水淹胁迫对窄叶短柱茶生理特征的影响

以窄叶短柱茶Camellia fluviatilis为材料,开展其盆栽苗水淹胁迫研究。结果表明,随着水淹时间延长,水淹胁迫组在淹水全过程中叶绿素含量均低于同期对照组;水淹胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量均随淹水时间延长呈先升后降再上升的趋势,可溶性糖含量则呈先降再升趋势。总体表明窄叶短柱茶对水淹胁迫有一定的适应反应。     

光强对盾叶薯蓣生长发育及皂素含量的影响

以生长1年的安姜3号盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis)为研究材料,用盆栽方法对其进行不同遮阴处理,研究其生长发育、根茎产量和皂素含量等的变化特征.结果显示:(1)全光照下薯蓣植株生长较弱,20%自然光下生长茂盛;随着光照强度的减弱,株高、茎粗、叶片厚度和鲜叶质量都呈先升后降的趋势;自由水含量总体上呈上升趋势,自由水与束缚水的比值呈先升后降趋势;中等遮阴条件下茎分支数最多,叶面积较小,叶宽与叶长的比值也较小;(2)中度遮阴下总叶绿素和叶绿素a含量最大,而叶绿素b随着光强的减弱大致呈先降后升的趋势.(3)随着光照强度的减弱,根鲜重大致呈增加的趋势,根部芽头数量呈先升后降趋势,根部含水量呈先降后升趋势,皂素含量则与之相反.研究发现,不同光照条件下薯蓣根茎鲜重无显著差异,但光照条件对其地上部分和地下部分生物量的分配却有显著影响;安姜3号盾叶薯蓣在40%自然光强下生长发育最好且皂素含量最高.     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下毕氏海蓬子体内多胺含量的影响

用含不同浓度(0、100、200、300、400和500 mmol·L 1)NaCl的Hoagland营养液及叶面喷施0.1 mmol·L-1外源亚精胺(Spd)处理毕氏海蓬子幼苗,研究外源Spd对NaCl胁迫下海蓬子体内游离态、结合态和束缚态3种形态多胺含量的影响,分析内源多胺含量的变化与植物耐盐性的关系.结果表明:(1)随盐胁迫浓度的升高,海蓬子幼苗叶片中3种形态腐胺(Put)含量均先降后升;同期的游离态Spd含量持续上升,结合态和束缚态Spd含量均先升后降;同期的游离和结合态精胺(Spm)含量均先升后降,而其束缚态Spm含量呈上升趋势;游离态和束缚态多胺(PAs)总量变化随盐浓度升高均呈上升趋势,而结合态PAs总量先升后降.(2)3种形态(Spd+ Spm) /Put比值均先升后降,而3种形态Put/PAs比值则均呈先降后升的相反趋势.(3)外源Spd处理提高了海蓬子幼苗叶片中结合态和束缚态PAs总量,也提高了游离态和束缚态(Spd+Spm)/Put比值.研究发现,外源Spd参与了NaCl胁迫下海蓬子内源PAs代谢的调节,可能通过促进盐胁迫植株中Put向Spd和Spm的转化,以及游离态多胺向结合态和束缚态多胺的转化来增强海蓬子耐盐性.     

平欧杂种榛幼苗对盐胁迫的生理响应及耐盐性评价

了解平欧杂种榛对盐胁迫的生理响应及不同品种的耐盐性差异，可为耐盐品种的选育及其在盐碱地的合理利用提供科学参考。以3个品种平欧杂种榛(达维、辽榛7号、玉坠)幼苗为材料，在盆栽条件下设置对照、轻度、中度和重度盐胁迫处理(NaCl浓度分别为0、50、100和200 mmol·L^-1),测定叶片耐盐相关的生理指标。结果表明：盐胁迫对达维叶片相对含水量的影响不显著，重度胁迫下辽榛7号和玉坠叶片相对含水量分别显著降低12.5%和27.9%。随着盐胁迫程度的增强，叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白表现为先升后降的特点；脯氨酸呈持续增加趋势，轻度、中度、重度胁迫下分别提高19.6%、35.3%和96.9%。叶片相对电导率、丙二醛和过氧化氢酶活性随着盐胁迫程度的增强而升高，超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性分别呈先升后降和先降后升的特点。随着盐胁迫程度的增强，叶片Na⁺和Cl^-不断增加；K⁺呈先升高后降低的趋势，中度、重度胁迫下分别显著提高43.6%和降低28.3%;K⁺/Na⁺呈下降趋...     

NaCl胁迫对白玉兰形态及生理特性的影响

为探究白玉兰对盐环境的耐受性,通过营养液培养法模拟盐胁迫,对不同胁迫强度下白玉兰的生长状态和生理生化应答特征进行测定分析。在整个胁迫过程中,幼苗受盐害症状最高等级为2级,即叶片出现变黄焦枯;随着胁迫时间的延长,幼苗叶片的相对电导率、丙二醛含量和脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势。叶绿素b含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性和POD活性呈先升后降趋势。叶绿素总量和叶绿素a含量在100和200 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫下呈先升后降趋势,在300 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫下呈下降趋势。白玉兰有一定的耐盐能力,可在轻度盐土栽培应用。     

五唇兰对PEG模拟的干旱胁迫响应研究

为了解干旱对五唇兰(Phalaenopsis pulcherrima)生长的影响,以聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液模拟干旱胁迫,对其叶片的光合色素、渗透调节物质和非结构碳水化合物(NSC)含量变化进行研究。结果表明,随着PEG浓度增加,五唇兰植株含水量和鲜质量逐渐下降,以PEG为13.75%～14.84%时最显著。PEG处理显著降低叶片的叶绿素a和b含量。随着植株含水量的降低,叶片可溶性蛋白、淀粉(St)含量均呈下降趋势,可溶性糖(SS)含量、NSC和SS/St均呈先升后降的趋势。因此,干旱胁迫会影响五唇兰植株的含水量和光合产物的积累;在较低程度干旱胁迫下,可溶性糖在抗旱响应中发挥主要作用;随着干旱胁迫程度加深,五唇兰的生理代谢受到严重影响。     

盐胁迫对石蒜叶片形态结构和生理指标的影响

以石蒜为试材,测定了0.1、0.5、1.0mol/L NaCl胁迫下叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性,可溶性蛋白、不溶性蛋白以及脯氨酸、丙二醛含量等生理指标的动态变化。用石蜡切片法对不同浓度NaCl胁迫后的叶片结构特征作比较,进行其抗盐性分析。结果表明：随NaCl浓度增加,对石蒜形态结构的影响表现在其叶片长度的变化及叶细胞的受损程度等方面;随NaCl浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,SOD和POD活性,不溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量均呈先升后降趋势;可溶性蛋白呈先降后升趋势;丙二醛含量呈整体上升趋势。石蒜叶片各生理指标的变化通常在NaCl处理后的第7周和第8周为转折点。石蒜对低浓度的NaCl胁迫具有一定的耐受性。     

CO2加富下水氮耦合对黄瓜叶片光合作用和超微结构的影响

以‘津优35号’黄瓜为试材,采用裂区-再裂区设计,研究了CO₂加富下水氮耦合对黄瓜叶片光合作用和超微结构的影响.主区设大气CO₂浓度(400 μmol·mol^-1,A)和加富CO₂浓度(800±20 μmol·mol^-1,E)2个CO₂浓度处理,裂区设无干旱胁迫(田间持水量的95%,W)和干旱胁迫(田间持水量的75%,D)2个水分处理,再裂区设施氮量450 kg·hm^-2(低氮,N₁)和900 kg·hm^-2(高氮,N₂)2个氮素处理.结果表明: 在干旱和高氮条件下,CO₂加富提高了黄瓜的株高,且使高氮下的叶面积显著增加.正常灌溉条件下,高氮处理的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率高于低氮处理,而干旱条件下则相反;CO₂加富提高了黄瓜叶片的水分利用效率,并且随着施氮量的增加,其水分利用效率提高.干旱胁迫下,黄瓜近轴面气孔密度增加,而CO₂加富和高氮却显著降低了气孔密度.高氮处理增加了黄瓜叶片叶绿体数量而减少了淀粉粒数量,干旱胁迫使叶绿体数量减少,但使淀粉粒数量呈上升趋势.干旱胁迫增加了叶绿体长度和宽度,显著增加了淀粉粒的大小,而高氮降低了叶绿体和淀粉粒的长度和宽度.CO₂加富和高氮均使基粒厚度和片层数增加(ADN₂除外),并且EDN₂处理的片层数显著高于ADN₂.综上所述,CO₂加富和适宜的水、氮条件能促进黄瓜叶片叶绿体类囊体膜系的发育,显著增加基粒厚度和基粒片层数,有效改善黄瓜的叶绿体结构,增强光合性能,提高黄瓜植株对CO₂和水、氮的吸收利用能力.     

NaCl胁迫对星苹果叶片生理特性的影响

为研究星苹果Chrysophyllum cainito的耐盐能力及其在NaCl胁迫下的生理特性变化,以0、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%NaCl溶液分别对盆栽幼苗进行胁迫处理,测定叶片的叶绿素、渗透调节物质、丙二醛含量及抗氧化物酶活性。结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,星苹果叶片的叶绿素合成受到明显抑制;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性随NaCl浓度增加而呈现先降后升现象;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则是先升后降,在0.2%NaCl处理时达最高;可溶性蛋白含量与处理浓度呈负相关;脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和对照相比有显著增加,两者在胁迫过程中起着重要的渗透调节作用。     

盐碱胁迫对流苏幼苗生长及离子分布的影响

采用NaCl、Na_2SO_4、NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_(3 )四种盐按不同总盐浓度(50、100、200、300 mmol·L~(-1))和比例混合为不同处理盐碱溶液,对1a生流苏幼苗进行处理,分析了幼苗生长变化、离子代谢途径。结果表明:盐碱胁迫下流苏的生长受到显著影响。流苏幼苗的相对株高、地径生长量以及生物量均随着盐碱胁迫的加重而减少;而其根冠比却不断增加。随着盐碱浓度的增加,各器官中Na~+含量显著高于对照,其排序为:叶根茎;根中K~+含量呈下降趋势,叶中K~+含量先升后降,茎K~+含量变化较平缓,其排序为:叶茎根;各器官中K~+/Na~+呈下降趋势;流苏根的K~+-Na~+选择性吸收系数S_(K, Na)值呈下降趋势,茎、叶的S_(K, Na)值呈先升后降的趋势。研究认为,流苏幼苗对低盐碱环境具有一定的主动适应性,其盐碱适应机制主要是由于根系具有补偿生长效应及叶对Na~+进行区隔化,同时也与茎、叶选择性运输K~+的能力较强有关。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.