简约性，极性分析及中值淘汰法——与李朝銮先生商榷

无论是从理论基础上还是具体步骤上,中值淘汰法与分支学家常用的方法都不相同。在构建分支图之前识别祖征与反向进化,直接衍征与环极向衍征有悖于分支学的基本原则;而在具体运算过程中仅以2个分类单元求取中值又会掩盖反向进化;新的中值必须全部包括分支图上下面的中值的原则事实上是不承认反向进化。中值淘汰法产生的分支图不及Farris方法产生的分支图简约。     

一个新的分支系统分析方法，中值淘汰法

本文评述了分支系统分析中最简原理或简约性在系统发育推论中的应用和存在的问题。在系统发育推论中使用简约性存在的主要问题在于,既无法获得最简约的系统树也不一定得到一个单一的解决办法。基于此,本文作者接受了Hennig用衍生性状来判断生物之间相似性的同时,用近代大多数生物系统学家接受的进化论各项原理代替Popper的简约性原理,以寻求单一的解决办法和获得确定性的结果为目标,提出了一个新的分支系统分析方法——中值淘汰法,用以研究系统发育。这个方法除了使用衍生性状来判断生物类群之间的亲缘关系外,还强调包括原始的也包括衍生性状在内的性状镶嵌组合在决定分支和辨别分类群过程中的作用。     

分支系统学当前的理论和方法概述及华东地区山胡椒属十二个种的分支系统学研究

本文概述了当前分支系统学研究中涉及的主要理论和方法,包括性状的选取、性状状态和极性的确定、数据矩阵的分析计算、结果分支图的处理、分支图可靠性的评价及分支图的应用。本文同时以华东地区樟科山胡椒属Linderal2个种的分支系统学研究为例,讨论了用形态性状进行分支系统学研究中可能遇到的问题,也揭示了一些分支系统学与传统的系统学在应用性状推导进化关系上的不同点。对这12个种的分支系统学研究得出了一些不同于传统系统学方法所推测的山胡椒属内的系统发育关系,如分支系统学研究显示山胡椒组和球果组很近缘。在严格一致性分支图上,杯托组的黑壳楠和江浙山胡椒分别位于最原始和最进化的分支,表明这个组是复系类群。分支图也显示山胡椒组可能是复系类群。     

杉科植物的系统发育分析

本文以形态学为依据,参考其他学科的研究成果,用分支分类方法并结合表征分类方法探讨了杉科植物的系统演化关系,提出了新的分类系统。在分支分类中,金松科被选作外类群。主要根据外类群比较原则、化石原则和一般的演化规律,确定了性状的祖征和衍征,采用最大同步法、综合分析法、演化极端结合法及最小平行进化法共四种方法进行分支分析,选择最简约的分支图作为本文讨论基础。在表征分类中,选取59个性状,利用距离系数和类平均法,对金松属和杉科各属进行了聚类运算,得出表征图。综合两种分析结果,主要结论如下:(1)属间关系:柳杉属是现存杉科植物中最原始的类群。水松属和落羽杉属关系密切,二者与柳杉属近缘。巨杉属和北美红杉属关系密切,是中级进化水平的类群。水杉属与巨杉属和北美红杉属的亲缘关系相对较近。杉木属、密叶杉属和台湾杉属关系密切,是杉科植物中的高级进化类群,其中又以台湾杉属演化水平最高。(2)系统排列:支持金松科的成立,将杉科分成5族,即柳杉族(仅含柳杉属)、落羽杉族(含水松属、落羽杉属)、北美红杉族(含巨杉属、北美红杉属)、水杉族(仅含水杉属)和杉木族(含杉木属、密叶杉属及台湾杉属)。     

几种青冈属植物新组合

本文探讨了青冈属的几个种的学名,经予新组合如下： 1.薄叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis kontuments(A.Camus)Y.C.Hsu et H.W.Jen[in Actaphyto     

贝母属三个分类群的核型研究

本文对浙贝Fritillaria thunbergii Miq．(取材于浙江鄞县和舟山)、东贝 F.thunbergii var．chekiangensis Hsiao et K.C.Hsia和皖贝F.anhuiensis S．C.Chen et S．F.Yin的核型进行了分析比较,其中东贝和浙贝(舟山)为首次报道．浙贝的核型：取材于浙江鄞县的为2n=24=4m(1sc) ^l)+4st(1sc)+16t(1sc),取材于浙江舟山为 2n=24=2m+2sm+12st(1sc)+8t(2sc),东贝的核型为2n＝24=2m+2sm+8st(2sc)+12t(4sc),皖贝的核型为2n=24=2m+2sm+8st(2sc)+12t(5sc)。3个分类群均属3B核型。     

部分散生竹类染色体数目

本文报道了中国74种竹的染色体数目,其中65种为首次报道。     

山东泰山硅藻一新种

1991年春在泰山采得硅藻门、羽纹纲,舟形藻属一新种,作了光学镜(OLYMPUSBH-2)和扫描电子显微镜(Hitachi S-570)的观察,现描述于下: 泰山舟形藻 新种 图版1:1—5     

A New Method for Cladistic Analysis—Median Elimination Series (MES)

The use of parsimony (or the principle of simplicity) in phylogenetic inference is reviewed. The major problem in using parsimony for phylogenetic reconstruction isthat neither a single solution for a given set of data nor the most parsimonious tree could beprovided. Therefore, based on recognition and judgement of similarity of organisms by Hennig's advanced character (1965) and some particular principles from evolutionary theory ofDarwinism accepted by many systematists as general truths (Bonde 1977; Wiley 1975; Gaffrey1979), the author has developed a new method, Elimination Series through Median Selection(Median Elimination Series, MES for short), for phylogenetic analysis. In addition to usingthe advanced characters for understanding the relationships between taxa, MES emphasizes thatthe mosaic characters including both primitive and advanced in an array of characters playan important part in determining the nodes or branches and distinguishing the taxa.Theauthor considers median units as ancestors in a phylogenetic tree like Farris, but the conceptand algorithm of “median” differ from Farris' (1970) in: (1) The author's median involvesthe top taxon and unplaced one, but Farris' median does the top taxon, its ancestor as well asunplaced one; (2) The median taken by the author is of common value or the least oneamong the associated characters of two taxa. However, the median taken by Farris is mediannumerical value among the three (3) The median or median unit called by the author is thenumerical value of the relatively primitive character or taxon between the advanced charactersor the taxa stood apart from the original position. Farris' one is the median position or number in the center of three taxa or its associated characters. The author recognizes that reversion of characters is possible and obtains the knowledge of it from observation and analysisof characters of organisms or scientific experiment and distinguished through analysis of morphocline and co-variation in a series of taxa, but not from induction only by mathematicalmodel based on the principle of simplicity. The author divides co-variation into 4 types: 1. Progressive co-variation. Transformation series of characters A and a is as follows: A → A' a → a' reversed co-variation. Transformation series of characters A and a is as follows: A ← A' a ← a' 3. Progression-reversion co-variation. Transformation series of characters A and a isfollows: A → A' a ← a' 4. Reversion-progression co-variation. Transformation series of characters A and a is asfollows: A ← A' a → a'The characters next to the arrows should be advanced. Co-variation for most of the speciesof Cissus from China belongs to the type 1 and that for C. repanda Vahl. to the type 3, withouttypes 2 and 4. In determining the progressive co-variation, reverse evolution of charactercould be distinguished through the analysis of morphocline and co-variation. The author hasrecognized two types of cyclic polarity, including unidirectional and bidirectional ones. Forthe former, the character may return back to the original state through more than one step. Infact, this is a complex reversion. For the latter, the character may reach a advanced state fromthe original one via two different ways. In fact, this is special progressive transformation series and it may often occur in complex reticulate evolution as a small net, for example, in evolution of leaf fragment and others of angiosperms (Meyen 1973). The cyclic polarity in C.repanda Vahl. is bidirectional (see transformation series 11 of the characters in Cissus). 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木兰科的分支分析

主要以形态学、解剖学、细胞学为依据,以德坚木属为外类群,用分支分析的方法探讨了木兰科属间的系统发育关系。有２３个分支单位,选取３２个性状,根据外类群比较原则和化石地层学资料,确定了性状的祖征和衍征。对数据矩阵的分支分析使用ＰＡＵＰ３．１．１和Ｈｅｎｎｉｇ ８６ ｖ．１．５分别在Ｍａｃｉｎｔｏｓｈ和ＩＢＭ机上运行,前者以启发法,后者以ＢＢ命令运算,经严格一致化处理,得到一致化分支图。结果表明：１）木     

中国菊属一些种的分支分类学研究

运用分支分析方法研究了12种原产中国的野生菊属植物的系统发育关系,并引入了若干栽培品种及部分杂种一代植株作为分析材料。研究结果表明：分支分析方法有效而准确地将分类群分类,并揭示出毛华菊（Dendranthemarestitum）与菊花（Dendranthema×gran-diflorum）同为菊属植物中进化程度较高的种,部分种间杂种也已进入栽培类群。同时还发现不同性状在各品种间平行进化的现象。根据上述结果,作者讨论了中国菊属植物的系统进化及菊花起源问题。     

龙胆属的系统发育分析

本文运用支序分类的原理和方法,对龙胆科龙胆属的属下等级进行了重新归类和系统发育分析。龙胆属是一个单系群,以3项近裔共性为归类依据。性状分析作了性状同源性分析和性状极性分析。性状极化主要以外类群比较、性状相关性及染色体资料为依据,其它方法,如生物重演律原则、地理递进原则以及孢粉形态等也被结合使用。分析结果,双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属被选择为外类群,71个性状被选择作为建立数据矩阵的基本资料。使用PAUP程序对矩阵进行了运算,得到4个最简约的谱系分支图,它们均具一致性系数0.637,支序长度为160步,f-比值范围为0.179～0.189,其中具最低f-比值的图被选作为类群归类和讨论亲缘关系的基础。在支序图上龙胆属归为15个组;其中5个组又划分为系,共包括23个系,其余组为单型组,故共有33个属下类群。一个严格的一致性谱系分支图总结了所有的一致点,从而支持了支序分析的结果。     

计算机辅助分支分析：方法和程序

数量分类学和分支分类学理论建立与发展为生物分类学提供了新的方法论基础。目前,这两种分类手段都已渗透到众多的研究领域中,并且两者间也逐渐产生了相互结合的趋势,即不断发展的数量分支分类学(numerical cladistic taxonomy)方法。事     

安徽黄精属(Polygonatum)植物的分支分析

以形态学为依据 ,结合细胞分类学、叶表皮和花粉形态的研究成果 ,用分支分析的方法探讨了安徽产黄精属 11种植物的种间演化关系。在分支分析中 ,选择万寿竹属、舞鹤草属和竹根七属作为复合外类群。根据复合外类群比较原则和一般演化规律 ,确定性状极性。结果表明 :( 1)琅琊黄精与长苞黄精为姊妹群 ,并与其余 9种黄精明显分为 2大支 ;( 2 )另一支 9种黄精中 ,玉竹、长梗黄精和金塞黄精亲缘关系密切并与其余 6种再分为 2支 ;( 3)剩下 6种黄精中 ,距药黄精和多花黄精 2种互生叶黄精极为密切并与 4种轮生叶黄精分为 2组 ;( 4 ) 4种轮生叶黄精中 ,黄精、轮叶黄精和安徽黄精亲缘关系最为密切     

葛属（Pueraria DC．）的分支分析

本文采用２４个形态状对葛属进行分支分析,得到了１１个最简约分支图和一个严格一致化分支图,葛属的种间关系,根据分支分析结果对ｖａｎ ｄｅｒ Ｍａｅｓｅｎ的葛属分类系统提出了修订意见。     

水蛇亚科形态学特征的支序分析

水蛇亚科属于游蛇科,包含10个属。其中7个属为单型属。选取水蛇亚科14个形态学特征进行支序分析,并利用计算机软件Hennig86对水蛇亚科中8个属之间的系统发育关系进行初步探讨,结果显示水蛇亚科分为两支Gerarda和Fordonia两个属构成姊妹群,Cerberus、Erpeton和Homalopsis三个属也构成单系群,与Vorisetal(2002)的分子系统树相同,但Cantoria属的地位则与Vorisetal(2002)的明显不同。