紫胶虫蜜露对地表蚂蚁多样性的影响

2009年12月至2010年5月,采用陷阱法在云南省墨江县雅邑乡调查了紫胶林地表蚂蚁群落多样性,分析了紫胶虫蜜露对地表蚂蚁多样性的影响.结果表明:紫胶虫蜜露资源的有无及变动对地表蚂蚁群落物种组成、多度及多样性均产生影响.在紫胶林样地共采集蚂蚁标本4953头,隶属5亚科23属34种,在对照样地共采集蚂蚁标本2416头,隶属5亚科20属30种;紫胶林地表蚂蚁相对多度、物种丰富度(S)及ACE估计值均高于对照样地,地表蚂蚁常见种和指示种均与对照样地不同,表明放养紫胶虫改变了地表蚂蚁群落结构;紫胶虫成虫期蜜露分泌量高于幼虫期,其地表蚂蚁相对多度、S及ACE估计值也高于幼虫期,且两阶段的蚂蚁常见种和指示种显著不同.     

Pathways of assessing agroecosystem health and agroecosystem management

Intrusive agriculture development, searching for higher profitability, has inflicted permanent damage to agroecosystems. Rapid deterioration of structure and functional properties in agroecosystems has intensified the need for research on agroecosystem health and agroecosystem management. This paper describes the concept of agroecosystem health which plays an important conceptual role in evaluating agroecosystem and agricultural research. Firstly, the development of agroecosystem health research is reviewed, and agroecosystem health from various dimensions is provided. Then, the methods and general criterias of agroecosystem health assessment are outlined, and a model for evaluating agroecosystem health is established. Finally, pathways of agroecosystem management from a holistic dimension are proposed to promote agroecosystem health and provide a scientific basis for making science-based policy decisions and formulating new plans in agricultural development.     

紫胶虫的有效性比

利用前人调查数据及近年研究结果,比较分析了几种紫胶虫的有效性比。结果表明,在同一种寄主植物上,相同的世代,不同年份间,田紫胶虫有效性比出现差异;相同年份、相同世代,在不同寄主植物上的田紫胶虫和紫胶蚧有效性比出现差异;在相同的寄主植物上,田紫胶虫和信德紫胶虫在一年中的2个不同世代的有效性比存在差异;对于同一种寄主植物,在相同年份的同一个世代,紫胶蚧和信德紫胶虫有效性比出现一定差异;在相同年份的同一个世代,不同种胶在相同寄主植物上,田紫胶虫的有效性比出现变化。环境温湿度和寄主植物的结构、营养和生长速度等对紫胶虫的有效性比可能产生影响。紫胶虫性比偏斜的机制可能同时遵循局域交配竞争和局域资源竞争。     

论我国昆虫多样性的保护与利用

本文论述了保护昆虫多样性的意义、我国昆虫多样性的基本特点及面临的问题、昆虫多样性的保护战略和利用对策。文中强调指出,昆虫是生物界的一个主要类群,在我国,需要防治的害虫大约只占全部昆虫种类数的1%,其余种类对人类都是有益或者是中性的,它们不仅可以作为显花植物的传粉者、为人类提供食物和各种工业原料,而且可以作为许多害虫或杂草的天敌,以及用于环境净化和科学研究。我国由于地域辽阔,生境复杂,因此,昆虫种类极为丰富,珍稀物种及有益昆虫较多。然而,由于受到人类活动的干扰,我国昆虫多样性面临着生境遭到破坏,物种濒于灭绝,天敌大量减少等问题。为了有效地保护和利用我国的昆虫资源,作者提出了一些战略和对策。     

中国东南部农区蚂蚁物种多样性研究

为探清我国东南部农区内蚂蚁物种多样性,本研究共设置86个采样单元格,每个单元格内选择农田、草地和人工林3种生境,每种生境设置3个重复样地,每个重复生境设置5个1 m2的重复采样样方,用吸虫器采集样方内的地表蚂蚁。结果表明：在我国东南部农区共采集鉴定地表蚂蚁30 077头,隶属于7亚科49属155种;长江中下游地区共采集蚂蚁5亚科34属93种,其中优势种3个,常见种9个,稀有种81个;华南地区采集蚂蚁7亚科42属124种,其中优势种2个,常见种11个,稀有种111个。红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是华南地区个体数目最多的物种,占个体总数的39.40%;物种数目、个体密度、多样性指数和优势度指数均表现为华南地区＞长江中下游地区;不同生境内蚂蚁群落的物种数目、多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为人工林＞草地＞农田,个体密度和优势度指数人工林生境最低;两个地区3种生境蚂蚁群落间相似性系数0.2437~0.6581,处于极不相似至中等相似水平。结果表明,我国东南部农区蚂蚁种类丰富,在农区的生物多样性保护中具有重要价值;红火蚁在华南地区入侵扩散严重,亟需治理;农区内不同土地利用方式造成的生境差异影响蚂蚁群落的物种组成和多样性;不同区域、不同生境的蚂蚁群落间差异明显。     

Practical importance for conservation of insect diversity in China

Insects are one of the most important groups in the natural world. They affect the life and welfare of humans in many different ways. While some insects are referred to as pests, others are beneficial to humans. For example, they may serve a function as pollinators of many cultivated plants, as natural enemies of harmful species, or as producers of valuable materials such as honey and silk. Several insect species, however, are not currently known as being harmful or beneficial. Nevertheless they are extremely important as essential components of both natural and modified ecosystems. In China, only 1% of insect species described are major pests. The majority of insects are either neutral or beneficial to humans. China, with its vast territory, diverse climate and ecosystems, is amongst the richest countries in insect diversity. However, as a result of the economic and population growth and development, Chinas insect diversity is now faced with habitat degradation, species extinction, and a decline in the natural enemies of harmful pests. These problems are due to the expansion of agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, pollution, mining, tourism, introduced species, hunting, and the illegal trade in endangered species. In order to exploit the beneficial components of insects as biological resources and to effectively control their harmful aspects, many national strategies, legal actions and capacity-building activities have been developed and implemented. These efforts work towards the goal of insect diversity conservation in China.     

Mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in a riceland agroecosystem in Mwea, Kenya.

We conducted an entomological survey to determine the mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation to land use in the Mwea rice scheme, Kenya. Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor spraying of houses and outdoors by CDC light traps in three villages representing planned (Mbuinjeru) and unplanned (Kiamachiri) rice agroecosystems and a non-irrigated agroecosystem (Murinduko). During the 12-month sampling period, a total of 98,708 mosquitoes belonging to five genera and 25 species were collected. The five most common species collected during this study were Anopheles arabiensis Patton (52.5%), Culex quinquefasciatus Say (36.7%), Anopheles pharoensis Theobald (5.2%), Anopheles coustani Laveran (1.4%), and Anopheles funestus Giles (1.3%). Anopheles arabiensis, Cx quinquefasciatus, and An. pharoensis were more abundant in rice agroecosystems than in the non-irrigated agroecosystem, and in planned than in the unplanned rice agroecosystems. In contrast, An. funestus was more abundant in the non-irrigated agroecosystem. The mosquito species diversity (H) and evenness (E(H)) in the non-irrigated agroecosystem (Shannon diversity Index, H = 1.507, EH = 0.503) was significantly higher than in the rice agroecosystems (H) = 0.968, E(H) = 0.313, unplanned; and H= 1.040, E(H) = 0.367 planned). Results of lag cross correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between rainfall and the abundance of An. arabiensis, and C. quinquefasciatus in the non-irrigated agroecosystem but not in the rice agroecosystems. It is inferred from the data that different levels of habitat perturbations with regard to rice cultivation have different effects on mosquito diversity and abundance. This provides an understanding of how mosquito diversity is impacted by different habitat management and rice cropping strategies.     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of the extremely dwarf Ficus tikoua in Southwestern China

Fig wasps are short-lived, weak fliers, and their long-distance dispersal depends on the ability to enter fast-flowing air above the canopy. Therefore, growth form of fig species may affect fig wasps’ dispersal. We employed six microsatellite markers to examine gene flow in Chinese populations of the dioecious Ficus tikoua, a prostrate shrub with figs partially buried in the soil. Moderate genetic diversity was found within populations of F. tikoua. Differentiation among six F. tikoua populations (F_ST = 0.196, p < 0.001) was higher than those of other dioecious figs, and significant differentiation was found between each pair of populations, indicating potential restricted gene flow. This was further demonstrated by significant isolation-by-distance pattern (p = 0.039), because low gene flow among population was needed to balance the minor effect of genetic drift, given F. tikoua was locally common. Restricted gene flow suggests that growth form may determine differences in gene flow between fig species.     

Bacterial community structure and diversity in a century-old manure-treated agroecosystem

Changes in soil microbial community structure and diversity may reflect environmental impact. We examined 16S rRNA gene fingerprints of bacterial communities in six agroecosystems by PCR amplification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) separation. These soils were treated with manure for over a century or different fertilizers for over 70 years. Bacterial community structure and diversity were affected by soil management practices, as evidenced by changes in the PCR-DGGE banding patterns. Bacterial community structure in the manure-treated soil was more closely related to the structure in the untreated soil than that in soils treated with inorganic fertilizers. Lime treatment had little effect on bacterial community structure. Soils treated with P and N-P had bacterial community structures more closely related to each other than to those of soils given other treatments. Among the soils tested, a significantly higher number of bacterial ribotypes and a more even distribution of the bacterial community existed in the manure-treated soil. Of the 99 clones obtained from the soil treated with manure for over a century, two (both Pseudomonas spp.) exhibited 100% similarity to sequences in the GenBank database. Two of the clones were possible chimeras. Based on similarity matching, the remaining 97 clones formed six major clusters. Fifty-six out of 97 were assigned taxonomic units which grouped into five major taxa: alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Proteobacteria (36 clones), Acidobacteria (16 clones), Bacteroidetes (2 clones), Nitrospirae (1 clone), and Firmicutes (1 clone). Forty-one clones remained unclassified. Results from this study suggested that bacterial community structure was closely related to agroecosystem management practices conducted for over 70 years.     

A Disjunct Argentine Ant Metacolony in Macaronesia and Southwestern Europe

The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, originally from South America, is now a major pest in many parts of the world with Mediterranean-like climates. Earlier research indicated that southwestern European L. humile populations are segregated into two distinct supercolonies, the ‘Main’ supercolony extending through Portugal, Spain, southern France, and Italy, and the ‘Catalonian’ supercolony in eastern Spain. Both supercolonies are unicolonial, with workers showing no aggression towards members of the same supercolony, but severe aggression towards members of the other supercolony. Here we evaluated the behavioral relationships among non-native L. humile populations on the Macaronesian islands of Madeira and the Azores and non-native populations in southwestern Europe. We conducted aggression assays among L. humile workers from Madeira, the Azores, and the two southwestern European supercolonies. We found no aggressive interactions among any combination of workers from Madeira, the Azores, and the Main supercolony. However, workers from Madeira and the Azores always fought aggressively with workers from the Catalonian supercolony. Thus, the populations of L. humile in Madeira and the Azores appear to be unicolonial and act as if they belong to the Main supercolony of southwestern Europe. This set of geographically separated but mutually compatible supercolonies, which we term a ‘metacolony,’ appears to descend from one supercolony. Historical evidence suggests that the first L. humile population in the greater Mediterranean region was established in Madeira and that propagules from the dominant supercolony in Madeira gave rise to the dominant supercolonies in to other parts of the region.     

钱塘江中游水生昆虫群落功能多样性对土地利用变化的响应

基于11个反映水生昆虫生活史、对外界抵抗力和生理特征的生物学性状,应用目前国际上通用的fourth-corner统计方法,系统研究了浙江省钱塘江中游流域水生昆虫功能多样性对土地利用变化的响应.结果表明： 部分生物学性状对土地利用变化敏感,且其随人类干扰强度的变化所发生的改变与预期吻合,其最大个体长度逐渐下降,呼吸方式从以鳃呼吸为主转变为以表皮呼吸为主,掘穴者数量显著增加.参照点的功能多样性指数(Rao值)显著高于干扰点(P<0.001).说明人类活动引起的土地利用变化导致溪流水质和栖境质量下降,引起群落的变异和对生物性状组成的筛选,最终导致水生昆虫群落功能多样性改变.生物性状及功能多样性是未来评价生态健康的潜在指标.     

Soil pH determines fungal diversity along an elevation gradient in Southwestern China

Fungi play important roles in ecosystem processes, and the elevational pattern of fungal diversity is still unclear. Here, we examined the diversity of fungi along a 1,000 m elevation gradient on Mount Nadu, Southwestern China. We used MiSeq sequencing to obtain fungal sequences that were clustered into operational taxonomic units(OTUs) and to measure the fungal composition and diversity. Though the species richness and phylogenetic diversity of the fungal community did not exhibit significant trends with increasing altitude, they were significantly lower at mid-altitudinal sites than at the base. The Bray-Curtis distance clustering also showed that the fungal communities varied significantly with altitude. A distance-based linear model multivariate analysis(DistLM) identified that soil pH dominated the explanatory power of the species richness(23.72%),phylogenetic diversity(24.25%) and beta diversity(28.10%) of the fungal community. Moreover, the species richness and phylogenetic diversity of the fungal community increased linearly with increasing soil pH(P0.05). Our study provides evidence that pH is an important predictor of soil fungal diversity along elevation gradients in Southwestern China.     

纵向岭谷区植被景观多样性的空间格局

基于中国1∶100万植被类型数据,采用GIS空间分析方法,分析了纵向岭谷区主要植被景观多样性指数的空间格局及其与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明:研究纵向岭谷区植被景观多样性的理想粒度是2000m;纵向岭谷区植被景观多样性指数的空间格局具有明显的区域分异特征,表现为南北方向延伸、东西方向分异的"通道-阻隔"空间格局;植被景观多样性与环境因子的相关性较好,环境因子在空间上的分异格局是影响植被景观多样性指数在空间格局上变化的主要因素.纵向岭谷特殊地形的"通道-阻隔"作用对该区的水热空间分布进行了再分配,是该区植被景观多样性的特殊空间格局的主要成因.     

Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem

Biodiversity loss, an important consequence of agricultural intensification, can lead to reductions in agroecosystem functions and services. Increasing crop diversity through rotation may alleviate these negative consequences by restoring positive aboveground–belowground interactions. Positive impacts of aboveground biodiversity on belowground communities and processes have primarily been observed in natural systems. Here, we test for the effects of increased diversity in an agroecosystem, where plant diversity is increased over time through crop rotation. As crop diversity increased from one to five species, distinct soil microbial communities were related to increases in soil aggregation, organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial activity and decreases in the carbon‐to‐nitrogen acquiring enzyme activity ratio. This study indicates positive biodiversity–function relationships in agroecosystems, driven by interactions between rotational and microbial diversity. By increasing the quantity, quality and chemical diversity of residues, high diversity rotations can sustain soil biological communities, with positive effects on soil organic matter and soil fertility.     

土地整理工程影响下农业生态系统服务价值的变化

以重庆市合川土地整理项目区为例,对项目区整理前（2003年）、后（2007年）农业生态系统功能的变化进行量化描述,将工程设计和影子价格法相结合对干扰功能进行了量化,并采用成本效益分析法进一步解释生态系统功能的经济学意义,分析了工程影响下区域农业生态系统服务价值的变化.结果表明：与土地整理之前相比,研究区农业生态系统服务价值在整理后有所改善,其中增幅最大的是养分循环功能,变化最小的是土壤保持功能;在土地整理项目中,农田水利、田间道路和土地平整工程带来的生态服务价值改变主要体现为干扰能的变化.项目建成后第7年到第35年,研究区成本效益率处于高速增长期,之后趋于稳定,表现为较弱的生态压力和较少的生态服务价值损失,有利于区域生态环境的改善.     

棉田节肢动物群落的数量与能流量多样性特征分析

根据香农－维纳信息多样性指数的定义,提出了能流量多样性指数的计算公式,并以此分析了棉田生态系统中节肢动物群落特征。结果表明：害虫与天敌群落的能流量多样性指数比数量多样性指数变化更为敏感,更能反映害虫与天敌的群落特征。作者认为,这是一个比较好的多样性测定指标。     

Ant genomics: strength and diversity in numbers

A recent workshop held at the Arizona State University Center for Social Dynamics and Complexity gathered over 50 prominent researchers from around the globe to discuss the development of genomic resources for several ant species. Ants play crucial roles in many ecological niches and the sequencing of several ant genomes promises to elucidate topics ranging from the genetic basis for social complexity, longevity and behaviour to systems biology and the identification of novel antimicrobial compounds. Unlike other species, most ant genomes are being generated by individual labs and small collaborations without the annotation and computational resources that support prominent model organism genome databases such those for the fruitfly and roundworm. Attendees summarized their current progress and future plans for several ant genomes and discussed how best to coordinate the analysis and annotation of ant sequences to benefit the broad research interests of the social insect community.     

Influence of landscape complexity and land management on woody plant diversity in northern Spain

Abstract. Changes in land use, particularly the type of forest management, and their spatial pattern, especially woody plant diversity, were related to each other in an area in the Basque region (Spain). The number and diversity of boundaries between landscape patches is related to the development of the spatial complexity of the landscape, C(s), measured in bits and defined as: C(s) = H(b) H(l), where H(b) is the boundary diversity H(1) the spatial heterogeneity generated by these boundaries. As to the vegetation types, changes in land use over the last 50 yr have resulted in a less diversified and more fragmented landscape, especially on a small scale. Forest plantation has become the predominant land use. The frequency of land use changes is studied regarding its influence on the present levels of woody plant diversity.     

Microclimatic changes and the indirect loss of ant diversity in a tropical agroecosystem

Recent changes in the coffee agroecosystem of Costa Rica were used to study the mechanism of biodiversity loss in transforming agroecosystems, focusing on the ground-foraging ant community. Coffee farms are being transformed from vegetationally diverse shaded agroforestry systems to unshaded coffee monocultures. We tested the hypothesis that the high-light environment and lack of leaf litter cover in the unshaded system are the determinants of the differences in ground-foraging ant diversity. Four treatments were established within the light gaps of a shaded plantation: shade, leaf litter, shade plus leaf litter, and a control (no shade or leaf litter added). Ants were sampled using tuna fish baits and light and temperature were measured. Shade and leaf litter had a significant effect on the ant fauna but probably for indirect reasons having to do with species interactions. In both shade treatments, Solenopsis geminata, the tropical fire ant, decreased significantly while the other species increased. The possibility that the physical factor changes the nature of competitive interactions between the most abundant species is discussed.