Spider odors induce stoichiometric changes in fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

Animal senses and signals are amazingly diverse,and the major modalities by which animals acquire sensory input from their environments are sound,light,vibration,and chemical signals.Insects mainly rely on visual,nociceptive,and olfactory cues to discriminate between rewards and risks.It has been shown that the visual and olfactory cues of predators substantially affect the adult phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster(Krams et al.2016),a prominent animal model for biological research.     

Journal of Bionics Engineering Guide for authors

1. AimThe journal is aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in bionic engineering to the world's scientific circles, and publish high quality original papers on the important subjects of bionic engineering and related topics.2. ScopeThe journal has comprehensive coverage of bion-ics/biomimetics fields, provides a forum for high quality research communication, and addresses all aspects of original experiments and research based on theory and their applications in bionics engi…     

Journal of Bionics Engineering Guide for authors

1. Aim The journal is aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in bionic engineering to the world's scientific circles, and publish high quality original papers on the important subjects of bionic engineering and related topics. 2. Scope The journal has comprehensive coverage of bion-ics/biomimetics fields, provides a forum for high quality research communication, and addresses all aspects of original experiments and research based on theory and their applications in bionics engineering. The journal welcomes contributions from all who wish to report on new developments in scientific researches.     

Three-dimensional structure of the antennal lobe in the Southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

The Southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus relies on its olfactory system to locate the human hosts for blood meals,by which several deadly diseases are transmitted.Olfactory sensory neurons(OSNs)housed in the sensilla on the olfactory appendages send their axons into the antennal lobes(ALs),the primary olfactory center in the brain,where the OSNs expressing the same olfactory receptors converge upon the same spherical structures known as glomeruli in the AL.The structure of the antennal lobe,that is,the spatial organization of the glomeruli,governs the insect's odor identification and discrimination.Drosophila studies have demonstrated the specific connections between receptors and glomeruli based on the 3D structure of the antennal lobe,deepening our understanding of the relationships between glomerular activities and behaviors,but as yet the structure of the Cx.quinquefasciatus antennal lobe remains unknown.We therefore constructed a 3D model of the Cx.quinquefasciatus antennal lobe using nc82 antibody staining,identifying 62 and 44 glomeruli in the female and male mosquito antennal lobe,respectively,with a significant sexual dimorphism in terms of the antennal lobe volume and glomerulus number.These results demonstrate the structural basis of mosquito odor coding and provide a platform for future studies of the mosquito olfactory signal processing mechanism.     

Primary structure and configuration of tea polysaccharide

Polysaccharide is a class of natural macromole-cules of which many species have been found to carry significant biological activities. Although the research on activities of saccharide has been at a lower level in the past comparing to those of proteins and nucleic acids, much progress has been made in recent years because of accelerated activities worldwide[1]. Such progress has been made mostly in areas of structural analysis, and researches on structure-activity relation-ships. The biologic…     

Study of a Bionic Pattern Classifier Based on Olfactory Neural System

Simulating biological olfactory neural system, KIII network, which is a high-dimensional chaotic neural network, is designed in this paper. Different from conventional artificial neural network, the KⅢ network works in its chaotic trajectory. It can simulate not only the output EEG waveform observed in electrophysiological experiments, but also the biological intelligence for pattern classification. The simulation analysis and application to the recognition of handwriting numerals are presented here. The classification performance of the KⅢ network at different noise levels was also investigated.     

Hydrogen peroxide homeostasis and signaling in plant cells

There is no life without oxygen. It plays a critical role in the existence and development of life. The research on how life senses oxidative signals has become a basic topic in the field of life science. Environmental stress conditions such as light, dro…     

Highlights of genetics research over the past four decades in China

正The year of 2018 marks China's 40th anniversary of the reform and opening up. Coincidently, this year is also the 40th anniversary of Genetics Society of China (GSC), one of the largest academic organizations in China. In October of 1978, GSC was formally established in Nanjing, ushering a new era of genetics research in China, and its mission is to promote genetics research and education.Genetics focuses on the study of genes, genetic variations, and heredity in living organisms. It has permeated every field of     

Instructions for Authors

Acta Theriologica Sinica is a Chinese mammalogy journal founded in 1981 with international interests.It is sponsored jointly by Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and Mammalogical Society of China,It publishes quarterly and mainly on original research papers     

Instructions for Authors

Acta Theriologica Sinicu is a Chinese mammalogy joural founded in 1981 with intermational interests.It is sponsored jointly by Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and Mammalogical Society of China,It publshes bimonthly and mainly on original research papers,scientifie notes,and reviews of all fields of mammalogy.     

The neurochemical sequelae of olfactory bulbectomy

Olfactory bulbectomy in rodents leads to a variety of neurochemical sequelae involving catecholamine, indolamine, acetylcholine, amino acid and several putative neurotransmitter systems. This review summarizes the research over the last 10 years on the neurochemical consequences of olfactory bulbectomy involving these systems. It also proposes additional experiments designed to expand our knowledge of olfactory bulb-brain neurochemical relationships.     

Computer modeling of information processing mechanisms in the olfactory system. III. Reproduction of psychophysical phenomena by the olfactory bulb model

Psychophysical phenomena typical of olfaction were reproduced using a computer model of olfactory bulb. The procedure of numerical experiments is described. The model reproduces the following phenomena: fusion of odors, strong and weak odors, suppression of weak odors by strong odors, indemnity of odors, changes in odor with time, consecutive olfactory images, sensibilization, consecutive olfactory constrast, and synergims. It was concluded that computer-assisted experimentation in combination with neurophysiological and psychophysical experiments can considerably increase the efficiency of research of odorants and the olfaction process.     

斑马鱼行为学实验在神经科学中的应用

斑马鱼作为新型模式动物的优势正在逐渐被人们所认识,其应用的领域也越来越宽广．斑马鱼在神经生物学中的应用,除了在发育方面比其他模式动物更具优势外,在行为学方面的应用也更加丰富．由于斑马鱼幼体在受精后前两天通体透明,眼睛大小占到大脑体积的二分之一以上,成鱼昼夜节律明显,对光反应强烈,因此斑马鱼在视觉领域应用的优势十分明显．斑马鱼的嗅觉、听觉器官都在体表可见,可以很容易地用行为学实验手段对嗅觉和听觉功能进行检测．斑马鱼习性好动,利用斑马鱼进行运动方面的行为学观察也非常便利．斑马鱼具有群聚习性,在社会生物学研究方面正得到越来越多的关注．斑马鱼行为学是一种比较简单而又有效地分析神经整合功能的方法,并形成了许多相关的实验模型．     

啮齿动物的嗅觉通讯研究进展

通过对近40 年来啮齿动物嗅觉通讯的研究综述, 主要介绍嗅觉信号的来源、组成及其对啮齿动物行为生理所产生的作用。啮齿动物嗅觉通讯的信号来源主要是粪便、尿液和特化皮肤腺等, 对这些化学信号的成分分析主要集中在各种信息素(Pheromone) 的结构、来源及其引起的行为反应。目前, 在对啮齿动物嗅觉通讯神经通路的研究中, 对主嗅觉系统和犁鼻器系统在动物嗅觉通讯中的作用仍将是人们研究的重点; 而通过信息素作用所产生的各种行为反应的神经内分泌机制也是动物嗅觉通讯领域研究的热点之一。研究气味信号对动物行为和生理等方面所产生的作用, 将有助于揭示啮齿动物嗅觉通讯在其社会行为中的重要作用。     

Zur Position der Bulbi olfactorii bei Knochenfischen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung vonMugil auratus (Actinopterygii,Mugiliformes)

The position of the olfactory bulbs inMugil auratus Risso resembles that of the Salmonide-type. However, the bulbs are distinctly displaced from the corpora striata. This displacement is caused by a growth in length of the secondary olfactory tracts, which seems to start at a later stage of development of the brain. Thus, there is a similarity to the considerable displacement of bulbs found in species belonging to the Cyprinide-type. The peculiar position of the olfactory bulbs inMugil auratus, however, does not necessarily represent a transitional stage to the Cyprinide-type. The following problems are discussed: (a) the two types of positions of the olfactory bulbs occurring in Teleostomi; (b) whether or not these two types are related only to morphological differences; (c) the possible physiological conditions for the displacement of the olfactory bulbs. It may be assumed thatMugil auratus is well suited for electrophysiological investigations on the action potentials of the primary and secondary olfactory fibers.     

Electrophysiological demonstration of independent olfactory receptor types and associated neuronal responses in the trout olfactory bulb

The present study attempts to highlight the principles by which peripheral olfactory information of across- and within-class odorant signals is transformed into bulbar neuron responses. For this purpose, we performed electro-olfactogram cross-adaptation and mixture experiments as well as single unit recording of olfactory bulb neurons using amino acid, bile acid and F-prostaglandin stimulants in brown and rainbow trout. The results show that amino acids, a bile acid and a F-prostaglandin activate independent receptor types. However, within the class of amino acids, different receptor types are only partially independent. Neurons responsive to bile acid and amino acids were segregated to the mid-dorsal and latero-posterior olfactory bulb, respectively. Of the 43 responsive olfactory bulb neurons studied in brown trout, 41 showed specificity for one odorant class. Olfactory bulb neurons gained responsiveness to new amino acids with increasing stimulant concentration. We conclude that different odorant classes activate specific neurons located in different regions of the trout olfactory bulb, and that information distinguishing related amino acids can be represented in a limited number of bulbar neurons with distinct response profiles under the conditions investigated.     

Expression of trace amine-associated receptors in the Grueneberg ganglion

The Grueneberg ganglion (GG) in the vestibule of the anterior nasal cavity is considered as an olfactory subcompartment based on expression of the olfactory marker protein (OMP) and axonal projection to the olfactory bulb. Searching for olfactory receptors present in the GG, it has been observed recently that V2r83, a member of the V2R class of olfactory receptors, is expressed in numerous cells in the GG of mice. However, no other olfactory receptors have been found to be present in a considerable number of GG neurons so far. Here, we report that GG neurons express trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) that have most recently been described as a novel class of olfactory receptors. It was observed that several TAAR subtypes are expressed by defined subpopulations of GG neurons distinct from the V2r83-positive cells. Analyzing the time course of TAAR expression during pre- and postnatal development revealed that TAARs are expressed by a substantial portion of GG neurons in late embryonic and neonatal stages, whereas in juveniles and adults, the number of TAAR-positive cells in the GG was significantly decreased.     

Embryonic Origin of Olfactory Circuitry in Drosophila: Contact and Activity-Mediated Interactions Pattern Connectivity in the Antennal Lobe

Olfactory neuropiles across different phyla organize into glomerular structures where afferents from a single olfactory receptor class synapse with uniglomerular projecting interneurons. In adult Drosophila, olfactory projection interneurons, partially instructed by the larval olfactory system laid down during embryogenesis, pattern the developing antennal lobe prior to the ingrowth of afferents. In vertebrates it is the afferents that initiate and regulate the development of the first olfactory neuropile. Here we investigate for the first time the embryonic assembly of the Drosophila olfactory network. We use dye injection and genetic labelling to show that during embryogenesis, afferent ingrowth pioneers the development of the olfactory lobe. With a combination of laser ablation experiments and electrophysiological recording from living embryos, we show that olfactory lobe development depends sequentially on contact-mediated and activity-dependent interactions and reveal an unpredicted degree of similarity between the olfactory system development of vertebrates and that of the Drosophila embryo. Our electrophysiological investigation is also the first systematic study of the onset and developmental maturation of normal patterns of spontaneous activity in olfactory sensory neurons, and we uncover some of the mechanisms regulating its dynamics. We find that as development proceeds, activity patterns change, in a way that favours information transfer, and that this change is in part driven by the expression of olfactory receptors. Our findings show an unexpected similarity between the early development of olfactory networks in Drosophila and vertebrates and demonstrate developmental mechanisms that can lead to an improved coding capacity in olfactory neurons.