应用模糊数学评价观叶植物的观赏性

应用模糊数学方法评价52种观叶植物的观赏性,确定各种植物所处等级及又同一级别的排序,讨论模糊数学方法对于评价多指标且指标难以量化的多样品的优劣等级与名次的先进性与不足。     

模糊数学在平菇品种选育决策中的应用

应用模糊数学对 7个平菇品种进行模糊判决 ,结果表明 :在权重偏重于生物学效率的凸模糊判决中平菇 17- 2为首选。而在权重相等的模糊判决中平菇 99号为首选。对平菇 99号进行综合评判的结果为某类菇农对该品种很喜欢。     

基于模糊数学法的景观温室评价——以华南植物园温室群为例

为探究景观温室评价因素与景观效果之间的关系,以华南植物园温室群景区为研究对象,采用模糊数学法对其景观效果进行了系统评价.华南植物园温室群景区可分为10个景观分区,从中可筛选出13个景观评价因素;其中,通用因素包含竖向设计(A)、空间趣味性(B)、景观层次性(C)、水景(D)、植物配置方式(E)、置石(I)、视域开阔度(J)、温室工程设施(K)和堆山方式(M),特色因素包含植物奇异性(F)、生态奇特性(G)、人工构筑物(H)和路面铺装(L);根据不同景观分区的情况确认各评价因素的组成并制作网络调查问卷,通过对调查数据的统计分析计算出各景观分区的隶属度,并利用徐罗曹李法获得不同评价因素的权重值.结果显示:10个景观分区的隶属度为0.816 ～0.685;其中,热带水生植物区、雨林奇观区和山地雨林区的隶属度较高,景观效果较好;沙漠植物温室和高山/极地室等分区的隶属度较低,景观效果有待改善.根据权重值可将13个评价因素对景观效果的影响程度划分为4个等级;其中,植物奇异性、人工构筑物、水景、竖向设计和路面铺装等评价因素对各景观分区景观效果影响较大,堆山方式和温室工程设施对景观效果影响微小.根据研究结果,建议在采用模糊数学法进行景观评价时应制定具有参考价值的评价指标体系和评语赋值标准.     

组合评价法在医院科技影响力评价中的应用研究

目的 将组合评价法应用于医院科技影响力评价中,为今后相关评价工作的开展提供方法学依据。方法 以42家上海市三级医院作为实证样本,运用层次分析法、主成份分析法和熵权法对其科技影响力进行综合评价,通过Kendall非参数检验对3种单一评价结果进行事前检验,在保证各方法评价结果具有一致性的前提下,采用4种组合评价方法(平均值法、Borda法、Copeland法、模糊Borda法)对单一评价方法的结果进行组合,并采用Spearman相关系数进行事后检验。结果 事前检验得出上海市三级医院科技影响力的3种单一评价结果具有一致性。4种组合评价方法对3种单一综合评价结果进行组合后,事后检验发现每种组合评价的结果与原始单一评价的结果均有较强的一致性,其中以平均值组合法效果最好。结论 证实了组合评价方法在医院科技影响力评价中的适用性,可用于以后我国医院科技影响力的评价实践中。     

飞来峡水库水质现状及其向广州供水能力的探讨

水库供水(特别是对城市的供水)已成为缓解全球水资源供给不足的重要途径。于2001年至2003年的丰水期和枯水期调查分析了新建河流型水库-飞来峡水库的水质、浮游植物群落特征和营养状态。结果表明飞来峡水库水质良好,多数水质指标为地表水Ⅱ水质标准,其营养盐浓度、浮游植物的密度均较低,属于贫中营养。从近几年的水质变化来看,建库后,水质改善明显。通过对广州市饮用水源水水质现状及存在问题的分析,从水质和水量两方面探讨了飞来峡水水库作为广州优质水源地的优势。由于来水量大,水库水质净化能力强,飞来峡水库水质和水量均有保证,可作为广州市重要水源地之一。但今后,在流域管理和水土保持工作更应重视和加强。     

模糊综合评价模型在浔江梧州段渔业水质评价中的应用

依据2004～2008年浔江梧州段的调查监测结果,根据断面污染因子的特点,选择5个指标(溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮、总磷)作为评价因子,应用模糊(Fuzzy)综合评价模型对其水质状况进行综合评价,计算出各监测断面水质级别.结果表明:浔江梧州段的5项评价指标中,TN的权重较大,该水体中主要污染物为总氮;2个断面均在不同程度上出现了Ⅴ类水质,水质属中度污染;部分时段的水质不符合《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)》中渔业水域的要求.     

多毛类底栖动物在莱州湾生态环境评价中的应用

多毛类底栖动物常作为环境扰动的指示生物.对2011年莱州湾20个站位的多毛类底栖动物群落生态特征及其与沉积物理化特征的相互关系进行了研究,以期应用于莱州湾生态环境质量状况评价.结果表明,莱州湾多毛类共60种,4季平均生物密度为548.7个/m2,平均生物量为2.79 g/m2,机会种种类数量占优势种种类37.5％.种类多样性较高站位主要集中在湾东部,较低站位集中在湾西部和南部.ABC曲线表明多毛类动物处于中等扰动状态.BOPA指数显示,春季,站位S15和S16为中度污染,夏季,S14站位为重度污染.BIO-ENV分析结果显示,5个最佳环境变量组合相关系数ρs＞0.8,表明沉积物理化性质对多毛类动物群落结构的影响是显著的,沉积物粒度是最主要环境因子.因此,可通过多毛类种类、数量组成的时空变化特征及其与环境因子的生态关系,评价莱州湾生态环境质量状况,为环境污染控制和海洋生态环境保护提供基础信息和科学依据.     

证据权重法及其在近海沉积物环境质量评价中的应用研究进展

目前,我国近海沉积物的评价主要采用化学方法,但随着结合化学、毒理及生态等权重水平的证据权重法在科学性及可操作性上日趋完善,证据权重法在我国近海沉积物环境质量评价中的业务化应用的时机已趋成熟.证据权重法是一种基于多重权重水平,通过衡量各沉积物数据信息的质量、权重以及一致性,来评估沉积物中包括致污物在内的环境胁迫可能引起的生物有害效应的方法,是现存唯一的可为沉积物环境质量状况提供确定性结论的方法.本文回顾了沉积物环境质量评价发展历程,分析了近年来国内外关于证据权重法的研究进展,总结了该方法的不同定义和主要的证据权重评价的信息解译手段,探讨了不同评价方法的可靠性,并就将该方法用于我国近海沉积物环境质量评价提出相关建议.     

两类水质综合评价方法的特点及其在河流水环境管理中的作用

河流水质恶化已成为严峻的环境问题,针对河流开展水质综合评价对河流水环境管理具有重要意义。依据不同的评价目标,选择合理的综合评价的评估标准成为河流水质评价中重要的问题之一。通过基于期望值和阈值的水质健康综合评估法(ETI)和水质质量指数(WQI)两种水质综合评价方法对"引滦入津"工程重要水源地伊逊河水质进行评价,结果显示:1)伊逊河水质ETI评估结果为良好等级,WQI评估结果为一般等级;2)伊逊河采样点水质在ETI评价中分布于4个等级,WQI仅分布于2个等级;3)伊逊河自上游至下游水质显著降低,特别是ETI评估中由优秀等级转变为差等级;4)ETI和WQI评估结果显示极显著相关性(R=0.951,P0.01);5)通过逐步多元回归,ETI评估结果的主导因子是DO、EC、SS、BOD_5和TP(P0.05),WQI评估结果的主导因子是DO、SS、BOD_5、TP、TN和NH_3-N(P0.05)。进一步分析表明伊逊河水质恶化与其流域内土地利用情况密切相关。在河流水环境管理中,ETI作为一种水质相对值评估方法,能更好体现流域内水质差异的区分度,便于管理者迅速定位流域内亟需治理的河流或河段,同时能够根据河流自身特征制定管理目标,可作为河流管理绩效评估的有效手段;而WQI作为一种水质绝对值评估方法,更适用于河流水质时间变化评估,对河流经长期治理后的管理效果评价起到重要作用。     

模糊综合评价法在微生物发酵过程优化中的应用

本文将模糊综合评价应用于微生物发酵过程条件优化。以模糊综合评价值作为复台形优化指标,对锌酵母发酵过程中的ｐＨ和温度参数进行了优化。     

广州市花都区789例人乳头瘤病毒感染状况及其基因型研究

目的 对广州市花都区789例疑似人乳头瘤病毒( HPV)感染的妇女进行调查,研究HPV感染状况和基因亚型分布情况.方法 采用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Fluorescence quantitative PCR,FQ-PCR)对789例疑似HPV感染患者的宫颈分泌物进行21种人乳头瘤病毒基因亚型的检测.结果 (1)789例标本中,HPV阳性占48.42％(382/789),共检出10种基因型,其中检出单一低危型(HPV6、11、43和44型)279例,占感染者73.04％;单一高危型( HPV16、18、33、52、53、58)68例,占感染者17.80％;多重感染35例,占感染者9.16％.低危型以HPV6、11为主,高危型以HPV16、18为主.HPV6为主要致病基因型,检出率为34.0％ (P ＜0.01);(2)各年龄段间感染率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 花都区HPV感染率较高,且多为单一轻危型感染,以HPV6为主要感染亚型,HPV基因型分布有助于确定宫颈癌发生的高危因素及筛查高危人群,对本地区HPV疫苗开发、应用具有重大意义.     

Application of an unsupervised artificial neural network technique to multivariant surface water quality data

Surface water contamination from agricultural and urban runoff and wastewater discharges from industrial and municipal activities is of major concern to people worldwide. Classical models can be insufficient to visualise the results because the water quality variables used to describe dynamic pollution sources are complex, multivariable, and nonlinearly related. Artificial intelligence techniques with the ability to analyse multivariant water quality data by means of a sophisticated visualisation capacity can offer an alternative to current models. In this study, the Kohonen self-organising feature maps (SOM) neural network was initially applied to analyse the complex nonlinear relationships among multivariable surface water quality variables using the component planes of the variables to determine the complex behaviour of water quality parameters. The dependencies between water quality variables were extracted and interpreted using the pattern analysis visualised in component planes. For further investigation, the k-means clustering algorithm was used to determine the optimal number of clusters by partitioning the maps and utilising the Davies–Bouldin clustering index, leading to seven groups or clusters corresponding to water quality variables. The results reveal that the concentrations of Na, K, Cl, NH₄-N, NO₂-N, o-PO₄, component planes of organic matter (pV), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were significantly affected by seasonal changes, and that the SOM technique is an efficient tool with which to analyse and determine the complex behaviour of multidimensional surface water quality data. These results suggest that this technique could also be applied to other environmentally sensitive areas such as air and groundwater pollution.     

快速城市化区域生态安全的空间模糊综合评价——以广州市为例

随着经济的快速发展,城市生态安全状况令人担忧。进行城市生态安全评价,了解城市生态安全状况成为城市生态建设、改善和提高城市生态安全状况的前提。基于TM遥感数据以及GIS平台,构建评价指标体系,采用空间模糊评价方法进行生态安全的空间综合评价,进而分析其时间与空间变化。生态安全空间分布图及其属性的统计结果表明,整体上讲,广州市生态安全等级为一般,并且随时间推移,生态安全状态比较稳定,但是在1995年受到较大的破坏;不同区域之间生态安全的对比分析显示,广州市生态安全的城乡差异明显,中心城区生态安全状态堪忧;将研究结果与作者早已经完成的同区域基于统计数据的生态安全评价分析结果进行趋势对比,二者显示出一致性,表明基于格网的空间模糊综合评价方法用于生态安全评价是可行的,研究的设计也是合理的,但是这种空间综合评价方法却具有传统方法不具备的优点：不仅具有可视化的表达效果,还有利于不同范围大小区域之间的对比研究。     

Environmental quality assessment of water body and surface sediment in the sea area of Jiaozhou Bay wetland

Based on the investigation data from 48 sampling stations in the sea area of Jiaozhou Bay wetland in 2009, and by using Nemerow index, eutrophication index (EI), and Hakanson potential ecological risk index, an assessment was conducted on the environmental quality of water body and surface sediment in the sea area. According to the assessment on the 16 indicators including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorous (DIP), chemical oxygen demand (COD(Mn)), petroleum hydrocarbons, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, hexachlorocyolohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), coliform, and faecal coliform, the water quality was at moderate and serious pollution level in the tidal reach of Dagu River, at slight and moderate pollution level in the intertidal zone, and at slight pollution level in the shallow sea. The eutrophication level differed markedly with the regions, being very serious in the tidal reach of Dagu River (EI value 58.13-327.89), serious in the intertidal zone (EI value 1.34-19.96), and slight in the shallow sea (EI value 0.65-2.10). The surface sediments in the sea area were basically at slight pollution level. The sediment quality was at slight pollution level in the tidal reach of Dagu River, at slight and moderate pollution level in the intertidal zone, and at cleaner and slight pollution level in the shallow sea. The pollution parameter (C(f)(i)) and contamination index (Cd) of the heavy metals in the surface sediments were low, suggesting that the pollution degree was at a lower level. The Cu and Zn were the primary pollution factors in the sediments. The potential ecological risk parameter (E(r)(i)) and risk index (RI) of the heavy metals in the surface sediments were lower, indicating a slight ecological risk of heavy metals pollution.     

The issue of considering water quality in life cycle assessment of water use

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Available water-use impact assessment methods provide insight into the potential impacts of water use. As water-use impact assessment models...     

广州市花都城区绿地土壤肥力与重金属污染分析

在对广州市花都城区绿地土壤取样调查的基础上,采用全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准和内梅罗污染指数法等对其土壤肥力和重金属污染情况进行分析评价,揭示花都城区绿地土壤存在的问题。结果表明,花都城区绿地土壤容重变幅在1.25～1.75 g·cm^–3之间,孔隙度变幅在30.81%～47.42%之间,pH在6.16～7.68之间,有机质含量在四级及以下标准,严重缺乏氮素和磷素。不同绿地类型中,厂区路旁绿地土壤重金属污染最严重,其次为主干道两侧绿地;研究区As污染最严重,Pb次之,未受Zn污染,存在不同程度的Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg污染。相关性分析表明,土壤pH与全钾、碱解氮含量极显著相关,有机质与全氮极显著相关,全氮、全磷分别与碱解氮、有效磷显著正相关,全钾与碱解氮显著负相关;重金属元素中,Cu与Zn、Cr、Ni极显著相关,Zn与Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni极显著相关,Pb与Zn、Cd极显著相关,Cr与Cu、Zn、Ni极显著相关,As和Hg与其他重金属元素均无显著相关性。     

Improving water quality in polluated drains with free water surface constructed wetlands

In Egypt, disposing of partially treated or untreated domestic and industrial wastewater into agricultural drains deteriorates their water quality. A growing interest in effective low-cost treatment of polluted water and wastewater has resulted in many studies on constructed wetlands.This study evaluates free water surface constructed wetlands (by far the largest application project is named “Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland [Egypt]”) utilized to improve the water quality in Bahr El Baqar drain, which is located at the northeastern edge of the Nile Delta. This drain discharges its water into Manzala Lake, which in turn has many fishing activities and is connected to the Mediterranean Sea. The full capacity of the constructed wetland system is 25,000 m³/day. Three various flow rate wetlands were investigated; five wetland beds of high flow rate of 0.344 m³/m²-day, five wetland beds of low flow rate of 0.048 m³/m²-day and reciprocated cells of flow of 500 m³/day.The concentrations of different contaminants along the constructed wetlands system were measured to determine the treatment efficiency. The effluent was compared with the Egyptian standards of water quality in agricultural drains (Law 48/1982). Due to the high percentage of the agricultural water drain, the concentrations of contaminants in the influent were relatively low. The percentages of removal for the different contaminants were BOD₅: 52%, COD: 50%, TSS: 87%, TDS: 32%, NH₄-N: 66%, PO₄: 52%, Fe: 51%, Cu: 36%, Zn: 47% and Pb: 52%. The natural vegetation considerably increased the value of dissolved oxygen in the treated effluent. There were little differences in the removal efficiency between the high and low flow rates beds in the system.