胡杨叶功能性状特征及其对地下水埋深的响应

叶片性状反映了植物对环境的适应能力及其自我调控能力。以塔里木干旱荒漠区建群种胡杨（Populus euphratica）为研究对象,通过分析自然生长状况下胡杨叶功能性状对地下水埋深（GWD）的响应及功能性状间的权衡关系,揭示胡杨对极端干旱荒漠环境的生态适应策略。结果表明：胡杨7个叶功能性状种内变异程度不同（9.20%-40.02%）,叶面积（LA）变异程度最大,叶干物质含量（LDMC）与叶片含水量（LWC）变异程度较低,GWD梯度上表现出较大的分化变异特征。叶性状在不同GWD之间差异显著（P<0.05）,与GWD呈极显著相关（P<0.01）。比叶面积（SLA）、LA、LWC与叶干重（LDM）呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与叶厚度（LT）、叶组织密度（LTD）、LDMC呈极显著的负相关（P<0.01）;LDMC与LT、LTD,LWC与LA、SLA呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,反映胡杨通过叶性状间的相互调节与权衡来适应干旱荒漠环境。逐步回归分析表明LA、LT对GWD变化最敏感,可间接借助这2个性状来预测干旱荒漠区地下水埋深变化。随GWD降低,胡杨SLA、LA、LDM、LWC减小,而LT、LTD、LDMC增大,其由高生长速率、资源利用能力的开拓型策略转变为以增强自身养分储存、防御能力的保守型策略,拓宽了生态幅和增强其在干旱逆境的适合度。可见,极端干旱荒漠区胡杨形成了小的LA、SLA、LDM,大的LT、LDMC、LTD等一系列有利于减少水分散失、储存养分和增强耐旱能力的干旱性状组合,这可能是其适应干旱贫瘠环境的生态策略。     

蛛网萼叶功能性状随植物生长发育进程的变化

蛛网萼(Platycrater arguta Sieb. et Zucc.)是一种分布区域十分狭窄的珍稀濒危植物。本文以江西省蛛网萼群落为研究对象,通过测定不同发育阶段蛛网萼的叶厚度(LT)、叶面积(LA)、叶含水量(LWC)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶组织密度(LTD)、单位干重的叶氮含量(LNC)、叶磷含量(LPC)和叶氮磷比(N/P)等功能性状指标,分析了功能性状和投资策略随生长发育过程的变化特征。结果显示,蛛网萼的各种叶功能性状随生长发育进程呈现不同的变化规律,其中LA、LTD、N/P显著增加,LWC、SLA及LPC显著减少,而LT和LNC无显著变化。主成分分析及PCA排序结果表明,蛛网萼叶功能性状症候群随着生长发育进程朝着LT、LA、LTD、LNC和N/P增加,而SLA、LWC和LPC减小的方向变化,植物的生长投资策略由快收益向慢收益转变。     

胡杨叶功能性状与土壤因子的关系

探究荒漠植物叶功能性状对土壤环境因子的响应格局,对理解干旱荒漠区优势植物适应干旱贫瘠逆境的权衡策略至关重要。以塔里木河干流上游胡杨为研究对象,研究不同生境胡杨叶功能性状变异格局及其与土壤因子的相互关系,以揭示胡杨适应干旱荒漠环境的生态策略。结果表明：(1)胡杨叶功能性状在不同地下水埋深(GWD, groundwater depth)之间差异显著(P<0.05),比叶面积(SLA, specific leaf area)、叶宽(LW, leaf width)、叶面积(LA, leaf area)随GWD增加而显著下降(P<0.05),叶长(LL, leaf length)、叶干物质含量(LDMC, leaf dry mass)、叶组织密度(LTD, leaf tissue density)则显著增大(P<0.05);其中LW、LA变异系数较高(48.6%、39.4%),对GWD变化较敏感。(2)浅GWD生境土壤有机碳(SOC, soil organic carbon)、全氮(TN, total nitrogen)、全磷含量(TP, total phosphorus)与氮...     

柴达木盆地荒漠植物功能性状及其对环境因子的响应

植物功能性状是植物适应环境的外在表达,反映了植物在不同环境中的生存策略,探究干旱区荒漠植物功能性状及其与环境之间的关系,有助于理解植物适应极端干旱环境的生态对策,为保护荒漠地区生态系统提供理论依据。以柴达木盆地为研究区,选取8个植物功能性状指标,包含4种植物生活型,10种荒漠植物,探究荒漠植物功能性状的基本特征及其对环境因子的响应。研究表明：柴达木盆地植物叶片碳含量(LCC)、叶片氮含量(LNC)、叶片磷含量(LPC)、叶片C∶N、叶片N∶P、叶片稳定碳同位素(Leafδ¹³C)、叶片干物质含量(LDMC)和植株高度(Height)的变化范围分别为272.07—466.00mg/g、12.40—44.50mg/g、0.51—2.07mg/g、8.62—29.74、11.37—39.29、-27.38‰—-14.80‰、100—480mg/g、3.00—264.22cm。不同生活型间LNC、LPC、叶片N∶P和LDMC差异不显著,LCC、叶片C∶N、叶片δ¹³C和植株高度存在显著差异。LNC、LPC和叶片N∶P与全球、中国和青藏高原相比不存在显...     

地下水埋深对灰胡杨叶片与土壤养分生态化学计量特征及其内稳态的影响

灰胡杨(Populuspruinosa)是塔里木荒漠河岸林的关键种,研究其生态化学计量特征及内稳性的变异格局,对科学认识荒漠河岸林养分循环规律、植被健康状况及物种适应策略具有重要意义。该研究对塔里木河干流上游地下水埋深(GWD)梯度下灰胡杨种群进行野外调查与室内化验,比较分析了不同GWD生境灰胡杨叶片与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量学及内稳态特征。结果表明:(1)随GWD增加,灰胡杨叶片N、P含量降低, C含量与C:N、C:P、N:P均升高;各指标变异系数均较低且C含量最小,但不同GWD间差异显著; N含量与C含量、C:P, P含量与C:P、N:P呈显著负相关关系。(2)土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比均随GWD增加呈降低趋势,除P含量外其他指标变异系数较高且不同GWD间差异显著, P含量与C、N含量呈显著正相关关系。(3)浅、中GWD生境大部分叶片C、N、P含量与土壤C、N、P化学计量特征相关性均不显著,深GWD生境仅叶片P含量、N:P与土壤化学计量特征显著相关且叶片C:N, C:P均高其他2种生境,表明叶片化学计量特征并非由土壤养分含量特征直接决定,灰胡杨通过提高养分...     

濒危植物长柄双花木(Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes)叶功能性状随生长发育阶段的变化

对珍稀濒危植物长柄双花木(Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes H. T. Chang)不同生长发育阶段的叶厚度(LT)、叶面积(LA)、叶含水量(LWC)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶片全氮含量(LNC)和叶片全磷含量(LPC)等叶功能性状及性状症候群的变化进行了研究。结果显示,不同发育阶段长柄双花木的叶功能性状存在显著差异,其中LT、LA随植株发育呈递增趋势,而LWC、SLA、LNC和LPC则呈递减趋势。主成分分析显示,随着长柄双花木的不断发育,性状症候群朝着LT、LA增大而LWC、SLA、LNC和LPC减小的方向变化。表明该物种的经济策略随着发育进程由快收益向慢收益转变。     

茂兰喀斯特森林不同演替阶段植物叶片功能性状与土壤因子的关系

植物如何改变功能性状来适应环境一直是生态学的研究征点。为探究茂兰喀斯特森林不同演替阶段植物叶片的适应策略，该文以茂兰自然保护区5个不同演替阶段(草本、灌木、灌乔、乔木和顶极群落阶段)优势种为研究对象，测定不同演替阶段的优势植物叶片功能性状与土壤理化性质。结果表明：(1)随着植被正向演替的进行，土壤全氮(STN)含量、土壤有机质(SOM)含量、土壤含水量(SWC)逐渐增加，土壤全磷(STP)含量和土壤全钾(STK)含量先增加后减少，土壤pH值整体呈减小的趋势。(2)随着植被演替的进行，叶面积(LA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶厚度(LT)和叶片碳含量(LCC)逐渐上升，比叶面积(SLA)与叶片钾含量(LKC)则与之相反，叶片氮含量(LNC)呈先升后降的趋势，叶片磷含量(LPC)呈先降后升的趋势。(3)冗余分析表明，演替初期植物主要分布在土壤pH值高而STK、STP、SWC、SOM、STN相对低的环境中，群落内植物叶片采取高SLA、LNC、LPC,低LA、LDMC、LT、LWC的性状组合，演替晚期植物主要分布在土壤水分和养分含量较高的环境，LDMC、LT、LA、LWC与演替初期相比呈上升...     

环境因子对海岛植物茎、叶功能性状的影响

植物功能性状与环境之间的关系是功能性状研究的重点,海岛作为独特的生态系统,其植物功能性状必然和大陆存在差异。为了明确海岛植被的生态适应机制,该文以平潭岛森林群落为研究对象,通过测定茎、叶10个功能性状,以及地形和土壤9个环境因子,探讨了植物功能性状之间的权衡关系,分析了环境因子对海岛植物功能性状的影响。结果表明:(1)比叶面积(SLA)与叶氮含量(LNC)、叶磷含量(LPC)呈正相关,与叶厚度(LT)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、茎组织密度(STD)、叶碳含量(LCC)呈负相关; LDMC与LNC、茎氮含量(SNC)呈负相关; LT与STD呈正相关,与LNC和LPC呈负相关; LPC与LNC、SNC呈正相关;茎和叶C、N含量均呈正相关。(2)土壤有机质和TN是海岛植物功能性状的主要土壤影响因子。然而,由于土壤中磷含量的缺乏,LNC、茎磷含量(SPC)、SNC均与土壤全磷呈正相关; LDMC与土壤全氮呈正相关;STD与土壤有机质呈正相关; SLA随着土壤pH的增加而增加。(3)坡位和坡度是海岛植物功能性状的主要地形影响因子。SLA、SPC随着海拔上升而下降; STD、LDMC随着海拔和坡度增大而增大; LNC、LPC阴坡大于阳坡。该研究为海岛植被修复和重建提供了参考依据。     

着生位置对水曲柳小叶性状变异及性状间相关性的影响

复叶植物相比单叶植物更具生长优势,但复叶内部小叶性状及其相关关系是否受到着生位置影响尚未可知。该研究以东北典型复叶植物水曲柳(Fraxinusmandshurica)为研究对象,测定复叶内部不同着生位置小叶的叶厚(LT)、叶面积(LA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶氮含量(LNC)和叶磷含量(LPC),分析上述6种小叶性状及其生长关系在复叶内部的变异,并分别通过最小显著性差异(LSD)法以及标准化主轴(SMA)法检验着生位置对小叶性状及性状间生长关系是否存在显著影响。结果表明:(1) LT、LA、LDMC和LNC随小叶着生位置级别增加(从复叶顶端至复叶基部)呈减小趋势,但SLA和LPC呈增大趋势。(2)复叶内部, LNC与SLA间以及LT与LDMC间表现为同速生长关系, LT、SLA、LPC 3个性状与LA间, SLA、LNC、LPC 3个性状与LDMC间以及LPC与LT间均表现为异速生长关系。(3)小叶着生位置对LA与LT、SLA、LPC之间的相关关系存在显著影响, LT、SLA与LA的斜率在三级小叶(复叶中部)附近达到最大值, LT、LPC与LA的斜率绝对值在六...     

胡杨枝叶功能性状对地下水位梯度的响应与适应

以塔里木荒漠河岸林建群种胡杨为研究对象,测定胡杨叶厚度(LTS)、叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶组织密度(LTD)与当年生小枝长(TSL)、小枝茎直径(TSD)、叶面积比率(LAR)、叶茎质量比(LSMR)、小枝茎密度(TSWD)、胡伯尔值(HV)等枝叶功能性状,研究地下水位梯度(GWD)上胡杨枝叶性状的变异特征,采用单因素方差分析、Pearson相关与主成分分析,研究胡杨枝叶功能性状间的协调与权衡关系及性状组合,以期从功能性状的角度揭示胡杨适应干旱荒漠环境的生态策略。结果表明:(1)胡杨枝叶性状种内变异较大,变异系数8.61%～59.31%,其中HV变异系数最大(59.31%),LDMC、LAR变异系数较低(8.61%、9.75%),且二者对GWD变化不敏感,保守性较高。(2)方差分析显示,胡杨枝叶功能性状在GWD 1.5 m与4.8 m间差异显著(P0.05),而LTS、LTD、TSL、HV在GWD≤2.4 m和GWD≥3.5 m之间均差异显著(P0.05)。(3)相关与主成分分析表明,LA、SLA、LDMC、LTS、LTD、LAR、TSWD、HV可作为反映胡杨枝叶性状特征的重要指标;28对枝叶性状显著相关(P0.05),其中HV与TSL、TSD分别呈显著负相关、正相关关系(P0.05),与展叶效率(LAR、LSMR)、LA、LM均呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);展叶效率(LAR、LSMR)与LDMC呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),LA、SLA与TSWD均呈负相关关系,表明干旱区荒漠植物在维持水力-机械安全和碳收益之间存在潜在的权衡机制。研究发现,胡杨采取降低LA、SLA、展叶效率(LAR、LSMR),增大LTS、LDMC、TSWD、HV等一系列有利于减少水分散失、储存资源(养分、水分)和增强抗性的生态策略来适应干旱贫瘠的荒漠环境;植物经济谱同样存在于荒漠生态系统中,随全球变暖与区域水资源短缺,总体上向慢速投资收益的保守型一端转移。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.