颞部Gillies切口在颧骨复合体骨折手术中的应用

目的:颞部Gillies切口在颧骨复合体骨折手术中的应用效果。方法:运用颞部Gillies切口治疗25例病人颧骨复合体骨折,观察手术进路,显露术区,在直视下行颧骨骨折复位内固定术。结果:25例患者应用此术式均可显露骨折区域,满足颧骨复合体骨折的手术显露需要,而且与常规颧骨复合体骨折(头皮冠状切口)手术相比,减小了出血及损伤神经的可能。结论:颞部Gillies切口在颧骨复合体骨折手术中优于其它手术路径,值得临床推广。     

Temporal gap detection in tactile channels

The ability of observers to detect temporal gaps in bursts of sinusoids or bursts of band-limited noise was measured to assess the temporal acuity of Pacinian (P) and non-Pacinian (NP) tactile information processing channels. The P channel was isolated by delivering high frequency sinusoids or high frequency noise through a large 1.5-cm² contactor to the thenar eminence. The NP channels were isolated from the P channel by delivering these stimuli as well as stimuli with lower frequencies through a small 0.01-cm² contactor to the same site. Gap detection thresholds were higher for gaps in noise than for gaps in sinusoids but did not differ among conditions designed to isolate P and NP channels. The finding that temporal acuity does not differ among channels supports the hypothesis that, after termination of a stimulus, the P and NP channels exhibit the same amount of neural persistence. Also consistent with this hypothesis are the earlier findings that the enhancement of the sensation magnitude of a stimulus by a prior stimulus (Verrillo and Gescheider, Percept Psychophys 18: 128–136, 1975) and the duration of sensation after the termination of a stimulus (Gescheider et al., J Acoust Soc Am 91: 1690–1696, 1992) are independent of stimulus frequency. One important implication of this hypothesis, if true, is that the presence of temporal summation in the P channel and its absence in the NP channels, results, not from the lack of neural persistence in the NP channels, but instead, in marked contrast to the P channel, from the lack of a mechanism for integrating persistent neural activity over time.     

Temporal encoding in nervous systems: A rigorous definition

We propose a rigorous definition for the termtemporal encoding as it is applied to schemes for the representation of information withinpatterns of neuronal action potentials, and distinguish temporal encoding schemes from those based on window-averagedmean rate encoding. The definition relies on the identification of anencoding time window, defined as the duration of a neuron's spike train assumed to correspond to a single symbol in the neural code. The duration of the encoding time window is dictated by the time scale of the information being encoded. We distinguish between the concepts of theencoding time window and theintegration time window, the latter of which is defined as the duration of a stimulus signal that affects the response of the neuron. We note that the duration of the encoding and integration windows might be significantly different. We also present objective, experimentally assessable criteria for identifying neurons and neuronal ensembles that utilize temporal encoding to any significant extent. The definitions and criteria are made rigorous within the contexts of several commonly used analytical approaches, including thestimulus reconstruction analysis technique. Several examples are presented to illustrate the distinctions between and relative capabilities of rate encoding and temporal encoding schemes. We also distinguish our usage oftemporal encoding from the termtemporal coding, which is commonly used in reference to the representation of information about thetiming of events by rate encoding schemes.     

Independent Component Analysis of Temporal Sequences Subject to Constraints by Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Inputs Yields All the Three Major Cell Types of the Primary Visual Cortex

Information maximization has long been suggested as the underlying coding strategy of the primary visual cortex (V1). Grouping image sequences into blocks has been shown by others to improve agreement between experiments and theory. We have studied the effect of temporal convolution on the formation of spatiotemporal filters—that is, the analogues of receptive fields—since this temporal feature is characteristic to the response function of lagged and nonlagged cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Concatenated input sequences were used to learn the linear transformation that maximizes the information transfer. Learning was accomplished by means of principal component analysis and independent component analysis. Properties of the emerging spatiotemporal filters closely resemble the three major types of V1 cells: simple cells with separable receptive field, simple cells with nonseparable receptive field, and complex cells.     

Selection of preconfigured cell assemblies for representation of novel spatial experiences

Internal representations about the external world can be driven by the external stimuli or can be internally generated in their absence. It has been a matter of debate whether novel stimuli from the external world are instructive over the brain network to create de novo representations or, alternatively, are selecting from existing pre-representations hosted in preconfigured brain networks. The hippocampus is a brain area necessary for normal internally generated spatial–temporal representations and its dysfunctions have resulted in anterograde amnesia, impaired imagining of new experiences, and hallucinations. The compressed temporal sequence of place cell activity in the rodent hippocampus serves as an animal model of internal representation of the external space. Based on our recent results on the phenomenon of novel place cell sequence preplay, we submit that the place cell sequence of a novel spatial experience is determined, in part, by a selection of a set of cellular firing sequences from a repertoire of existing temporal firing sequences in the hippocampal network. Conceptually, this indicates that novel stimuli from the external world select from their pre-representations rather than create de novo our internal representations of the world.     

miRNA (microRNA)家族的研究进展

近年来 ,科学家在许多真核生物中发现了一类能时序调控发育进程 ,长度约为 2 1个核苷酸的小分子RNA ,并称其为miRNA (microRNA) .最近研究表明 ,它与早先在RNAi (RNAinterference)中发现的siRNA(smallinterferingRNA)具有很大的相关性 ,并在不同水平上参与了生物体内的遗传调控和基因重组等重要过程 .miRNA基因调控的特殊方式 ,高度的保守性 ,可能的加工机制以及它的发现所引发的讨论已引起人们的普遍关注     

Impact of human disturbance on temporal partitioning within carnivore communities

1. Interspecific competition is an important evolutionary force, influencing interactions between species and shaping the composition of biological communities. In mammalian carnivores, to reduce the risks of negative encounters between competitors, species can employ a strategy of temporal partitioning, adapting activity patterns to limit synchronous activity. This strategy of non-human competitor avoidance, however, may be influenced by the expansion of human activities, which has driven wild mammals towards nocturnality.
2. We hypothesise that the disruption of temporal niche partitioning by humans and their activities could increase temporal overlap between carnivores, enhancing interspecific competition.
3. We reviewed the published literature systematically and employed generalised linear models to evaluate quantitatively the relative influence of a range of human, meteorological and ecological variables on coefficients of temporal overlap within mammalian terrestrial carnivore communities (orders Carnivora and Didelphimorphia) on a global scale.
4. None of the models investigated showed evidence of an impact of humans on temporal partitioning between carnivores on a global scale. This illustrates that temporal avoidance of humans and competitors does not always follow a consistent pattern and that its strength may be context-dependent and relative to other dimensions of niche partitioning (spatial and trophic).
5. Similarly, the regulation of activity patterns may be strongly site-specific and may be influenced by a combination of biotic and abiotic characteristics. Temporal avoidance of both humans and competitors by carnivores may take the form of short, reactive responses that do not impact activity patterns in the longer term.
6. Although we did not detect a global disruption of temporal partitioning due to human disturbance, carnivore communities may still experience an increase in interspecific competition in other niche dimensions. Further research would benefit from using controlled experimental designs and investigating multiple dimensions of niche partitioning simultaneously. Finally, we recommend complementing the coefficient of temporal overlap with other metrics of fine-scale spatiotemporal interactions.

     

From temporal processing to developmental language disorders: mind the gap

The ‘rapid temporal processing’ and the ‘temporal sampling framework’ hypotheses have been proposed to account for the deficits in language and literacy development seen in specific language impairment and dyslexia. This paper reviews these hypotheses and concludes that the proposed causal chains between the presumed auditory processing deficits and the observed behavioural manifestation of the disorders are vague and not well established empirically. Several problems and limitations are identified. Most data concern correlations between distantly related tasks, and there is considerable heterogeneity and variability in performance as well as concerns about reliability and validity. Little attention is paid to the distinction between ostensibly perceptual and metalinguistic tasks or between implicit and explicit modes of performance, yet measures are assumed to be pure indicators of underlying processes or representations. The possibility that diagnostic categories do not refer to causally and behaviourally homogeneous groups needs to be taken seriously, taking into account genetic and neurodevelopmental studies to construct multiple-risk models. To make progress in the field, cognitive models of each task must be specified, including performance domains that are predicted to be deficient versus intact, testing multiple indicators of latent constructs and demonstrating construct reliability and validity.     

黄土丘陵区不同恢复年限人工刺槐林土壤水分时空动态及其时间稳定性

以空间代时间的方法研究不同恢复年限对人工刺槐林土壤水分时空动态及其时间稳定性的影响,对于了解人工刺槐林在生态恢复过程中的土壤水分动态特征具有重要意义。基于长期定位观测,选取黄土丘陵沟壑区15、20、30、35 a等4个恢复年限人工刺槐林,自2014年5月至2018年10月每年生长季（5-10月）开展土壤水分自动观测。研究结果如下：（1）不同恢复年限刺槐林土壤水分差异显著,刺槐林土壤储水量随恢复年限增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,排序依次为30 a（184.9 mm） > 20 a（184.6 mm） > 35 a（150.8 mm） > 15 a（128.8 mm）;不同恢复年限刺槐林土壤水分的时空分布特征差异明显,土壤水分变异性随土层增加而降低,但不随恢复年限而有规律的变化;土壤水分主要受到降水以及植被生长的影响,其变异性的时空格局也说明随土壤深度增加土壤水分的稳定性随之增加;（2）通过相对差分分析不同恢复年限刺槐林土壤水分时间稳定性,确定15、20、30、35 a的代表深度分别为80、100、80、150cm土层,都属于与100cm相近的土壤深度;（3）Spearman秩相关分析显示,上土层与下土层的土壤水分的时间稳定性特征差异明显;（4）线性回归与纳什系数结果表明通过相对差分与时间稳定性指数得到土壤水分代表深度的结果是可接受的,其中15 a恢复年限刺槐林的结果最好,决定系数R²和纳什系数NSE分别可达0.91和0.82,但总体结果仍存在误差,在区域土壤水分模拟时需考虑这一不确定性。（5）灰色关联分析表明,土壤质地（砂粒）,土壤总氮、土壤容重、土壤有机碳、土壤总孔隙度以及坡度是不同恢复年限刺槐林土壤水分时间稳定性主要影响因素。     

广州地区蝶类群落的时间格局

对广州地区蝶类进行调查,采用α-多样性测度方法研究不同月份的蝶类群落多样性.结果 表明,不同月份蝴蝶群落多样性存在较大差异,科数、属数和物种数都是5月最高,7月、11月次之;个体数量是11月最高,7月次之,12月最低;种类丰度和多样性指数的变化趋势相同,大小依次为5月、7月、11月、9月、12月、3月.     

Genetics of the peroxidase isoenzymes in Petunia

Summary Two alleles of the structural gene prxA from Petunia, prxA6 and prxA7, could be identified by their differential temporal expression. The alleles prxA6 and prxA7 code for peroxidases with a similar electrophoretic mobility as the products of the previously described alleles prxA1 and prxA5, respectively. The former two alleles differ in that they have a different temporal expression with regard to the temporal expression of the allele prxA2. Crossing experiments indicated that the mutations involved are (cisacting) internal site mutations. In the case of the allele prxA6, the experiments indicated a difference with respect to the allele prxA1 in responsiveness to the action of a trans-acting factor.     

The indication of genetic and environmental components in behaviour

The problem of genetic influences on behaviour was examined under the aspect of inter-specific differences, which are predomintantly genetic and are the basis of sociobiology. It was also examined under the aspect of intra-specific differences, notably the normal differences of behaviour which, like the sex differences, have a genetic basis. Further evidence for possible genetic influences on behaviour was given by considering limiting behaviours to which a limiting phenotype, usually pathological, corresponds. A comparison between genetic and non-genetic phenomena at the population level, shows a marked difference in the temporal variation of the two types of phenomena: those wich are under the control of gene frequencies tend to remain constant whereas those which are not under genetic control vary widely from one generation to the next, or from one year to the next. In Italy, in the period 1887–1980, it was observed that frequency of homicidal cases was extremely variable in time; whereas suicide in the same period was much less variable, and seemed correlated with genetic entities. It was reasoned that, although the study of human differences, including genetic ones, is amply desirable, the variations of extreme anomic behaviours are not demonstrably under genetic control; if a genetic component exists for such behaviours it must be quantitatively very small.     

Predator diversity stabilizes and strengthens trophic control of a keystone grazer

Despite the global vulnerability of predators to extinction, and the critical functional role they play in many ecosystems, there have been few realistic tests of the consequences of predator species deletion (conversely, predator diversity) in natural ecosystems. We performed a four-month field experiment in a southeastern United States salt marsh to test the role of predatory crab diversity in regulating populations of a keystone grazer that can decimate marsh vegetation at high densities. Our results revealed that a combination of this system''s two resident predator species, in comparison to individual species, both stabilize and strengthen predation rates on the potent grazer. Monthly monitoring of predation rates from intense, hot summer months into the cooler autumn indicate this diversity benefit arises from predators responding differentially to changing environmental conditions across seasons. This study provides some of the first experimental field support for the insurance hypothesis from marine ecosystems, suggests that predator temporal complementarity may be more common than currently perceived, and argues for conservation of predator diversity to ensure reliable and effective control of potentially habitat-destroying grazers.     

Brief communication: Investigation of the semicircular canal variation in the Krapina Neandertals

Previous studies comparing bony labyrinth morphology in geographically‐dispersed samples of Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) showed that Neandertals generally have smaller semicircular canals than modern H. sapiens (Hublin et al., 1996 ; Spoor et al., 2003 ; Glantz et al., 2008 ). Here we analyze the morphology of a single group of Neandertal specimens from one locale, the Krapina site, to determine the intraspecific variation in Neandertal semicircular canal sizes. Dimensions of the semicircular canals were collected from computed tomography scans of nine temporal bones. With the rare exception, the dimensions of the semicircular canals in the Krapina sample are similar to those previously reported across a geographically‐dispersed sample of Neandertals, further supporting previous studies that suggest low levels of variation in the semicircular canals for Neandertals. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:302–306, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.