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1.
W. I. Golubev 《Microbiology》2011,80(2):154-157
Aquatic Metschnikowia species (M. australis, M. bicuspidata, M. krissii, and M. zobellii) are sensitive to 10 out of 12 mycocins secreted by Pichia membranifaciens strains. Terrestrial species M. pulcherrima and M. reukaufii are resistant to all these mycocins, while M. gruessii and M. lunata are sensitive to one of them. The yeast described as Torula rubifaciens is also sensitive to this mycocin. 相似文献
2.
The ascigerous teleomorph of Candida lipolytica (Harrison) Diddens et Lodder, previously classified as Endomycopsis lipolytica Wickerham et al. and as Saccharomycopsis lipolytica (Wickerham et al.) Yarrow, has been assigned to the new genus Yarrowia. Yarrowia lipolytica (Wickerham et al.) comb. nov. is the type species for the genus.The remaining species of Saccharomycopsis are revised. 相似文献
3.
Relationships among nectar‐dwelling yeasts,flowers and ants: patterns and incidence on nectar traits
Nectar‐dwelling yeasts are emerging as widely distributed organisms playing a potentially significant and barely unexplored ecological role in plant pollinator mutualisms. Previous efforts at understanding nectar–pollinator–yeast interactions have focused on bee‐pollinated plants, while the importance of nectarivorous ants as vectors for yeast dispersal remains unexplored so far. Here we assess the abundance and composition of the nectar fungal microbiota of the ant‐pollinated plant Cytinus hypocistis, study whether yeast transmission is coupled with ant visitation, and discern whether ant‐ transported yeasts promote changes in nectar characteristics. Our results show that a high percentage of flowers (77%) and plants (94%) contained yeasts, with yeast cell density in nectar reaching up to 6.2 × 104 cells mm?3, being the highest densities associated with the presence of the nectar‐specialist yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii. The establishment of fungal microbiota in nectar required flower visitation by ants, with 70% of yeast species transported by them being also detected in nectar. Ant‐vectored yeasts diminished the nutritional quality of nectar, with flowers exposed to pollinators and yeasts containing significantly lower nectar sugar concentration than virgin flowers (13.4% and 22.8%, respectively). Nectar of flowers that harbored M. reukaufii showed the lowest quality, with nectar concentration declining significantly with increasing yeast density. Additionally, yeasts modified patterns of interpopulation variation in nectar traits, homo genizing differences between populations in some nectar attributes. We show for the first time that the outcome of the tripartite pollinator–flower–yeast interaction is highly dependent on the identity and inherent properties of the participants, even to the extent of influencing the species composition of this ternary system, and can be mediated by ecological characteristics of plant populations. Through their influence on plant functional traits, yeasts have the potential to alter nectar consumption, pollinator foraging behavior and ultimately plant reproduction. 相似文献
4.
Summary The examination of a total of 98 yeast cultures collected from the buds, the open flowers and the host animals of 8 different species of plants and from the related soils of the vessels in a greenhouse, has demonstrated the presence of 13 different yeasts, including 3 sporogenous and 10 asporogenous species. The more frequent species were:
Torulopsis bacillaris (Kr. et Krumbh.) Lodder (frequency 37.5%) and Candida reukaufii (Grüss) Diddens et Lodder (37.5%), on the open flowers.
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (Jörg.) Harrison (37.5%), and Rhodotorula glutinis (Fres.) Harrison var. rubescens (Saito) Lodder (25%), on the bud flowers.
Torulopsis bacillaris (Kr. et Krumbh.) Lodder (50%) on the animals.
Saccharomyces ellipsoideus Hansen (37.5%) and Pichia fermentans Lodder (37.5%), in the soils of the related vessels.The yeast like form Aureobasidium pullulans (De Bary) Arnaud, has 50% of frequency on the bud flowers and 12.5% on the open flowers. 相似文献
5.
In addition to genetic differences between individuals as a result of nucleotide sequence variation, epigenetic changes that occur as a result of DNA methylation may also contribute to population niche width by enhancing phenotypic plasticity, although this intriguing possibility remains essentially untested. Using the nectar‐living yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii as study subject, we examine the hypothesis that changes in genome‐wide DNA methylation patterns underlie the ability of this fugitive species to exploit a broad resource range in its heterogeneous and patchy environment. Data on floral nectar characteristics and their use by M. reukaufii in the wild were combined with laboratory experiments and methylation‐sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) analyses designed to detect epigenetic responses of single genotypes to variations in sugar environment that mimicked those occurring naturally in nectar. M. reukaufii exploited a broad range of resources, occurring in nectar of 48% of species and 52% of families surveyed, and its host plants exhibited broad intra‐ and interspecific variation in sugar‐related nectar features. Under experimental conditions, sugar composition, sugar concentration and their interaction significantly influenced the mean probability of MSAP markers experiencing a transition from unmethylated to methylated state. Alterations in methylation status were not random but predictably associated with certain markers. The methylation inhibitor 5‐azacytidine (5‐AzaC) had strong inhibitory effects on M. reukaufii proliferation in sugar‐containing media, and a direct relationship existed across sugar × concentration experimental levels linking inhibitory effect of 5‐AzaC and mean per‐marker probability of genome‐wide methylation. Environmentally induced DNA methylation polymorphisms allowed genotypes to grow successfully in extreme sugar environments, and the broad population niche width of M. reukaufii was largely made possible by epigenetic changes enabling genotype plasticity in resource use. 相似文献
6.
M. R. Baker 《Systematic parasitology》1980,1(3-4):245-253
Summary
Aplectana gigantica Olsen, 1938 and Oxysomatium inglisi Anderson, 1964 (Cosmocercidae) have been re-examined. Study of cephalic, oesophageal and male caudal structures and of the
egg demonstrates that both species belong in the Kathlaniidae and they are reclassified as Falcaustra inglisi (Anderson, 1964) n. comb. and Megalobatrachonema gigantica (Olsen, 1938) n. comb. The genus Megalobatrachonema Yamaguti, 1941 is divided into M. (Megalobatrachonema) n. subg. (with M. nipponica Yamaguti, 1941 and M. gigantica) and M. (Chabaudgolvania) n. subg. (with M. campanae Chabaud & Golvan, 1959 and M. terdentatum (Linstow, 1898)). M. (Chabaudgolvania) lacks oesophageal valves which are present in M. (Megalobatrachonema). It is suggested that F. inglisi and M. gigantica illustrate a trend in the evolution of the Kathlaniinae towards reduction of cephalic support structures and simplification
of the oesophagus to a club-shaped form lacking valves. An evolutionary hypothesis linking the Kathlaniinae to the Quimperiidae
(Seuratoidea) is presented. The genus Chabaudinema Díaz-Ungría, 1968 is synonymized with Spectatus Travassos, 1923 and its type species is designated Spectatus americana (Díaz-Ungría, 1968) n. comb. ac]19791109 相似文献
7.
James A. Barnett Margaret A. Delaney Eryl Jones Anne B. Magson Brenda Winch 《Archives of microbiology》1972,83(1):52-55
Summary A few days before vintage, yeasts were isolated quantitatively from three varieties of wine grape from three châteaux of the Graves region of the Gironde. There were about 105 viable yeasts/g of grape, from which only Kloeckera apiculata, Metschnikowia pulcherrima and one or more species of Rhodotorula were isolated. 相似文献
8.
Our overall objectives were to prepare commercially acceptable formulations of the postharvest biological control yeasts, Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Pichia guilliermondii, which have a long storage life and to determine the effectiveness of these formulations to control postharvest green and blue moulds on citrus fruit. Yeasts, grown on a cane molasses-based medium, were combined with talc or kaolin carriers and various adjuvants and the viability of yeast in 12 formulations was determined over a 6 month period. Formulation no. 11, containing talc, sodium alginate, sucrose, and yeast extract, for both yeasts had a significantly higher viable yeast cell content over a 6 month storage period. Among the formulations, three formulations (formulations no. 5, 6, and 11) were selected for additional in vivo testing because they had higher levels of viability amongst yeast cell populations during storage and were easier to resuspend remained in suspension more easily. These formulations were tested on Satsuma mandarin and grapefruit to control green and blue moulds. Formulations no. 5, 6, and 11 for both yeasts effectively controlled green mould, while only formulation no. 11 with either yeast isolate M. pulcherrima (isolate M1/1) or P. guilliermondii (isolate P1/3) effectively controlled both blue and green moulds. 相似文献
9.
10.
- It has been hypothesised that intense metabolism of nectar‐inhabiting yeasts (NIY) may change nectar chemistry, including volatile profile, which may affect pollinator foraging behaviours and consequently plant fitness. However, empirical evidence for the plant–microbe–pollinator interactions remains little known.
- To test this hypothesis, we use a bumblebee‐pollinated vine Clematis akebioides endemic to southwest China as an experimental model plant. To quantify the incidence and density of Metschnikowia reukaufii, a cosmopolitan NIY in floral nectar, a combination of yeast cultivation and microscopic cell‐counting method was used. To examine the effects of NIY on plant–pollinator interactions, we used real flowers filled with artificial nectar with or without yeast cells. Then the volatile metabolites produced in the yeast‐inoculated nectar were analysed with coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC‐MS).
- On average 79.3% of the C. akebioides flowers harboured M. reukaufii, and cell density of NIY was high to 7.4 × 104 cells mm?3. In the field population, the presence of NIY in flowers of C. akebioides increased bumblebee (Bombus friseanus) pollinator visitation rate and consequently seed set per flower. A variety of fatty acid derivatives produced by M. reukaufii may be responsible for the above beneficial interactions.
- The volatiles produced by the metabolism of M. reukaufii may serve as an honest signal to attract bumblebee pollinators and indirectly promote the female reproductive fitness of C. akebioides, forming a potentially tripartite plant–microbe–pollinator mutualism.
11.
Barquet M Martín V Medina K Pérez G Carrau F Gaggero C 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2012,93(2):807-814
There is a worldwide trend to understand the impact of non-Saccharomyces yeast species on the process of winemaking. Although the predominant species at the end of the fermentation is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, several non-Saccharomyces species present during the first days of the process can produce and/or release aromas that improve the bouquet and complexity
of the final wine. Since no genomic sequences are available for the predominant non-Saccharomyces species selected from grapes or musts (Hanseniaspora uvarum, Hanseniaspora vineae, Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Candida zemplinina), a reproducible PCR method was devised to discriminate strains at the subspecies level. The method combines different oligonucleotides
based on tandem repeats with a second oligonucleotide based on a conserved tRNA region, specific for ascomycetes. Tandem repeats
are randomly dispersed in all eukaryotic genomes and tRNA genes are conserved and present in several copies in different chromosomes.
As an example, the method was applied to discriminate native M. pulcherrima strains but it could be extended to differentiate strains from other non-Saccharomyces species. The biodiversity of species and strains found in the grape ecosystem is a potential source of new enzymes, fungicides
and/or novel sustainable methods for biological control of phytopathogens. 相似文献
12.
The cricetid species Democricetodon gracilis (Fahlbusch, 1964), Democricetodon mutilus (Fahlbusch, 1964), Megacricetodon bavaricus (Fahlbusch, 1964), and Megacricetodon minor (Lartet, 1851) from Sandelzhausen (Early/Middle Miocene boundary, MN5, Southern Germany) are represented by more than 2,000 molars providing
substantial data on the variability in sizes and on variation in morphologies. Temporal and spatial distributions of these
species indicate that they are probably immigrants in SE Germany, originating from south-eastern or more southern areas. Except
for M. minor, whose origin is not clear and could be regarded as an immigrant from more eastern areas. Using the length of the mesoloph
in the second upper molars as an indicator of habitat, D. gracilis and M. minor had a preference for a humid habitat, D. mutilus and M. bavaricus a preference for drier habitats.
相似文献
13.
Canan Nurgel Huseyin Erten Ahmet Canbas Turgut Cabaroglu Serkan Selli 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2005,21(6-7):1187-1194
Summary A study was conducted of the growth of Saccharomyces (S.) and non-Saccharomyces populations during alcoholic fermentation of Emir and Kalecik karasi grape varieties in the 1998 and 1999 vintages. Kloeckera (Kl.) apiculata, Kluyveromyces (K.) thermotolerans, S. cerevisiae and Candida (C.) pulcherrima were the dominant yeasts in fermentation of the 1998 vintage in Emir must. Kl. apiculata and K. thermotolerans proliferated at the beginning of the fermentation. The number of these yeasts eventually decreased when S. cerevisiae appeared as the dominant yeast on day four. But they remained until the end of the fermentation. Kl. apiculata, C. dattilla, C. pulcherrima, C. krusei and S. cerevisiae were found during the fermentation of the 1999 vintage Emir must. The count of S. cerevisiae was very high in the juice, but after skin fermentation and cold treatment, it disappeared and could not be isolated until
day six of the fermentation. Kl. apiculata and C. dattilla were the dominant yeasts until S. cerevisiae started proliferation after the middle of the fermentation. Kl. apiculata, Metschnikowia (M.) pulcherrima, S. cerevisiae, C. holmii, C. valida, C. guillermondii and Candida sp. were isolated during the fermentation of Kalecik karasi must in 1998. Kl. apiculata, C. pulcherrima, S. cerevisiae, C. holmii and C. valida were identified in fermentation of must in the 1999 vintage.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
14.
Dynamics of abundance and diversity of epiphytic yeasts in entomophilic flowers of 28 species of meadow, forest, and cultivated plants throughout their blooming period was determined. The number of yeasts in the flowers was shown to increase gradually during the vegetation period, and reached the maximum during summer-autumn. The total abundance and ratio of the yeast species in the flowers depended entirely on the blooming time, rather than on the taxonomic position of the plants. Three stages of development of the entomophilic yeast complexes during the vegetation period may be discerned: predominance of eurybiont nonspecific species (Cryptococcus albidus, Debaryomyces hansenii) in spring, mass development of specific nectar-associated yeasts (Metschnikowia reukaufii) in summer, and their substitution by widespread epiphytic species (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Cryptococcus magnus) in autumn. 相似文献
15.
16.
Photosynthetic parameters were measured in two invasive weeds, Mikania micrantha and Chromolaena odorata, grown in soil under full, medium, and low irradiance and full, medium, and low water supply. Both species showed significantly
higher net photosynthetic rate, quantum yield of PS 2 photochemistry and photochemical quenching coefficient under high than
low irradiance. For M. micrantha, low irradiance caused decreased chlorophyll content (Chl), Chl a/b ratio and maximum photochemical efficiency of PS 2 (Fv/Fm), while drought decreased Chl content and Fv/Fm and increased nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). However, these parameters were much less affected in C. odorata except that Chl content and NPQ slightly increased under drought and high irradiance. High irradiance increased xanthophyll
pools in both species, especially M. micrantha under combination with drought. 相似文献
17.
Plants of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) were treated with either 50 μM Cd, 250 μM Zn, or 25 μM Cd+125 μM Zn and the progression of chlorosis in the mature leaves
monitored. As relative chlorophyll (Chl) contents in the mature leaves decreased to 75, 50, and 25 % relative to controls,
both mature and young leaves were harvested and the Chl pools extracted. The metal treatments caused a greater loss of Chl
b than Chl a. As mature leaves underwent progressive chlorosis, the young leaves displayed a characteristic over-greening, due largely
to increased content of Chl b. However, as the young leaves began to experience chlorosis, a greater loss of Chl b was also observed. Thus during metal induced chlorosis, there is a preferential turnover of the Chl b pool in mature and young leaves. 相似文献
18.
V. Oláh G. Lakatos C. Bertók P. Kanalas E. Szőllősi J. Kis I. Mészáros 《Photosynthetica》2010,48(4):513-520
Physiological responses of two duckweed species, Lemna gibba and Lemna minor, to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] were studied in axenic cultures using short-term (48 h) treatments by K2Cr2O7 (0–200 μM). Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigment composition of plants were screened to determine
the effects of Cr(VI) exposures. The two duckweed species exhibited different sensitivity in the applied Cr(VI) concentration
range. Chl fluorescence parameters of dark-adapted and light-adapted plants and electron transport inducibility were more
sensitive to Cr(VI) in L. minor than in L. gibba. We also found fundamental differences in quantum yield of regulated, Y(NPQ), and nonregulated, Y(NO), non-photochemical
quenching between the two species. As Cr(VI) concentration increased in the growth medium, L. minor responded with considerable increase of Y(NPQ) with a parallel significant increase of Y(NO). By contrast, in L. gibba only 200 μM Cr(VI) in the growth medium resulted in elevation of Y(NPQ) while Y(NO) remained more or less constant within
the regarding Cr(VI) concentration range during 48 h. Photosynthetic pigment content did not change considerably during the
short-term Cr(VI) treatment but decrease of Chl a/b and increase of Car/Chl ratios were observed in good accordance with the changes in Chl fluorescence parameters. The data
suggest that various duckweed species respond with different sensitivity to the same ambient concentrations of Cr(VI) in the
growth medium, and presumably to other environmental stresses too, which may have an influence on their competitive relations
when heavy metal pollution occurs in aquatic ecosystem. 相似文献
19.
A.A. Nisiotou N. Chorianopoulos G.‐J.E. Nychas E.Z. Panagou 《Journal of applied microbiology》2010,108(2):396-405
Aims: To assess the yeast community structure and dynamics during Greek‐style processing of natural black Conservolea olives in different brine solutions. Methods and Results: Black olives were subjected to spontaneous fermentation in 6% (w/v) NaCl brine solution or brine supplemented with (i) 0·5% (w/v) glucose, (ii) 0·2% (v/v) lactic acid and (iii) both glucose and lactic acid. Yeast species diversity was evaluated at the early (2 days), middle (17 days) and final (35 days) stages of fermentation by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses of the 5·8S internal transcribed spacer and the D1/D2 ribosomal DNA (rDNA) regions of isolates. Analysis revealed a relatively broad range of biodiversity composed of 10 genera and 17 species. In all treatments, yeasts were the main micro‐organisms involved in fermentation together with lactic acid bacteria that coexisted throughout the processes. Metschnikowia pulcherrima was the dominant yeast species at the onset of fermentation, followed by Debaryomyces hansenii and Aureobasidium pullulans. Species heterogeneity changed as fermentations proceeded and Pichia membranifaciens along with Pichia anomala evolved as the main yeasts of olive elaboration, prevailing at 17 and 35 days of the process. Molecular techniques allowed for the identification of five yeast species, namely A. pullulans, Candida sp., Candida silvae, Cystofilobasidium capitatum and M. pulcherrima, which have not been reported previously in black olive fermentation. Conclusions: By using molecular techniques, a rich yeast community was identified from Conservolea black olive fermentations. Metschnikowia pulcherrima was reported for the first time to dominate in different brines at the onset of fermentation, whereas Pichia anomala and P. membranifaciens evolved during the course. The addition of glucose and/or lactic acid perturbed yeast succession and dominance during fermentation. Significance and Impact of the Study: Yeasts have an important role in black olive fermentation and contribute to the development of the organoleptic characteristics of the final product. At the same time, certain species can cause significant spoilage. The present study adds to a better knowledge of yeast communities residing in olive fermentations towards a well‐controlled process with minimization of product’s losses. 相似文献
20.
《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》1968,25(5):615-632
Book reviewed in this article: Lill, Alan (1968): An analysis of sexual isolation in the Domestic Fowl: I. The basis of homogamy in males, II. in females. (Eine Analyse des Beitrags spezifischer Gattenwahl zur Rassenbildung: I. beim Haushahn, II. beim Haushuhn.) Nelson, J. B. (1968): Breeding behaviour of the swallow-tailed Gull in the Galapagos. Hoffman, Howard S. (1968): The control of the stress vocalization by an imprinted stimulus. Gibson, R. N. (1968): The agonistic behaviour of juvenile Blennius pholis L. (Teleostei). Beach, Frank A. (1968): Coital behavior in dogs. III. Effects of early isolation on mating in males. (Paarungsverhalten von Beagle-Hunden. III. Die Wirkung früher Isolierung). Schmidt, Robert S. (1968): Preoptic activation of frog mating behavior. Hudgens, Gerald A., Victor H. Denenberg und M. X. Zarrow (1968): Mice reared with rats: effects of preweaning and postweaning social interactions upon adult behaviour. (Wirkungen sozialer Begegnungen vor und nach der Entwöhnung bei gemeinsam mit Ratten aufgewachsenen Mäusen.) Tolman, C. W. (1968): The varieties of social stimulation in the feeding behaviour of domestic Chicks. Klopman, Robert B. (1968): The agonistic behavior of the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) I. Attack behavior. Beukema, J. J. (1968): Predation by the Three-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.): The influence of hunger and experience. Lili, Alan (1968): Some observations on the isolating potential of aggressive behaviour in the domestic Fowl. Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1968): Play deprivation in Deer. Phillips, Richard E. (1968): Approach-withdrawal behavior of Peach-faced Lovebirds, Agapornis roseicollis, and its modification by brain lesions. Amouriq, L. (1967): Sensibilité de Lebistes reticulatus male à la substance dynamogène émise par les remelles de Poeciliidae et de Gasterosteidae (Die Empfindlichkeit des Guppy-Männchens für die aktivierende Substanz weiblicher Poeciliiden und Stichlinge). Mener, B. (1967): Mise en évidence de l'effet de groupe et du phénomène sub-social chez Porcellio scaber Latr. (Oniscidae, Isopodes terrestres) (Anzeichen für einen Gruppeneffekt bei der Kellerassel). Ginet, R. (1967): Comportement sexuel de Nipbargus virei (Crustacé hypogé). Comparison avec les autres amphipodes (Das Paarungsverhalten von Niphargus). Wood-Gush, D., und Ph. Guiton (1967): Studies on thwarting in the domestic fowl (Vereitelungsversuche mit Hühnern). Ropartz, Ph. (1967): L'urine de souris en tant que source odorante responsable de l'augmentation de l'activité locomotrice (Geruch von Mäuseharn als Ursache erhöhter Laufaktivität). Scheubel, J. (1967): L'interattraction chez les souris, rôle des stimulations olfactives (Geruchliche Anlockung von Artgenossen bei Mäusen). Chapouthier, G. (1967): Esquisse d'une théorie moléculaire de la mémoire et de l'oubli (Entwurf einer Molekulartheorie des Behaltens und Vergessens). Signoret, J.-P. (1967): Attraction de la femelle in oestrus par le male chez les porcins (Anlockende Wirkung des Ebers auf rauschige Sauen). Foster, J. B. (1966): The giraffe of Nairobi National Park: Home range, sex ratios, the herd, and food (Beobachtungen an Giraffen im Nairobi-Nationalpark). Modha, M. L. (1967): The ecology of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus laurenti) on Central Island, Lake Rudolf (Zur Ökologie des Nilkrokodiles auf Central Island im Rudolfsee). Phillips, C. (1964): The captive sea (Das eingefangene Meer). Stern, Horst (1965): In Tierkunde eine 1. Kosmos-Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung. Le Guelte , L. (1967): La structure de la toile et les facteurs externes modifiant le comportement de Zygiella x-notata Cl. (Araignées, Argiopidae). Dahan, G., und J. Cosnier (1967): L'environment et la regulation du comportement: Le comportement d'exploration. (Der Einfluß der Umgebung auf das Erkundungsverhalten). Torossian, C. (1967): Recherches sur la biologie et l'ethologie de Dolichoderus quadripunctatus (L.) Hym. Formicoidea, Dolichoderidae. Ethologie et comportement alimentaire: Les échanges trophallactiques proctodéaux des Dolichoderidae. Aron, Cl., J. Roos und G. Asch (1968): Données statistiques et biologiques nouvelles sur le comportement d'acceptation de la rate au cours du cycle oestral. Yardin, M. (1968): Quelques aspects qualitatifs et quantitatifs de l'activité de la lapine allaitante (Oryctolagus cuniculus.) Naulleau, G. (1968): Actographe pour serpents. Hansell , M. H. (1968): The selection of house building materials by the caddis fly larva, Agapetus fuscipes (Curtis). Poduschka, W., und W. Firbas (1968): Das Selbstbespeicheln des Igels, Erinaceus europaeus Linné, 1758, steht in Beziehung zur Funktion des Jacobsonschen Organes. Jander, R., und Ch. K. Barry (1968): Die phototaktische Gegenkoppelung von Stirnocellen und Facettenaugen in der Phototropotaxis der Heuschrecken und Grillen (Saltatoptera: Locusta migratoria und Gryllus bimaculatus). Frisch, K. v. (1967): Honeybees: do they use direction and distance information provided by their dancers? Derselbe (1968): Verstehen die Bienen wirklich ihre eigene Sprache nicht? Wickler , W. (1967): Spezialization of organs having a signal-function in some marine fish. Immelmann, Klaus (1968): Zur biologischen Bedeutung des Estrildidengesanges. Beiheft 1 der Zeitschrift “Die Vogelwelt” (1968): Verhalten und Lautäußerungen. Norton-Griffiths , M. (1967): Some ecological aspects of the feeding behaviour of the Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus on the edible mussel Mytilus edulis. (Einige ökologische Seiten des Miesmuschelöffnens von Austernfischern.) Albrecht, H., und W. Wickler (1968): Freilandbeobachtungen zur “Begrüßungszeremonie” des Schmuckbartvogels Trachyphonus d'Arnaudii (Prévost und des Murs). Lilly, J. C, und Alice M. Miller (1961): Vocal exchanges between Dolphins (Delphine unterhalten sich durch Pfiffe, Klicks und mancherlei andere Laute). Lilly, J. C. (1965): Vocal mimicry in Tursiops: ability to match numbers and durations of human vocal bursts (“Nachsprechen” beim Großen Tümmler: Sie lernen die Anzahl der Einzelglieder und den Rhythmus menschlicher Lautfolgen nachzu”sprechen?). Lilly, J. C. (1967): Dolphin vocalization (Delphinslaute). Kummer, Hans (1968): Social organization of Hamadryas Baboons. A field study. Sackett, Gene P. (1966): Monkeys reared in isolation with pictures as visual input: evidence for an innate releasing mechanism (Nur mit Lichtbildern isoliert gehaltene Affen; Nachweis eines angeborenen Auslösemechanismus). Lorenz, Konrad (1968): Vom Weltbild des Verhaltensforschers, 3 Abhandlungen über tierisches und menschliches Verhalten. Wickler, Wolfgang (1968): Mimikry, Nachahmung und Täuschung in der Natur. 相似文献