10种鲤形目鱼类ZP2基因的克隆及特征分析

利用RT-PCR技术克隆了10种鲤形目Cypriniformes鱼类卵透明带蛋白(ZP2)基因的cDNA全长序列,并初步探讨了这些鱼类ZP2基因的重复结构域变异与产卵习性的相关性。序列分析表明,10种鲤形目鱼类ZP2基因cDNA序列长度差异较大(1 254～1 734 bp),其编码的氨基酸保守结构域集中在N端信号肽序列、三叶草结构域和ZP结构域,变异集中在N端重复结构域中,不同物种的重复单元和重复次数不同,其中产漂流性卵和产沉性卵鱼类的重复结构域不含重复单元或重复单元重复次数较少(2～5次),而产粘性卵鱼类的重复结构域中通常含有多次重复单元(7～19次)。同源性分析结果显示,在鲤形目鱼类中,团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala与鳊Parabramis pekinensis的相似性最高(99.7%),斑马鱼Danio rerio和鲫Carassius auratus的相似性最低(71.2%)。系统进化分析显示,鲤形目鱼类的ZP2氨基酸序列聚为一个单系,其中斑马鱼单独聚为一支,位于系统树的基部位置,与其他鲤形目鱼类形成姐妹群。10种鲤形目鱼类ZP2蛋白的二级结构成分和三维结构均存在一定的差异。进化选择压力分析结果表明,ZP2基因在鲤形目鱼类中受到正向选择,可能对其功能产生影响。     

基于18S rRNA、COⅡ基因的?鱼(Miichthys miiuy)系统发育分析

为了解鮸鱼的系统发育地位,探索18S rRNA、COⅡ分子标记对石首鱼科系统分类的适用性,对鮸鱼的18S rRNA基因、线粒体COⅡ基因进行克隆、序列分析和构建NJ系统进化树。结果表明:扩增得到鮸鱼18S rRNA基因1305 bp,A+T含量为46.2%;COⅡ基因序列为854 bp,A+T含量为53.5%,有明显的反G偏倚(15.2%),含一个699 bp的ORF,编码233个氨基酸;基于18S rRNA序列构建的系统树显示,鲈形目鱼类聚为一个紧密的簇,该目中各科鱼类间18S rRNA序列的同源性均大于97.8%,无法反映鮸鱼在石首鱼科中的系统发育情况。基于COⅡ序列构建的系统树显示,鲈形目鱼类分为2簇:包括鮸鱼在内的所有石首科鱼类聚为一个大簇,其他各科聚为另一个大簇;其中鮸鱼与黄唇鱼亲缘关系最近,二者序列相似性为97.4%。虽然石首科鱼类聚成的簇中有些分支的自展支持率较低(<50%),个别种类的聚类与传统分类有所差异,但大部分聚类是一致的。结果既能丰富鮸鱼的分子系统学资料,又可为研究鮸鱼的系统发育地位及石首鱼科鱼类的进化关系提供参考资料。     

用mtDNA 12S rRNA序列变异检验鲤形目鱼类系统发育关系

通过对鲤形目鱼类5个科的代表类群的完整线粒体12S rRNA进行测序和分析,以检验目前的形态学假说。经序列比对后,有1000个位点,其中467个位点在茎区,533个在环区;有395个位点为变化位点,其中267个为系统发育信息位点。采用邻接法和最大简约法进行了系统发育分析,其结果支持鲤科鱼类成为一个单系群,非鲤科的鲤形目鱼类成为另一个单系群的观点,这与Siebert提出的假说相一致。鲤科鱼类包含3个主要的分支,即鱼丹系、鲤系和雅罗鱼系;但在非鲤科鲤形目鱼类中,其关系不能得到很好的解决,其中鳅科是复系,平鳍鳅科、条鳅亚科和花鳅亚科可能有较近的亲缘关系。     

从细胞色素b基因序列变异分析中国鲇形目鱼类的系统发育

采用PCR技术获得中国鲇形目鱼类11科24属27个代表种类细胞色素b基因1138bp全序列,比较分析了来自北美洲、非洲的部分鲇形目鱼类同一基因序列,并选取脂鲤目、鲤形目和鲱形目鱼类作外类群,采用Bayesian方法和最大简约法(MP)构建分子系统树。结果表明：(1)鲇形目鱼类细胞色素b基因序列中,与脂鲤目、鲤形目以及鲱形目鱼类相比存在3bp的缺失;(2)鲇形目鱼类各科代表种类形成一单系群;(3)两种建树方法均支持铫科、粒鲇科和钝头鮠科形成一单系群;而胡子鲇科、刀鲇科、海鲇科、鮰科、长臀鮠科、鲢科、鲇科、棘脂鲿科、鲿科形成一大的单系群;但鳗鲇科的系统位置两种建树方法没有取得一致结果;而其中长臀鲍科与北美的鮰科形成姐妹群,胡子鲇、鮰科、鲇科、鲿科和鮡科是较明显的单系群。     

青海湖裸鲤舌状绦虫裂头蚴的分子鉴定及系统发育研究

通过PCR方法扩增了青海湖裸鲤体腔寄生舌状绦虫18S rRNA、COⅠ和COB基因部分序列, 并进行分子鉴定, 分析了3种基因的同源性, 利用这3种基因进行分子进化和系统发育研究。结果显示, 经过分子鉴定, “面条样”绦虫为肠舌状绦虫, 克隆的18S rRNA、COⅠ和COB基因序列分别与AF254121(中国)、AF153910(中国)和JQ279109(阿尔及利亚)的核苷酸序列同源性为100.00%、99.49%和93.32%。同时, 利用GenBank中其他种属绦虫的18S rRNA、COⅠ和COB基因序列构建系统发育树, 均与已鉴定的肠舌状绦虫聚在同一支上, 且与肠舌状绦虫中国广州分离株种属亲缘关系较近, 与其他绦虫所属分支相距较远。初步阐明了鉴定的肠舌状绦虫分离株与其他种属之间的系统发育关系。     

利用12S rRNA、COI基因分子标记鉴定少棘巨蜈蚣干燥体

本研究旨在利用线粒体DNA上的12S rRNA基因、COI基因分子标记鉴定少棘巨蜈蚣(Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch)干燥体。通过提取少棘巨蜈蚣干燥体样本DNA,PCR扩增线粒体DNA上的12S r RNA基因、COI基因片段,对PCR产物进行电泳检测及测序分析,测序结果在GenBank上进行BLAST搜索,同源性分析,并用MEGA7.0软件对所有实验样品及少棘巨蜈蚣的近缘物种进行遗传距离分析、构建邻接(NJ)树以验证序列比对结果。结果表明,从少棘巨蜈蚣(Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch)干燥体中成功地提取到了基因组总DNA,并成功扩增出了用于动物种属鉴定的12S rRNA、COI基因片段。但所得蜈蚣样本12S rRNA基因片段序列与NCBI的GenBank中的物种的同源性无90%以上的。通过文献调研发现尚无蜈蚣12S rRNA基因片段的相关报道,将该序列作为新的基因序列注册到NCBI基因数据库中,该基因片段序列的GenBank登录号为JN558832.1。这说明利用线粒体DNA上的12S rRNA、COI基因DNA分子标记皆可准确鉴定动物种属。本研究得到的12S rRNA基因片段序列可作为后续准确鉴定少棘巨蜈蚣药材的分子标记参考。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼线粒体全基因组序列分析及系统进化

鲿科鱼类种类繁多, 外形相似, 形态学分类较为困难。为了给鲿科鱼类乃至鲇形目鱼类的系统进化研究积累基础资料, 文章采用参照近缘物种线粒体基因组设计覆盖全基因组引物的方法, 利用16对引物对瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)线粒体全基因组进行扩增, PCR产物转化到质粒后测序, 最终获得线粒体基因组全序列, 其全长为16 527 bp, 包括2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因、13个编码蛋白质基因和一个非编码控制区。瓦氏黄颡鱼(P. vachelli)线粒体基因组结构和基因排列顺序与现已公布的鲇形目鱼类完全一致, 序列分析表明, 与鲇形目其他种属间具有较高的同源性, 与拟鲿属的同源性最高(91%)。利用鲇形目共4科6属9种及3个外群的线粒体全基因组序列, 从线粒体基因组水平探讨了鲿科鱼类及其在鲇形目的系统进化地位, 结果表明: 鲿科鱼类的瓦氏黄颡鱼(P. vachelli)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)及越南拟鲿(Pseudobagrus tokiensis)构成一单系群; 拟鲿属与黄颡鱼属的关系较近; 黄颡鱼属中瓦氏黄颡鱼(P. vachelli)与光泽黄颡鱼(P.nitidus)的关系近于黄颡鱼(P. fulvidraco)。     

广西河池地区鱼类资源调查及两支流的鱼类多样性比较

于1994年至2008年间,对广西河池地区的柳江水系和红水河水系进行了鱼类资源调查。依据实际调查,并结合以往文献记载,这两水系中分布的鱼类共有185种,分别隶属于9目21科107属。较以前调查,新增种类21种,包括1新属19新种。柳江水系分布的鱼类共有134种,分别隶属于8目19科88属。其中,鲤形目鱼类的种类最多,鲈形目鱼类次之,鲇形目鱼类第三,其他目的鱼类种类相对较少,仅1—3种。红水河水系分布的鱼类共有157种,分别隶属于8目20科101属。其中,鲤形目鱼类的种类最多,鲇形目鱼类次之,鲈形目鱼类第三,其他目的鱼类种类相对较少。红水河水系的鱼类多样性较柳江水系丰富,其主要原因为红水河流经区域喀斯特地貌发育,地下河流众多而且流域面积广,水量充沛。     

亚口鱼科鱼类核DNA 18S-ITS1-5.8S序列比较分析

目前,对亚口鱼科鱼类的研究主要是在线粒体DNA 层次,如以线粒体DNA 的控制区和DN5/ 6 基因为分子标记,调查胭脂鱼种群间、种群内的遗传结构和遗传分化以阐明其多样性衰退的程度,以线粒体DNA 细胞色素b 基因以及16S 和18S 基因为分子标记探讨亚口鱼科鱼类的系统发育关系等。然而,线粒体DNA 只占鱼类遗传信息的极少部分,越来越多的学者希望以鱼类核DNA 为分子标记来检测遗传变异情况,其中,rRNA 基因受到普遍的关注。真核生物的rRNA 基因以串联重复方式存在,其中18S、5.8S、28S 组成一个转录元,其前体是由18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S 剪切而来。本文以中国胭脂鱼为中心,比较了亚口鱼科6 属7 种在18S-ITS1-5.8S 序列变异情况,并以此序列为分子标记,构建了亚鱼科鱼类系统发育树。18S-ITS1-5.8S 既含有编码序列18S和518S,又含有非编码序列转录间隔区1(ITS1),适合用来分析比较亚口鱼科鱼类在核DNA 编码与非编码区域的遗传变异情况。       

广东北江流域部分野生淡水鱼类种质资源调查

为了解广东省北江流域野生淡水鱼类种质资源和遗传多样性,于2007—2008年开展了广东省北江流域部分野生淡水鱼类的调查,运用线粒体DNA D-loop测序方法开展遗传多样性分析,测定采集鱼类的mtDNA D-loop基因序列并提交GenBank数据库,运用相关软件分析序列并建立聚类树。采集的野生淡水鱼类32种,隶属于3目10科27属,其中鲤形目鱼类21种,占65.6%,鲈形目鱼类4种,占12.5%,鲇形目鱼类7种,占21.9%。在鲤形目鱼类中,鳅科、平鳍鳅科、爬鳅科共12种,占鲤形目鱼类的57.1%。调查结果表明,北江流域存在丰富的野生淡水鱼类物种多样性,须采取有效措施保护北江流域淡水鱼类资源。测定的线粒体DNA D-loop序列均提交GenBank数据库获得序列号：EU380208-EU380236,EU697088-EU697148。测序结果和聚类树分析表明,线粒体DNA D-loop可作为鱼类种类鉴定的分子标记,分析结果印证了传统形态分类学的知识,提供了分子生物学证据。     

Diagnostic PCR to identify five rare species of Cypriniformes in China

The major problem that fisheries managers face when trying to enforce the law is identifying fish species. This problem is even worse when it comes to identifying eggs, larvae, bloodstains, scales, mucous stains, and mixtures of these in markets, restaurants and fishing areas. To assist in the acquisition of urgently needed conservation and management data on rare and endangered fish catch and sale, we have developed and tested a highly streamlined molecular genetic approach to identify Cypriniformes fish species. We used species-specific primers and species-specific ladders in a seven-primer multiplex polymerase chain reaction format based on DNA sequence differences among species in the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) to discriminate simultaneously among five rare and endangered Cypriniformes species in China. This technique distinguished samples with 100% accuracy. This genetic approach will be useful for the assessment, management and conservation of fish.     

Design of molecular markers for identification of species of the genus Chironomus (Diptera,Chironomidae)

Accurate identification and differentiation of species of the genus Chironomus based on their morphological features is a difficult problem. Unambiguous species identification by means of molecular markers is possible at any stage of the life cycle. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with species-specific primers was used to develop molecular markers (amplicons) for identification of Chironomus piger, Ch. dorsalis, and Ch. pseudothummi. Nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the locus coding for ribosomal RNA were used to design species-specific primers for these target species. Each of the species-specific primer pairs yielded species-specific amplicons (molecular markers) only with the DNA of target species: Ch. piger, Ch. dorsalis, and Ch. pseudothummi. Test PCRs with the DNA of eighteen Chironomus species confirmed the specificity of the primers obtained. The molecular markers produced in PCR with the designed species-specific primers permit reliable identification of Ch. piger, Ch. dorsalis, and Ch. pseudothummi and their differentiation from other species of the genus Chironomus.     

nrDNA ITS和cpDNA rpl16基因测序法对六种鼠尾草的检测

为从鼠尾草属植物中鉴别丹参品种,采用基因测序方法,用核糖体核酸内转录间隔区基因(nrDNA ITS),编码核蛋白体大亚基多肽L16的基因(rpl16)及叶绿体DNA上包含trnL以及trnL和trnF间隔区的区域基因(trnL-trnF)的序列,检测六种鼠尾草属新鲜植物.由于nrDNA ITS和rpl16突变率较高,可以做为6种鼠尾草的基源鉴定标记,依此设计了两对特异引物,从6种鼠尾草中鉴定出丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza)和云南鼠尾草(S.yunnanensis).但trnL-trnF突变率太低,未能用于鉴别.商品干燥中药材因加工和储藏的方式致使DNA降解严重,基因测序法难于应用.     

A streamlined DNA tool for global identification of heavily exploited coastal shark species (genus Rhizoprionodon)

Obtaining accurate species-specific landings data is an essential step toward achieving sustainable shark fisheries. Globally distributed sharpnose sharks (genus Rhizoprionodon) exhibit life-history characteristics (rapid growth, early maturity, annual reproduction) that suggests that they could be fished in a sustainable manner assuming an investment in monitoring, assessment and careful management. However, obtaining species-specific landings data for sharpnose sharks is problematic because they are morphologically very similar to one another. Moreover, sharpnose sharks may also be confused with other small sharks (either small species or juveniles of large species) once they are processed (i.e., the head and fins are removed). Here we present a highly streamlined molecular genetics approach based on seven species-specific PCR primers in a multiplex format that can simultaneously discriminate body parts from the seven described sharpnose shark species commonly occurring in coastal fisheries worldwide. The species-specific primers are based on nucleotide sequence differences among species in the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 locus (ITS2). This approach also distinguishes sharpnose sharks from a wide range of other sharks (52 species) and can therefore assist in the regulation of coastal shark fisheries around the world.     

Development of a PCR-based assay for rapid and reliable identification of pathogenic Fusaria

Identification of Fusarium species has always been difficult due to confusing phenotypic classification systems. We have developed a fluorescent-based polymerase chain reaction assay that allows for rapid and reliable identification of five toxigenic and pathogenic Fusarium species. The species includes Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum and F. sambucinum. The method is based on the PCR amplification of species-specific DNA fragments using fluorescent oligonucleotide primers, which were designed based on sequence divergence within the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Besides providing an accurate, reliable, and quick diagnosis of these Fusaria, another advantage with this method is that it reduces the potential for exposure to carcinogenic chemicals as it substitutes the use of fluorescent dyes in place of ethidium bromide. Apart from its multidisciplinary importance and usefulness, it also obviates the need for gel electrophoresis.     

Rapid nested PCR-based detection of Ramularia collo-cygni direct from barley

Ramularia collo-cygni is a barley pathogen of increasing importance in Northern and Central Europe, New Zealand and South America. Accurate visual and microscopic identification of the pathogen from diseased tissue is difficult. A nested PCR-based diagnostic test has been developed as part of an initiative to map the distribution of the pathogen in Scotland. The entire nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and 5.8S rRNA gene regions from 14 isolates of diverse global origin exhibited complete homology following sequence characterization. Two pairs of species-specific primers, based on inter-specific sequence divergence with closely related species, were designed and empirically evaluated for diagnostic nested PCR. Nested primers Rcc3 and Rcc4 consistently amplified a single product of 256 bp from DNA of 24 R. collo-cygni isolates of diverse global provenance, but not from other Ramularia species, or other fungi commonly encountered in cereal pathosystems, as well as Hordeum or Secale DNA preparations. Using this approach, R. collo-cygni was successfully identified from naturally infected barley leaf, awn and grain samples of diverse geographical provenance, in particular from symptoms that lacked the presence of characteristic conidiophores. It is envisaged that this assay will become established as an important tool in continuing studies into the ecology, aetiology and epidemiology of this poorly understood yet economically damaging plant pathogen.     

Evolutionary conservation and versatility of a new set of primers for amplifying the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions in insects and other invertebrates

The evolutionary conservation and versatility of a new set of nuclear primers for the amplification of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions in insects and other invertebrates have been studied. These primers, conserved across Insecta and other invertebrates, are based on a comprehensive taxonomic survey of the current DNA sequence databases. Their versatility was demonstrated by extensive polymerase chain reaction assays in 16 species from two arachnid orders, eight insect orders, three invertebrate and vertebrate chordate orders and by direct sequencing of the amplified products. The availability of these primers to the insect research community should facilitate the use of internal transcribed spacer regions in intraspecific studies as well as phylogenetic analysis of closely related taxa.     

Multilocus species identification and fungal DNA barcoding: insights from blue stain fungal symbionts of the mountain pine beetle

There is strong community-wide interest in applying molecular techniques to fungal species delimitation and identification, but selection of a standardized region or regions of the genome has not been finalized. A single marker, the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region, has frequently been suggested as the standard for fungi. We used a group of closely related blue stain fungi associated with the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) to examine the success of such single-locus species identification, comparing the internal transcribed spacer with four other nuclear markers. We demonstrate that single loci varied in their utility for identifying the six fungal species examined, while use of multiple loci was consistently successful. In a literature survey of 21 similar studies, individual loci were also highly variable in their ability to provide consistent species identifications and were less successful than multilocus diagnostics. Accurate species identification is the essence of any molecular diagnostic system, and this consideration should be central to locus selection. Moreover, our study and the literature survey demonstrate the value of using closely related species as the proving ground for developing a molecular identification system. We advocate use of a multilocus barcode approach that is similar to the practice employed by the plant barcode community, rather than reliance on a single locus.     

Yeast differentiation using histone promoter sequences

AIMS: To evaluate a new platform for yeast differentiation based on histone promoter regions. METHODS AND RESULTS: The histone gene amino acid sequences of a wide phylogenetic range of organisms were aligned, and primers designed that were capable of amplifying the divergent promoters of the H3-H4 and H2a-H2b loci from yeast. Analysis indicated that the promoter regions were variable in length between species and represented rapidly changing sequences flanked by highly conserved sequences. CONCLUSIONS: The histone promoter regions in yeast provide an excellent locus for the rapid and accurate identification of yeast species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study describes an alternative platform to the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences for the identification of yeast species.     

A rapid single-step multiplex method for discriminating between Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species in Australia

Inaccurate species identification confounds insect ecological studies. Examining aspects of Trichogramma ecology pertinent to the novel insect resistance management strategy for future transgenic cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., production in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) of Western Australia required accurate differentiation between morphologically similar Trichogramma species. Established molecular diagnostic methods for Trichogramma identification use species-specific sequence difference in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 chromosomal region; yet, difficulties arise discerning polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments of similar base pair length by gel electrophoresis. This necessitates the restriction enzyme digestion of PCR-amplified ITS-2 fragments to readily differentiate Trichogramma australicum Girault and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. To overcome the time and expense associated with a two-step diagnostic procedure, we developed a "one-step" multiplex PCR technique using species-specific primers designed to the ITS-2 region. This approach allowed for a high-throughput analysis of samples as part of ongoing ecological studies examining Trichogramma biological control potential in the ORIA where these two species occur in sympatry.