各异的小泡组成,后经液泡膜内吞进入液泡。液泡中的泡状内含物主要位于两个正常叶绿体之间,附近的细胞质较多,内有丰富的内质网、高尔基体、质膜管状突起和由它们产生的小泡。也有一些液泡泡状内含物出现在解体叶绿体附近。前者主要来自内质网、高尔基体和质膜,后者则主要起源于解体的叶绿体。这种泡状内含物的形成可能与增强植物的抗冻性有关。     

日本鬼()背鳍棘毒腺中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型毒腺细胞关系的探讨

日本鬼()背鳍棘毒腺中有两种类型毒腺细胞--Ⅰ型细胞和Ⅱ型细胞.两种细胞结构明显不同.本文用形态学方法探讨Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型细胞的关系.结果表明:毒腺组织中Ⅰ型细胞光镜下有的胞质内可见浅染点样结构,并且在不同的细胞内其浅染点状结构的多少有差异;电镜下Ⅰ型细胞膜结构差异较大,有的Ⅰ型细胞的脂质双层膜性结构清楚;有的细胞膜外侧可见膜包小泡;有的细胞内侧面也见小泡形成、融合,使脂质双层膜间隙变宽,其内可见膜包样物质,其电子密度中等或较高,结构类似于Ⅱ型细胞的囊泡样物质.不同的Ⅱ型细胞其胞质内颗粒大小及电子密度不一,囊泡状物多少也不一.含较小而密集颗粒的Ⅱ型细胞胞膜的脂质双层膜的外侧面较规则,与Ⅰ型细胞相似;脂质双层膜的内侧面出现许多扩张的大囊泡,其内含物电子密度高或中等,与胞质内含的颗粒状物质相同;位于扩张的囊泡与胞膜之间的胞质结构有的与I型细胞的胞质内的某些结构相似.含大而稀疏颗粒的Ⅱ型细胞其颗粒数量少、电子密度差异大,并且囊泡样物质增多.推测Ⅱ型细胞可能由Ⅰ型细胞转化而来.     

日本鬼鲉背鳍棘毒腺中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型毒腺细胞关系的探讨

日本鬼背鳍棘毒腺中有两种类型毒腺细胞———Ⅰ型细胞和Ⅱ型细胞。两种细胞结构明显不同。本文用形态学方法探讨Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型细胞的关系。结果表明 :毒腺组织中Ⅰ型细胞光镜下有的胞质内可见浅染点样结构 ,并且在不同的细胞内其浅染点状结构的多少有差异 ;电镜下Ⅰ型细胞膜结构差异较大 ,有的Ⅰ型细胞的脂质双层膜性结构清楚 ;有的细胞膜外侧可见膜包小泡 ;有的细胞内侧面也见小泡形成、融合 ,使脂质双层膜间隙变宽 ,其内可见膜包样物质 ,其电子密度中等或较高 ,结构类似于Ⅱ型细胞的囊泡样物质。不同的Ⅱ型细胞其胞质内颗粒大小及电子密度不一 ,囊泡状物多少也不一。含较小而密集颗粒的Ⅱ型细胞胞膜的脂质双层膜的外侧面较规则 ,与Ⅰ型细胞相似 ;脂质双层膜的内侧面出现许多扩张的大囊泡 ,其内含物电子密度高或中等 ,与胞质内含的颗粒状物质相同 ;位于扩张的囊泡与胞膜之间的胞质结构有的与I型细胞的胞质内的某些结构相似。含大而稀疏颗粒的Ⅱ型细胞其颗粒数量少、电子密度差异大 ,并且囊泡样物质增多。推测Ⅱ型细胞可能由Ⅰ型细胞转化而来     

小鼠胸腺皮质外位腺苷三磷酸酶的细胞化学定位

对探索细胞之间相互作用的机制,对ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠胸腺皮质内腺苷三磷酸酶进行了细胞化学定位。结果表明该酶活性主要位于毛细血管基膜,内此细胞皮膜和吞饮小泡;上皮性网状细胞和胸腺细胞的质膜外层,特别是二者的相邻面。巨噬细胞及上皮性网状细胞的溶酶和囊泡也具有此酶活性。本文对外位腺苷三磷酸酶有抑制腺苷三磷酸诱发胸腺细胞凋落死亡的可能性进行了讨论。     

慈菇匍匐茎中分泌道的初步研究

慈茹匍蔔茎的分泌道是裂生的胞间道,分布于匍匐茎的基本组织中。单个分泌道原始细胞起始于离茎端约1毫米处的基本分生组织中,原始细胞经分裂形成5—7个上皮细胞包围着中央的裂生腔隙,成为管道系统。上皮细胞无鞘细胞包围。上皮细胞中高尔基体和内质网发达,并溢出小囊泡向着分泌道腔隙面壁的质膜附近迁移,乳汁中亦存在大量完整的小囊泡。上皮细胞和外围薄壁细胞之间的壁层具有大量胞间连丝,小囊泡和内质网的膜结构与胞间连丝末端相接,同时可见上皮细胞的质膜在数处反折内陷,形成袋状结构,在与上皮细胞相对的薄壁细胞内也有同样现象出现,袋状结构内含小形颗粒或囊泡,并在结构上显示出上皮细胞与相邻薄壁细胞间存在着活跃的物质交流。由此认为。代谢物质以整体小囊泡的形式经胞间连丝或内陷的质膜向分泌道迁移是物质运输和分泌的可能方式之一。在电镜下观察,液泡中的积聚物与乳汁十分相似,液泡可能是乳汁的贮存场所之一。     

水稻胚乳发育中淀粉体和蛋白体ATPase活性的动态变化

利用ATPase定位技术,对水稻品种(OryzasativaL.cv.Minghui63)胚乳细胞发育中后期淀粉体和蛋白体的ATPase活性进行了超微细胞化学定位。结果表明,在淀粉体内外膜上、淀粉粒间的通道上和淀粉体四周的无定形物上呈现显著的ATPase活性。蛋白体Ⅰ和蛋白体Ⅱ的膜上和四周的囊泡、小泡上均出现ATPase活性产物。另外,胚乳细胞的胞壁和质膜,糊粉层和亚糊粉层细胞的胞壁、质膜、细胞核和胞间连丝上也有定位的ATPase活性产物分布。根据ATPase活性产物分布特点,推测淀粉体内的网状通道是便于养分进入淀粉体内部的转运通道。淀粉体膜和蛋白体膜上的ATPase主要是为养分进入内部提供跨膜动力。     

Plasmalemma Invaginations in Cultured Callus of Stevia rebaudiana: Ultrastructure and Ultracytochemical Localization of Acid Phosphatase

The plasmalemma of cells within meristematic regions was observed to possess invaginations in cultured callus of Stevia rebaudiana under differentiation. The ultrastructure and acid phosphatase (AcPase) ultracytochemistry Of these invaginations were studied. The plasmalemma invaginations occurred in the cells at various stages of vacuolation. In cells with dense protoplasm, plasmalemma appeared undulated but occasionally spherical and variable in size with conspicuous invaginations that projected into the peripheral cytoplasm. In the partially vacuolated cells, plasmalemma invagination became voluminously enlarged with increased contents and structurally complexed. In vacuolated cells, the enlarged invaginations protruded into the central vacuole but were delimitted from the tonoplast by an intermembrane zone continuous with the peripheral cytoplasm. Complex accumulations of membranes consisting of vesicular and coiled membranous Structures might develop within the plasmalemma invaginations. AcPase localization demonstrated high enzymic activity in the plasmalemma and its associated invagination. It seemed likely that these invaginations were functionally analogous to the vacuoles and therefore constituted part of the lytic compartment in these cells.     

An electron microscopic study of absorption of peroxidase-conjugated immunoglobulin G by guinea pig visceral yolk sac in vitro.

In the guinea pig and some other animals, passive immunity is conferred on the developing fetus by passage of immunoglobulin from mother to fetus across the yolk sac. In order to examine the cytological pathway involved in immunoglobulin transport, guinea pig visceral yolk sacs from late in gestation were exposed in vitro to peroxidase-conjugated guinea pig immunoglobulin G (IgG-HRP). Tissue was then fixed, incubated to show the site of localization of peroxidase reaction product and prepared for electron microscopy. The results suggested that the first step in the uptake of IgG-HRP by yolk sac is attachment of the protein to the surface coats of endocytic invaginations at the apical surfaces of the endodermal cells. The endocytic vesicles then appear to pinch off from the surface and move deeper into the cytoplasm. Some of the small endocytic vesicles fuse with large apical vacuoles, which often contain large amounts of reaction product. Other small endocytic vesicles pinch off from the surface, move deeper into the cytoplasm and fuse with the lateral plasmalemma; their protein content is emptied into the intercellular space by exocytosis. From the intercellular spaces the protein presumably diffuses across the basement membrane and connective tissue spaces and enters the vitelline capillary bed. It is postulated that the latter cellular pathway, involving small vesicles and the intercellular spaces, is utilized by those immunoglobulins which are transferred intact across the yolk sac endoderm.     

Paramural Bodies in Callus Beside the Isolation Layer of the Graft Union

The isolation layer of the graft union is a changeable component. It is formed and thickened during the early stage (Fig. 6) and disrupted, thinned and even disappeared durmg tile later stage of development of the graft (Fig. 1, 2, 14). A number of vesicles, paramarat bodies (Fig. 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 19), multivesicular bodies (Fig. 4, 15, 16, 18, 20) and concentric membrane bodies (Fig. 7) are observed in callus 'beside the isolation layer during both stages of development based on transmission electron microscopy. The paramural body comprises invagination of plasmalemma containing numerous vesicles and/or tubules situated between the cell wall and the plasmalemma. The multivesicular body is a organelle about 0.5-μm in diameter with a single membrane surrounding several smaller single vesicles. It is possible that multivesicular body and/or single iesicles transverse the plasmalemma to produce paramural body. The figures show that the paramural bodies appear always beside the isolalion layer at the different stages of development of the graft union and the multivesicular bodies appear mostly near the region where plasmodesmata are secondarily formed between the stock and the scion (Fig. 15, 17, 20). This may reflect that paramural body and multivesi- cular body, as well as single vesicles, are capable of performing vesicular transport. The deposition and reabsorption of material of the isolation layer occur due to vesicular transport. All the above facts seem to indicate that paramural body, multivesicular body and single vesicles can be both endocytotic and exocytotic. The present study supports the theory of vesicular transport, and authors suggest that transcellular cytosis occurs not only through plasmodesmata but also through plasmalemma in oapoplast. The single vesicles, paramural bodies and multivesicular bodies take an active part in the transport process of symplast-apoplast-symplast.     

小麦幼苗拒Na+部位的拒Na+机理

采用日立Z 80 0 0原子吸收分光光度计测Na 、K 含量 ,采用不连续蔗糖梯度离心分离质膜和液泡膜微囊。递增盐度和盐冲击处理下 ,耐盐品种德抗 96 1的SK ,Na(吸收 ) 值和SK ,Na(运输 ) 值均明显大于盐敏感品种鲁麦 15 ;德抗 96 1根部和鲁麦 15根茎结合部Na 含量均呈递增趋势 ,表现出累积效应 ;德抗 96 1根细胞质膜微囊和液泡膜微囊H ATP酶活性均明显大于鲁麦15 ,鲁麦 15根茎结合部液泡膜微囊H ATP酶活性大于德抗 96 1,在同一品种的植株里 ,盐冲击的根和根茎结合部细胞质膜微囊和液泡膜微囊H ATP酶活性均小于递增盐度的酶活性。小麦拒Na 部位细胞质膜和液泡膜H ATP酶活性与其耐盐性强弱成正相关     

A mechanism for rapid transport of colloidal particles by flounder renal epithelium

Large quantities of colloidal particles were rapidly transported around the junctional complex into the lateral intercellular spaces by flounder renal epithelial cells. Large invaginations containing particles developed in the apical cytoplasm of cells when tracer particles were injected into the tubular lumens. Some membranebounded profiles containing particles appeared close to the lateral intercellular spaces. Particles were then found in the lateral intercellular spaces, between the basal plasmalemma and the basement membrane, and within the basement membrane. It is suggested that this transport might operate in situ and provide a morphological mechanism to explain a type of protein transport noted in the renal tubules of another flounder species by Maack and Kinter ('67). It is interesting to consider that perhaps a similar mechanism for the transport of intact proteins might also operate in mammalian nephrons as well.     

银耳（Tremella fuciformis）原基分化前期双核菌丝细胞和分生孢子的边缘体与质膜体

本文报道银耳（Ｔｒｅｍｅｌｌａｆｕｃｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）原基分化前期．在双核菌丝的幼细胞、成熟细胞和分生孢子中,与质膜相关联的两类膜结构──边缘体和质膜体的形成与功能。根据相似结构的存在．支持小泡或多泡体排出质膜之外附在细胞壁上成为边缘体和参于细胞壁合成的假定。银耳原基分化前期．双核菌丝迅速分裂的幼细胞．其质膜内陷产生泡状质膜体,内含数个小泡,或产生膜状质膜体;在成熟细胞中．质膜内陷通常形成回旋的膜结构──膜状质膜体．内含１—２个电子致密小泡．当这两类质膜体脱离质膜进入细胞质后,有的膜层和小泡局部被消化．因此,推断质膜体具有内吞和输送养料的作用。另外．在桶孔隔膜闭塞一侧电子致密度高的细胞质中．还观察到一种罕见的只有单个膜层的质膜体．其内充满３个电子致密小泡．估计它的形成与功能同膜状质膜体相似。作者认为．桶孔闭塞和质膜体的出现是与银耳原基细胞分化有关联的两个重要特征。最后,在成熟细胞中,尚可以观察到质膜体的膜层能够散开形成内质网．因此．内质网也可以来源于质膜体。     

Pinocytosis in the root cells of a salt-accumulating halophyte <Emphasis Type="Italic">Suaeda altissima</Emphasis> and its possible involvement in chloride transport

Ultrastructure of root cells in salt-accumulating halophyte Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall. was examined with transmission electron microscopy. Plants were grown hydroponically on nutrient media containing 3, 50, 250, and 500 mM NaCl. Some plants were exposed to hypersomotic salt shock by an abrupt increase in NaCl concentration from 50 to 400 mM. Growing S. altissima plants at high NaCl concentrations induced the formation of type 1 pinocytotic structures in root cells. Type 1 structures appeared as pinocytotic invaginations of two membranes, the plasmalemma and tonoplast. These invaginations into vacuoles gave rise to freely ‘floating’ multivesicular bodies (MVB) enclosed by a double membrane layer. The pinocytotic invaginations and MVB contained the plasmalemma-derived vesicles and membranes of endosome origin. The hyperosmotic salt shock led to formation of type 2 and type 3 pinocytotic structures. The type 2 structures were formed as pinocytotic invaginations of the tonoplast and gave rise to MVB in vacuoles. Unlike type 1 MVB, the type 2 MVB had only one enclosing membrane, the tonoplast. The type 3 structures appeared as the plasmalemma-derived vesicles located in the periplasmic space. The cytochemical electron-microscopy method was applied to determine the intracellular Cl^? localization. This method, based on sedimentation of electron-dense AgCl granules in tissues treated with silver nitrate, showed that the pinocytotic structures of all types contain Cl^? ions. The presence of Cl^? in pinocytotic structures implies the involvement of these structures in Cl^? transport between the apoplast, cytoplasm, and the vacuole.     

Ultrastructure of neuroglial contacts in crayfish stretch receptor

In order to explore neuroglial relationships in a simple nervous system, we have studied the ultrastructure of the crayfish stretch receptor, which consists of only two mechanoreceptor neurons enwrapped by glial cells. The glial envelope comprises 10–30 glial layers separated by collagen sheets. The intercellular space between the neuronal and glial membranes is generally less than 10–15 nm in width. This facilitates diffusion between neurons and glia but restricts neuron communication with the environment. Microtubule bundles passing from the dendrites to the axon through the neuron body limit vesicular transport between the perikaryon and the neuronal membrane. Numerous invaginations into the neuron cytoplasm strengthen glia binding to the neuron and shorten the diffusion pathway between them. Double-membrane vesicles containing fragments of glial, but not neuronal cytoplasm, represent the captured tips of invaginations. Specific triads, viz., “flat submembrane cisterns - vesicles - mitochondria”, are presumably involved in the formation of the invaginations and double-membrane vesicles and in neuroglial exchange. The tubular lattice in the glial cytoplasm might transfer ions and metabolites between the glial layers. The integrity of the neuronal and glial membranes is impaired in some places. However, free neuroglial passage might be prevented or limited by the dense diffuse material accumulated in these regions. Thus, neuroglial exchange with cellular components might be mediated by transmembrane diffusion, especially in the invaginations and submembrane cisterns, by the formation of double-walled vesicles in which large glial masses are captured and by transfer through tubular lattices. This work was supported by RFBR (grants 05-04-48440 and 08-04-01322) and Minobrnauki RF (grant 2.1.1/6185).     

Localization and Distribution of the ATPase Activity and of the Passage of Material Transport in Spike-Stalk and Their Relations to the Development of Spikelets in Wheat

1. The ATPase activity in the spike-stalk cells of wheat was obviously localized at plasmallemma and the surface of cell wall bordering the intercellular spaces and their inclusions. The reactions of ATPase activity at chromatin and nucleoli were usually insignificant, and they were not found in vacuoles and other organelles (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7). 2. Three significant differences were observed between the middle part and the basal and upper part of the spike-stalk in wheat. (1) A large amount of inclusions were shown in the intercellular spaces of the middle part, and the high ATPase activity was seen at these inclusions (Figs. 6 and 7), but both they were seldom to be found in the intercellular spaces of the basal and upper part (Figs. 2 and 3). (2) The plasmodesmata of the middle part ceils was more than that of the basal and upper part ones (Figs. 1, 3 and 5). (3) In the middle part cells of spike-stalk, the cytoplasmic material was vigorously and actively transferred through the wall pores, and at the same time, the high ATPase activity was exhibited on the transferred cytoplasm (Figs. 4, 8 and 9). In addition, it was also observed that the cytoplasmic material entered into intercellular spaces from adjacent cells (Fig. 6). But it was hardly to see this phenomenon in the basal and upper part of spike-stalk. 3. It was discussed that the ATPase activity and the passage for material transport may play the role in transferring materials into the spike and they might be related to the development of the wheat spikelets.