武汉东湖蓝藻水华毒性的研究Ⅰ．淡水蓝藻毒性的检测

用国外检测蓝藻水华毒性的血凝法和小白鼠腹腔注射藻类提取液法。对武汉东湖蓝藻水华进行检测。发现八月份到十月份其间的藻类水华有不同程度的毒性反应。     

Ecological studies on crater lakes in West Cameroon Zooplankton of Barombi Mbo, Mboandong, Lake Kotto and Lake Soden

The zooplankton of four crater lakes in North-west Cameroon has been studied by means of vertical hauls from the bottom to the surface. Two of the lakes are deep, with sparse phytoplankton, while the other two are shallow with dense blooms of blue-green algae. All the lakes are without planktonic Cladocera. In Lake Kotto, Mboandong and Barombi Mbo the dominant zooplankter is Mesocyclops (Thermocyclops) hyalinus , which is replaced in Lake Soden by Mesocyclops leuckarti. Larvae of Chaoborus are present in all the lakes. In the two deep lakes, Soden and Barombi Mbo, the dominant rotifer is Polyarthra dolichoptera , but in the two shallow lakes, Kotto and Mboandong, three species, Hexarthra mira, Brachionus fakatus and B. caudatus , make up the bulk of the rotifers.
In Barombi Mbo during the daytime most of the zooplankton was in the top 20 m, but most of the Chaoborus larvae were below 20m.
The standing crops of zooplankton in these lakes are low compared with those of lakes in the Kigezi District of Uganda.
The most remarkable feature of the zooplankton in these lakes is the occurrence of dwarfed forms. Both species of cyclopoid copepods and the eight identifiable species of Rotifera are smaller here than in most other localities. Factors which may be associated with this dwarfing are low latitude with constant high temperature, low phytoplankton availability, and the low ratio of drainage area to lake area.     

Some algae from the Red Sea Hills in north-eastern Sudan

The algae contained in some plankton samples from several localities on four wadi in N.E. Sudan were examined. The observed algae amount to 260 taxa, of which the diatoms, representing 50% of the algal flora, are the most numerous. Other large groups are the blue-green algae (17%) and the green algae (24%) among which the desmids (6%) are rather unimportant.     

Effects of concentrating phytoplankton on the acetylene-reduction assay for nitrogenase activity

SUMMARY.

• 1 The consequences of concentrating freshwater phytoplankton communities prior to measurement of nitrogenase activity using the acetylene-reduction assay were investigated.
• 2 Retention of heterocystous blue-green algae by 10 and 45 öm plankton nets was usually much less than 100% and the percent retention differed among blue-green algal species and varied for the same species both on different sampling dates and in different lakes. Retention of heterocyst numbers and helerocyst volume during concentration differed from that of total cell volume of heterocystous blue-green algae.
• 3 Effects of concentration on specific nitrogcnase activity varied among the lakes studied. In Lake Bysjön activity decreased on all sampling occasions, in Lake Trummen there was no apparent effect, and in Lake Vaxjosjon both results were found.
• 4 Effects on nitrogenase activity of mechanical disturbance during concentration and of increased pH. reduced carbon availability. light inhibition and subsaturation. photorespiration and oxygen supersaturation in concentrated samples are discussed. Interactions between these factors are suggested to explain the varying responses in the three lakes.
• 5 It is concluded that phytoplankton should not be concentrated in the acetylene-reduction assay for nitrogenase activity, since both volumetric and cell concentration factors are inadequate and effects of concentration on specific nitrogenase activity are not predictable.

     

Geitleribactron — eine neue,Chamaesiphon-ähnliche Blaualgengattung

In the littoral of the lakes Titisee (FRG) and Neusiedler See (Austria) and in a backwater near Stockerau (Austria) two periphytic unicellular blue-green algae with rod-like cells have been found. They were formerly thought to be members of the exosporine generaChamaesiphon orCyanophanon. Now the alga from Titisee was studied in culture, particularly with reference to cell division, reproduction and ultrastructural cytology. Similarities with the genusSynechococcus are evident, but there is a small mucilaginous disc at the basis of the cells. Because of differences between this and all other known genera of unicellular blue-green algae, a new genus,Geitleribactron, with two species,G. periphyticum (= type species) andG. subaequale, is described.     

Primo contributo alla conoscenza dei laghi appenninici meridionali di alta quota. Il fitoplancton dei laghi del massiccio del Monte Sirino (Appennino Lucano)

Abstract

A preliminary account on some mountain lakes of the Southern Apennines. Phytoplankton investigation on three ponds of the Monte Sirino (Basilicata).—Phytoplankton standing crop and species composition have been studied in three ponds of the Southern Apennines. The observations carried out throughout ten months in 1975, showed a great number of species present in the Remmo pond, mainly diatoms, desmids, green algae, and blue-green algae. In the Sirino pond only diatoms and Chrysophyceae were present.

In comparison, in the Zapano pond, the phytoplankton was scarcely represented but the occurrence of some species of green algae may suggest a eutrophic water condition. On the basis of the peculiarities both of species composition and biomass, the major water bodies may be considered oligotrophic.     

THE ECOLOGY OF EPIPELIC ALGAE OF FIVE WELSH LAKES,WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VOLVOCALEAN GREEN FLAGELLATES (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

The ecology of epipelic algae on the marginal sediments of five Welsh lakes was studied over an annual cycle. The lakes, Llydaw, Cwellyn, Padarn, Maelog and Coron ranged from very oligotrophic to nutrient-rich. Attention was focussed on chlamydomonad flagellates, diatoms, blue-green algae and euglenoids and the different proportions of these in algae in the epipelon of lakes of contrasting water quality. A total of 75 algal taxa was found in the five lakes, 25 were species of volvocalean flagellates. Mean annual population density of these flagellates differed by an order of magnitude between the lakes. The greatest population density was recorded for Chlamydomonas anticontata Schiller in nutrient-rich Llyn Maelog. Twenty species of pennate diatoms were recorded frequently in the epipelon. In the nutrient-rich lakes, Maelog and Coron, pennate diatoms were dominant on the sediments, where they exhibited population maxima in spring and autumn. Increase in numbers of epipelic diatoms was recorded when silica concentrations were minimum in the overlying lake waters. Navicula hungarica Grun. achieved the maximum population density, 260 000 cells · cm^?2. Euglenoids formed large epipelic populations during late-summer and autumn in these nutrient-rich lakes. Blue-green algae were more important, proportionally, in the nutrient-poor mountain lakes, which had sediments of higher organic content. Chlamydomonads were the major algal component of the epipelon in the mountain lakes, Llydaw and Cwellyn, where the sediments were characterized by larger particle size, and higher organic content. In the nutrient-rich lakes, where the sediments had higher calcium content, chlamydomonads formed significant populations only during spring and summer, when nutrient levels were minimal in the overlying lakewaters.     

Influence on phytoplankton biomass in lakes of different trophy by phosphorus in lake water and its regeneration by zooplankton

In 49 unpolluted lakes of north-eastern Poland the biomass of algae in summer is significantly related to the concentration of total phosphorus and to the rate of phosphorus regeneration by zooplankton. Using a model with equations describing these relationships, the biomass of blue-green algae and other phytoplankton groups was predicted for 14 polluted lakes. A good approximation of actual values was obtained only for the biomass of blue-green algae calculated from the estimated rate of P regeneration by zooplankton in these lakes. It is hypothesized that more-or-less edible algae of other classes did not show dependence on the rate of input of regenerated P because their biomass was heavily reduced by grazing of zooplankton.     

广东省水库的蓝藻污染状况与水质评价

于2000年的丰水期和枯水期对广东省19个大中型水库的浮游植物状况进行了调查,并根据浮游植物群落结构、多样性指数、蓝藻污染状况和营养状态指数对水库的水质进行了分析。结果表明,大部分水库为蓝藻型水体,优势种类主要是能产生毒素的微囊藻类,而且蓝藻种类数和细胞密度与水库水质密切相关。蓝藻细胞密度和百分比分别为0.1×104-6728.4×104 cellsL-1和0.53%-99.2%。大部分水库受到了一定程度的污染,属于中营养型;东江流域的新丰江水库和白盘珠水库水质优良,为贫营养型;而位于经济较发达的沿海地区的鹤地水库、石岩水库和契爷石水库已受到严重污染。东江流域和北江流域水库水质普遍较好,而粤西沿海地区和珠江三角洲地区水库则污染较为严重。     

Algal nitrogen fixation in the tropics

Summary a)Nitrogen fixation in rice fields. Nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae grow abundantly in tropical regions and are particularly common in paddy fields. Their possible role in the nitrogen accumulation of soil has been studied. The most vigorous nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae have been assessed for use as green manure in rice fields and favorable effects have been reported in India and other countries. b)Nitrogen fixation by algae in water. The planktonic blue-green algae occur abundantly at certain time of the year in sea water and lake water, and some of them are known to be nitrogen fixers. Certain Japanese species of blue-green algae can withstand high temperatures including ten nitrogen-fixing species from hot-spring waters. c)Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic blue-green algae. Certain species of blue-green algae form associations with other organisms such as fungi, liverworts, ferns and seed plants. The relationship between these two organisms is on one occasion commensal and on others symbiotic. Certain symbiotic blue-green algae are provided with the ability to fix the atmospheric nitrogen.     

Plankton community and the relationship with the environment in saline lakes of Onon-Torey plain,Northeastern Mongolia

The plankton community of sixteen saline lakes located on Onon-Torey plain (Northeastern Mongolia) during the filling phase and the raising of the water level was investigated in July 2011. Thirty-five taxa of phytoplankton and thirty-one species of zooplankton were found. For phytoplankton, blue-green algae (Merismopedia elegans, Anabaenopsis elenkinii, Arthrospora fusiformis, Spirulina major, Lyngbya sp., Oscillatoria sp.) and green algae (Monoraphidium minutum, Tetrastrum komarekii, Ankyra ocellata, Oocystis sp.) were dominant. For zooplankton, Filinia longiseta, Brachionus plicatilis, B. variabilis, Hexarthra mira (Rotifera), Daphnia magna, Moina brachiata, M. mongolica (Cladocera), Arctodiaptomus bacillifer, Mixodiaptomus incrassatus, Metadiaptomus asiaticus (Copepoda) dominated. Mineralization, active hydrogen ratio, dissolved oxygen and water temperature were the main factors influencing the diversity, structure and distribution of plankton organisms in the steppe lakes during low water level. The RDA analysis for phytoplankton and zooplankton from different lakes was carried out for selected two groups which included lakes and a subset related species. The first group is of oligohaline and mesohaline lakes in which mostly green algae, rotifers and copepods inhabit. The second group is of mesohaline and polyhaline lakes with mainly blue-green algae, some crustaceans and rotifers inhabiting. High abundance and biomass of Spirulina major, Oscillatoria sp. and Brachionus variabilis were observed in lakes with high mineralization, pH and temperature.     

Grazing on filamentous algae by herbivorous zooplankton

SUMMARY. 1. Feeding experiments were conducted to examine filtering rates and selectivity of a variety of zooplankton taxa (including cladocerans, copepods and a rotifer) for filamentous diatoms, green and blue-green algae.
2. Most herbivores were capable of consuming some filamentous algae at rates similar to or higher than those on unicellular algae. Only feeding of Diaphanosoma brachyurum Liéven and Moina micrura Kurz seemed to be primarily limited by the filamentous morphology.
3. Filtering rates and selectivities of most herbivores were much higher for the diatom Melosira granulata angustissima Müller than for similarly sized blue-green algal filaments, indicating that chemical factors strongly influence consumption of filamentous algae.
4. The toxic blue-green algal filament Anabaena flos-aquae De Brébisson NRC 44–1 had a much strong inhibitory effect on zooplankton feeding than other filaments. The only herbivores that were not inhibited by this strain have been shown to be resistant to blue-green algal toxins, or strongly avoided consuming the blue-green alga. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of filamentous algae is due more to toxic or noxious chemicals than to the filamentous morphology.
5. Selectivities of zooplankton for filamentous algae were largely independent of herbivore body size. The small-bodied cladoceran Bosmina longirostris Müller had the highest selectivities for filamentous algae.     

Limnological Aspects of Some Moroccon Atlas Lakes,with Reference to Some Physical and Chemical Variables,the Nature and Distribution of the Phyto- and Zooplankton,Including a Note on Possibilities for the Development of an Inland Fishery

Four mountain lakes were studied. Two are eutrophic, one is mesotrophic and one is oligotrophic. The first three have a well-developed phyto- and zooplankton, with a relatively high diversity index. There are differences between the faunas that may be ascribed to differences in surface, depth, altitude and also to biological phenomena such as interspecies competition. The Ifni Lake is a genuine high-mountain lake, subject to severe environmental conditions. It has a very simple food chain: there is only one species of algae, an unicellular blue-green, one copepod species, one rotifer and one fish. In general some features of a definite interest for fundamental limnology were found: the presence of a pelagic Rhabdocoelid in Dayat Ifrah, some particularities in the vertical distribution of a number of plankton species, the existence of a layer of relatively warm water near the bottom of Lake Ifni. The latter is explained by a strong bottom current which flows through the lake between its phreatic in- and outlets. Finally, stress is laid on the under-exploitment of Moroccon inland waters with respect to a freshwater fishery. Yet, perspectives are good and some suggestions are forwarded.     

兰州五泉山的藻类及其分布

以兰州五泉山为该地藻种资源库,对其中水生、陆生生境中藻类的种类多样性、群落结构、分布特点进行了研究。结果发现该地藻类植物65种(含4变种),包括蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和红藻,其中硅藻种类最多(29种),其它依次为蓝藻(24种)、绿藻(11种)和红藻(1种)。水体中共42种,硅藻最多,有26种,其次蓝藻8种,绿藻7种,红藻1种,不同水体中优势种和亚优势种不同。土壤生境中发现20种,蓝藻13种,绿藻4种,硅藻3种,且非洲席藻和小球藻分为优势种和亚优势种。7个种类在水、陆两大生境都有分布,而且它们主要是丝状蓝藻。     

Phytoplankton and submerged macrophytes in the aquatic ecosystems of the Danube Delta during the last decade

The dynamics are presented of the main primary producers in seven representative Danube Delta lakes. Generally, the primary productivity developed from the macrophyte-epiphyte complex towards the phytoplankton. Species changes occurred in the two main compartments with increasing relative abundance of colonial blue-green algae in the phytoplankton and in submerged macrophytes of species with a vertical growth strategy. These changes are linked to accelerated eutrophication of the lakes, with increased phosphorus loading and a reduction in N:P ratio.     

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON AQUATIC ALGAL COMMUNITIES AND RECOLONIZATION WITHIN THE BLAST ZONE OF MT. ST. HELENS, 1980 AND 19811

Despite the destruction and total rearrangement of much of the area north of Mt St. Helens, many different species of algae became established in the aquatic systems located in the blast zone within 3–4 months after the eruption of May 18, 1980. Initial sites of intense algal activity were found in benthic regions associated with warm springs and in the littoral and phytoplanktonic communities of some small lakes. In the summers of 1980–81, overall phytoplankton numbers and activity were low in the large lakes closest to the crater (e.g. Spirit Lake). However, diatoms, blue-green and green algal isolates from these lakes were obtained in laboratory cultures on a reduced inorganic medium used to enumerate metal and sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Species of Nodularia, Pseudanabaena, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Nitzschia, Tribonema, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, and microflagellates (predominantly cryptomonads) were among the more common forms found in preserved samples or isolated in cultures.     

A study of the blue-green algae from paddy field soils of India

Summary The blue-green algal flora of rice-field soils of India was explored. The places from where collections were made are: Katni and Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh state); Karjat and Nagpur (Maharashtra state); Maddur and Naganahalli (Mysore state); Mahabalipuram, Aduturai and Paramakkudi (Madras state). A total flora of 132 forms is reported. There are twenty one new forms including one genus, three species, three varieties and 14 form varients. The algae have been observed both in nature and culture and an average of 23 forms was found in each soil. The algae obtained from nature comprise 37.8% of the total recorded. Those obtained from culture show a higher percentage (48.4), but the percentage of algaetthat are common to both nature and culture is 13.6. The relative abundance of blue-green algae under cultural conditions have also been observed by other workers. The present study also confirms the observation of other workers that soils contain a large number of viable algal species apart from those actually visible and that some algae reported from nature, may fail to appear under cultural conditions. The heterocystous blue-green algae are seen less than non-heterocystous in nature whereas in cultures the condition is reverse.     

Phytoplankton structure in different lake types in central Finland

Phyloplankton structure and its relation to physical and chemical properties of the water was studied in 58 central Finnish lakes. The biomass ranged from 0.2 to 14.2 g m⁻³ and the number of taxa per sample ranged from 33 to 152. The lakes were grouped into 5 types according to their trophic state: eutrophic, dyseutrophic, mesotrophic, oligotrophic, and acid oligotrophic lakes. The average biomass in eutrophic lakes was 5.57 g m⁻³, in dyseutrophic 3.54 g m⁻³, 1.23 g m⁻³ in mesotrophic, 0.52 g m⁻³ in oligotrophic and 0.39 g ⁻³ in acid oligotrophic lakes. The average number of taxa per sample in the corresponding lake types were 109. 1, 79.3, 97.9, 90.9 and 43.8, respectively. The phytoplankton communities in eutrophic lakes were characterized by blue-green algae (21.2% of total biomass) and green algae (18.7% of total biomass). In dyseutrophic lakes the proportion of green algae was much smaller (7.2% of total biomass) than in eutrophic lakes, whereas the proportion of diatoms and cryptophytes was higher (28.2 and 20.4% of total biomass, respectively). Chrysophytes dominated in the oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes (27.3–39.9% of total biomass). The contribution of dinoflagellates to the total biomass was highest in the most oligotrophic acidified lakes and in those lakes the relative proportions of blue-green and green algae were much higher than in the typical oligotrophic lakes. The lakes were also grouped into 8 community types according to the dominating algal group. Cyanophyceae- and Chlorophyceae-types characterized the eutrophic lakes, whereas Chrysophyceae-Dinopheceae-type was typical for most oligotrophic lakes. The other 5 types occurred in mesotrophic and oligotrophic lakes but the physical and chemical properties of these lakes did not differ much.     

柴达木盆地荒漠土壤蓝藻群落的初步研究

本文分析了柴达木盆地东部和中部具有代表性地区的丘陵、戈壁和沙丘的蓝藻种类组成、生物量及主要的土壤化学成分;采用了模糊聚类、系统聚类及多元线性回归等方法分析藻类的群落及其与环境因子的关系。共鉴定出21种蓝藻,其中6种为国内首次报道。研究表明:土壤含磷量、总盐量及与粘性和湿度有关的土壤结构是决定柴达木盆地蓝藻群落组成的重要因素。     

The distribution and abundance of algae in saline lakes of Saskatchewan,Canada

Collections of algae, mainly planktonic, were made from 41 saline lakes in southern Saskatchewan ranging in salinity from 3.2 to 428 g l^-1. Algae in 7 phyla, 8 classes, 42 families, 91 genera and 212 species and varieties were identified. Fourteen species were restricted to hypersaline (50 g l^-1) waters and eleven of these were diatoms. In general, species diversity was inversely related to lake salinity. Algae that were important community constituents over a broad spectrum of salinities were the green algae Ctenocladus circinnatus, Dunaliella salina and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum, the blue-green Lyngbya Birgei, Microcystis aeruginosa, Oscillatoria tenuis, O. Utermoehli and Nodularia spumigena and the diatoms Melosira granulata, Stephanodiscus niagarae and Chaetoceros Elmorei. In general green algae were dominant when lake salinity exceeded 100 g l^-1 although diatoms played important roles in most of these highly saline lakes except for Patience Lake.