Responses of soil inorganic nitrogen to increased temperature and plant removal during the growing season in a Sibiraea angustata scrub ecosystem of eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau北大核心CSCD

Aims Little information has been available on the soil nitrogen transformation process of alpine scrubland under global warming and changing climate. This study aimed at clarifying seasonal dynamics of the soil nitrate and ammonium contents and their responses to increased temperature under different plant treatments. Methods We conducted a field experiment including two plant treatments (removal- or unremoval-plant) subjected to two temperature conditions (increased temperature or control) in Sibiraea angustata scrub ecosystem on the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The contents of soil nitrate and ammonium were measured at the early, middle and late growing seasons. Important findings The results showed that soil nitrate and ammonium contents exhibited obvious seasonal dynamics. Throughout the entire growing season, the soil nitrate contents increased firstly and then decreased, while the soil ammonium contents increased continually. Particularly, in the early and middle growing season, the soil nitrate contents were significantly higher than those of ammonium, regardless of increased temperature and plant treatments; however, in the late growing season, the soil nitrate contents were significantly lower than those of ammonium. These results implied that soil nitrification was the major process of soil nitrogen transformation in the early and middle growing season; soil ammonification contributed mostly to soil nitrogen transformation in the late growing season. Furthermore, different responses of soil nitrate and ammonium contents to increased temperature and plant removal treatments were observed at the different stages in the growing season. The effects of increased temperature on soil nitrate contents mainly occurred in the middle and late growing season, but the effects varied with plant treatments. Increased temperature only significantly increased soil ammonium contents in the unremoval-plant plots during the middle growing season. The effects of plant treatments on soil nitrate contents only occurred in the control plots (controlled temperature). Plant removal only increased soil nitrate contents in the early and middle growing season, but significantly decreased soil nitrate contents in the late growing season. Plant removal significantly decreased soil ammonium contents in the increased temperature plots during the middle growing season. Probably, in the early and middle growing season, scrub vegetation mainly absorbed soil nitrate and the absorption process was not affected by increased temperature. These results would increase our understanding of the soil nitrogen cycling process in these alpine scrub ecosystems under global warming and changing climate. © 2018 Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. All rights reserved.     

Seasonal fire effects on the diversity patterns,spatial distribution and community structure of forbs in the Northern Mixed Prairie,USA

The effects of fire season on forb diversity patterns, density, and composition were determined for a northern Mixed Prairie site, USA. Repeated spring burns (dormant season), summer burns, fall burns (dormant season), and unburned treatments were compared over a 3-yr period characterized by wet and dry moisture conditions. Alpha and beta diversity were highest on unburned and summer burn treatments, while landscape mosaic diversity was highest on fall burns. Forb density was highest on fall and spring burn sites. Nine forb species comprised 82% of total densities and were significantly affected by fire season and year to year variations in moisture. Forb composition for unburned and spring burn treatments was similar, but both treatments were different from the summer burn and fall burn treatments which were similar to each other. Fire alone did not appear to be an intense enough disturbance to initiate drastic changes in the forb component of vegetation patches. Specific fire seasons did appear to either mask or enhance forb structure arising from other disturbance(s). Fire season also affected the scales of forb organization in the landscape. Contrasting spatial characteristics of the forb component of prairie plant communities may provide a diagnostic technique for exposing the interaction of disturbances at different temporal and spatial scales.     

Relationship between characteristics of water polo players and efficacy indices

The aim of this study was to define and examine the relationships between the anthropometrical characteristics, maximum isometric grip strength, and competition throwing velocities and efficacy indices in high-level water polo player. Eleven elite trained male water polo players participated in this study. During preseason training, the following measures were taken: standard anthropometry (height, body mass, arm spam, skinfolds, body girths, and skeletal breadths) and grip strength. During official European Competitions (n = 7), efficacy indices (offensives: shot definition, resolution, precision, blocked and defensives: shot resolution when defending and shots stopped when defending), average and maximum throwing velocities from all the participants by zones and in some offensive tactical phases (even, counterattacks and power play) were also determined. Throwing velocities were different (p ≤ 0.05) between some of the offensive tactical phases (even = 17.9 ± 2.4 vs. power play = 16.7 ± 2.6 m·s(-1)). In addition, significant correlations were found between competitive throwing velocities and different offensive efficacy indices. We concluded that there were significant correlations between conditioning and performance variables with anthropometrical characteristics and offensive tactical indices (blocked shots received and shot precision). Coaches should pay attention to these indices for the development of performance throughout the season.     

Effects of lengthened growing season and soil warming on the phenology and physiology of Polygonum bistorta

The phenological and physiological responses of arctic tundra plant species are key to predicting their survival in a warmer climate. One of the consequences of a warmer climate in the Arctic will be a longer growing season. We examined the effects of lengthened growing season and soil warming on the widely distributed forb, Polygonum bistorta L. Three treatments were established near Toolik Lake, Alaska in 1995 and 1996: extended season, extended season with soil warming, and an unmanipulated control. The season was extended by removing the snow load in the spring and keeping the treatments free of snow in the autumn. The spring snow removal extended the snow‐free period over that of controls by 8 d in 1995 and 24 d in 1996. As a result, the number of accumulated soil thaw days and consequently the depth of soil thaw increased on the treatment plots. Polygonum bistorta responded to the treatments by becoming active earlier and senescing earlier, resulting in a growth period of similar duration to that of the controls. Leaf size and leaf number were unaffected by the treatments, as were leaf photosynthetic assimilation rates and nutrient concentrations. The results indicate that internal constraints limit the response of this species to lengthened growing season, suggesting that it is a determinant or periodic species. With climate warming, this periodic growth will put P. bistorta at a competitive disadvantage relative to plants that can respond to lengthened growing season.     

Characteristics of select and non-select U15 male soccer players

Baseline characteristics of 31 healthy male U15 soccer players who were classified as select or non-select at the end of the season were compared. Players were 14.4 ± 0.54 years (13.6–15.3 years) at baseline; characteristics included body size, proportions and composition, estimated maturity status, several functional capacities, and coach classifications of potential in the sport. Decisions regarding selection or non-selection were made about two months after baseline. Select and non-select U15 soccer players differed significantly in estimated maturity status, body size, proportions and estimated muscle mass, functional tests related to speed, power and strength, and coach evaluation of potential, specifically tactical skills on offense and skills associated with creativity and decision making. When age and biological maturity status were statistically controlled, select and non-select players differed significantly only on the vertical jump, grip strength, and coach ratings of tactical skills on offense and of creativity and decision making. Results of stepwise discriminant analysis highlighted the importance of coach evaluation of tactical skills associated with offense, and of power and strength in distinguishing select from non-select players. The results highlight the advantages of advanced biological maturity status among adolescent male soccer players and also the importance of coach perceptions of talent. The latter implies a need for further study of the basis of coach perceptions, specifically how they are influenced by and perhaps interact with player characteristics at different ages, and how the perceptions influence playing time and player behaviors and interactions.     

Using phenological niche separation to improve management in a Northern Glaciated Plains grassland

Many of the remaining patches of untilled (native) prairie in the Northern Glaciated Plains of North America are heavily invaded by the cool‐season grasses, Bromus inermis and Poa pratensis. However, the native vegetation in these patches contains many warm‐season species. This difference in phenology can be used to benefit restoration. We conducted an experiment to examine the efficacy of restoration treatments (mowing and prescribed fire) applied early in the growing season for consecutive years to decrease cool‐season invasive plant biomass without impacting the native warm‐season species. Our treatments were successful at significantly decreasing invasive cool‐season plant biomass and increasing native warm‐season plant biomass. No differences between treatments (mowing and prescribed fire) were found. Results suggest that incorporating differences in phenology between target and nontarget species into management may increase restoration success.     

枯落物处理对格木林土壤碳氮转化和微生物群落结构的短期影响

以我国南亚热带格木人工纯林为研究对象,采用气压过程分离(BaPS)技术和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)法研究了不同枯落物处理(对照、枯落物去除、枯落物加倍)下土壤碳氮转化速率和微生物群落结构的季节变化.结果表明:不同枯落物处理土壤呼吸和总硝化速率均呈现明显的季节动态,雨季显著高于旱季.枯落物处理初期,土壤呼吸和总硝化速率均随枯落物输入量的增加呈下降趋势,但随着枯落物处理时间的延长,二者随枯落物输入量的增加而增加.旱季不同枯落物处理土壤微生物PLFAs总量和各菌群PLFAs量均显著高于雨季,而雨季真菌PLFAs/细菌PLFAs明显高于旱季.在旱季,枯落物去除处理土壤微生物PLFAs总量、细菌PLFAs量、真菌PLFAs量和丛枝菌根真菌PLFAs量分别显著提高30.9%、28.8%、44.4%和31.6%.在雨季,枯落物去除处理细菌PLFAs量和丛枝菌根真菌PLFAs量分别显著降低10.6%和33.3%.土壤微生物群落结构受枯落物输入量处理和季节的双重影响,土壤微生物群落结构主要受土壤温度和铵态氮的影响.枯落物输入量处理在短期内显著影响了格木林土壤碳氮转化速率和微生物群落结构,这种影响因季节的不同而存在差异.     

Effects of fire regimen on two species of epiphytic orchids in tropical savannas of the Northern Territory

The effect of four fire regimens (early dry season annual, late dry season annual, early dry season biennial, unburnt) on the numbers of epiphytic orchids in a savanna community in Kakadu National Park was investigated. These fire regimens had been maintained on I ha plots for 16 years. Two species of epiphytic orchid were present — Cymbidium canaliculatum and Dendrobium affine. The numbers of Cymbidium plants were insufficient to enable statistical analysis, but plants were present in the unburnt, early annual and early biennial fire treatments. Dendrobium occurred in substantial numbers irrespective of fire treatment, but the extent of colonization of all available host trees was greater in the unburnt than the burnt treatments. The lower numbers of Dendrobium plants in burnt treatments was due to a lower proportion of potential host trees being colonized and a lower number of orchids on each colonized tree. The proportion of small trees colonized was markedly lower in burnt treatments. Frequent fires late in the dry season may prevent recruitment of the main host species. Eucalyptus tectifica. The survival of orchids despite frequent fires depended on the availability of relatively protected sites for colonization and the ability of the orchids to withstand some fire damage.     

不同水分处理对日光温室黄瓜多胺与激素的影响

研究了不同土壤含水量对日光温室黄瓜生长与物质代谢的影响 ,结果如下 :冬春茬各生育期随着土壤水分的减少 ,不同处理的叶片数、叶面积、株高、节间长均降低。水分亏缺初期 ,叶片脯氨酸含量随着土壤含水量的降低而增加 ,随着时间延长此趋势消失。盛瓜期 Pro含量以 T1最多 ,达 17.95 μg/ g DW,分别是 T2与 T3的 2 .0倍与 2 .4倍 ;末瓜期各处理的 Pro含量均达最高值 ,T1、T2、T3分别为 2 5 .30、15 .6 0、12 .33μg/ g DW,秋冬茬叶片脯氨酸含量变化规律同冬春茬 .无论冬春茬还是秋冬茬 ,游离蛋白质的变化规律同脯氨酸。叶片亚精胺 (Spd)与腐胺 (Put)含量随着土壤水分的减少而增加。不同水分处理对黄瓜叶片精胺(Spm)含量的影响不大。根系中 Spd、Put、Spm的变化趋势同叶片。冬春茬不同水分处理的黄瓜叶片 ABA含量均随着土壤含水量的减少而增加     

降雨量改变对常绿阔叶林干旱和湿润季节土壤呼吸的影响

通过野外原位试验,研究降雨量改变对华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林干旱和湿润季节土壤呼吸速率的影响。采用LI-8100土壤碳通量分析系统(LI-COR Inc.,USA)测定干旱和湿润季节对照(CK)、增雨10%(LA)、增雨5%(TA)、减雨10%(LR)、减雨20%(MR)、减雨50%(HR)6个处理水平的土壤呼吸速率,并通过回归方程分析温度和湿度与土壤呼吸速率间的关系。结果表明:湿润季节土壤呼吸速率高于干旱季节,HR处理对干旱季节土壤呼吸速率影响较大,而LA处理对湿润季节土壤呼吸速率的影响较大。TA和LR处理使土壤呼吸的温度敏感性增加,而HR、LA和MR处理使土壤呼吸的温度敏感性降低,干旱季节Q10值高于湿润季节。各处理湿润季节土壤微生物量碳氮含量显著高于干旱季节,HR、MR和LA处理减少土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的含量,而TA和LR处理增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的含量。与湿润季节相比,干旱季节土壤水分对土壤呼吸速率的影响较大;而与土壤温度相比,土壤水分对土壤呼吸速率的影响较小。在降雨量改变的背景下,华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林无论是干旱还是湿润季节,适当增雨和减雨都会促进土壤呼吸速率,而较高量的增雨和减雨会抑制土壤呼吸速率。     

Effects of long-term consumption of sewage solids on reproductive performance and serum progesterone and estradiol-17beta in mature fine-wool ewes

Eighty-four mature fine-wool ewes were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments to examine the influence of dietary sewage solids on reproductive performance. Treatments were a basal diet or basal plus either 3.5% cottonseed meal (CSM) or 7% sewage solids. Serum progesterone and estradiol-17beta measured in blood samples collected through an estrous cycle just before the breeding season of the first and second years were not adversely influenced by sewage feeding. Progesterone concentrations quantified in weekly blood samples collected during gestation and lactation of both years did not differ (P>0.10) among treatments. During the first lambing season, lambing data showed that ewes consuming CSM produced slightly more lambs per ewe exposed (P<0.10) than either basal- or sewage-fed ewes. During the second breeding season, midventral laparotomies revealed that ovaries from ewes receiving CSM contained more (P<0.10) corpora lutea than did those from either basal- or sewage-fed animals. However, at the end of the second lambing season, no differences (P>0.10) among treatments in the number of lambs born or weaned were observed. A third year's lambing data also revealed no difference (P>0.10) among treatments for lambing rates. These data indicate that prolonged consumption of a diet containing 7% sewage solids has little, if any, detrimental effect on reproductive performance of mature fine-wool ewes.     

Variation in the timing of the reproductive season among breeds of sheep in relation to differences in photoperiodic synchronization of an endogenous rhythm.

Photoperiod may regulate seasonal reproduction either by providing the primary driving force for the reproductive transitions or by synchronizing an endogenous reproductive rhythm. This study evaluated whether breed differences in timing of the reproductive seasons of Finnish Landrace (Finn) and Galway ewes are due to differences in photoperiodic drive of the reproductive transitions or to differences in photoperiodic synchronization of the endogenous rhythm of reproductive activity. The importance of decreasing photoperiod after the summer solstice in determining the onset and duration of the breeding season was tested by housing ewes from the summer solstice in either a simulated natural photoperiod or a fixed summer-solstice photoperiod (18 h light:6 h dark; summer-solstice hold). Onset of the breeding season within each breed did not differ between these photoperiodic treatments, but Galway ewes began and ended their breeding season earlier than Finn ewes. The duration of the breeding season was shorter in Galway ewes on summer-solstice hold than on simulated natural photoperiod; duration did not differ between photoperiodic treatments in Finn ewes. The requirement for increasing photoperiod after the winter solstice for initiation of anoestrus was tested by exposing ewes from the winter solstice to either a simulated natural photoperiod or a winter-solstice hold photoperiod (8.5 h light:15.5 h dark). Onset of anoestrus within each breed did not differ between these photoperiodic treatments, but the time of this transition differed between breeds. These observations suggest that genetic differences in timing of the breeding season in Galway and Finn ewes do not reflect differences in the extent to which photoperiod drives the reproductive transitions, because neither breed requires shortening days to enter the breeding season or lengthening days to end it at appropriate times. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that photoperiod synchronizes an endogenous rhythm of reproductive activity in both breeds and that genetic differences in timing of the breeding season reflect differences in photoperiodic synchronization of this rhythm.     

冬作季节土地管理对水稻土CH_4排放季节变化的影响

通过温室盆栽试验对水稻土CH4 排放的季节变化及冬作季节土地管理的影响进行了研究 .结果表明 ,冬作季节种植紫云英、淹水休闲及干燥休闲但泡水前施用稻草处理泡水后 3 0dCH4 排放量分别高达 13 3d观测期总排放量的 67.5 %、3 5 .5 %及 3 3 .3 % ,且在泡水后第 13天及水稻移栽后第 7、40、91天分别出现 4个CH4 排放高峰 ;而种植小麦和干燥休闲但冬作前施用稻草处理泡水后 5 5dCH4 排放量才占观测期总排放量的 6.74%和 0 .2 7% ,随后至水稻收获CH4 排放通量也不高 .冬作季节土地管理引起的水稻生长期土壤Eh季节变化的差异是造成CH4 排放通量季节变化差异的主要原因     

Seasonal biomass allocation in a boreal perennial grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) under elevated temperature and CO2 with varying water regimes

The aim of this study was to analyze and model how biomass is allocated to the leaves, stems, and roots of perennial grass (reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea L., hereafter RCG) under elevated temperature (ET) (+approx. 3 °C) and CO₂ (approx. 700 μmol mol^?1) and with variable groundwater levels (high to low water levels) in a boreal environment. For this purpose, RCG plants were grown in environmentally controlled chambers over two growing seasons (April–September of 2009 and 2010), and the plant organ biomass (leaves, stems, and roots) was measured seven times over the entire growing season. The results showed that biomass production was mainly allocated to the leaves (LMF) and stems (SMF) early in the growing season, to the stems in the middle of the growing season, and to the roots (RMF) later in the growing season. Compared to ambient conditions, ET treatments increased LMF and SMF, and decreased RMF over the growing season under well-water conditions. Under low groundwater level, ET treatments decreased LMF and increased RMF throughout the growing season, and increased SMF in early periods and then decreased later in the growing season. CO₂ enrichment did not significantly affect the seasonal allocation pattern between plant organs. The effect of the groundwater level on biomass allocation was stronger than that of the climatic treatments. In conclusion, plant phenology controlled the seasonal course of biomass allocation in RCG and climatic treatments affected biomass allocation to each of the three plant organs, while the direction and extent of climate-related changes in biomass allocation depended on the availability of groundwater. The influence of groundwater level appeared to be crucial for the carbon gain regarding the production of RCG biomass for energy purpose and the concurrent sequestration of carbon in soils under changing climate in the mire sites used to cultivate RCG.     

Effects of changes in the timing and duration of the wet season on the germination of the soil seed bank of a seeder-dominated Mediterranean shrubland

In seasonal climates, rainfall patterns are highly variable across years, and can control seed bank dependent regeneration. Here we asked how changing the timing and duration of the wet season would affect the germination of the soil seed bank of a 14-year-old seeder-dominated shrubland. Soil samples, subjected or not to a heat shock, simulating fire, were set to germinate in a chamber whose conditions (temperature and photoperiod) were successively changed to simulate autumn, winter, and spring. Irrigation was implemented to produce three wet season treatments, varying its timing and duration: long (14?weeks of irrigation, during autumn, winter, and spring), medium (8?weeks, late autumn to early spring) and short (4?weeks in winter). Wet season treatments significantly affected germination of shrubs and herbs, as well as species richness and diversity, whereby the later and shorter the season, the lower these variables. Dicots were more sensitive to the treatments than monocots. The timing of the wet season was also important, as similar significant differences were found when only the first 4 weeks of each simulated wet season treatment were considered; the later the season, the lower the germination and richness. Heating the soil generally increased germination but few significant effects were found. We document that a change in the timing and/or duration of the wet season can significantly affect soil seed bank germination. We discuss these results in a context of shifting rainfall patterns under climate change.     

冬作季节土地管理对水稻土CH4排放季节变化的影响

通过温室盆栽试验对水稻土ＣＨ４排放的生节变化及冬作季节土地管理的影响进行了研究,结果表明,冬作季节种植紫云英、淹水休闲及干燥休闲但泡水前施用稻草处理泡水后３０ｄＣＨ４排放量分别高达１３３ｄ观测期总排放量的６７５％、３５．５％及３３．３％,且在泡水后第１３天及水稻移栽后第７、４０、９１天分别出现４个ＣＨ４排放高峰;而种植小麦和干燥休闲但冬作前施用稻草处理泡水后５５ｄＣＨ４排放量才占观测期总排放量的６     

Water relations of Quercus palustris: field measurements on an experimentally flooded stand

Summary Field measurements of water relations were used to examine the response of mature Quercus palustris (20 m tall), a flood tolerant tree, to experimental flooding treatments. Flooding treatments included: 1) flooding in the dormant season, 2) short-term flooding in the growing season and 3) long term (<2 years) continuous flooding. Dormant season flooding had no apparent effect on phenology or physiology during the following growing season. Short term flooding in the growing season caused immediate but reversible stomatal closure without significant development of water stresses. Within 10 days after the growing season flooding treatment water relations measurements were not significantly different from pre-treatment measurements or controls. Although no significant differences in water relations were found in growing season measurements on continuously flooded trees, continuous flooding reduced reproductive fitness and caused premature autumn coloration and leafabscission.Unlike upland Quercus species, Quercus palustris does not show evidence of water limitation late in the growing season. Stomatal conductance increased early in the growing season but showed no clear mid- to late-growing season trends. No evidence of mid-day stomatal closure was found throughout the growing season. Stomatal conductance was correlated to both xylem pressure potential and photosynthetically active radiation. Combined osmotic and matric potentials decreased to-2.43 MPa by Julian day 140 and remained constant throughout the growing season. Predawn xylem pressure potentials exceeded-0.4 MPa throughout the growing season.This paper is Scientific Paper SP 6421 of the College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University. Work was conducted under Project 0549, ARC-WSU and project 169, 170, 183 of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Missouri. The author acknowledges the support of the Missouri Department of Conservation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. James Ware and Leigh Fredrickson provided assistance and support without which the project would not have been possible     

田间不同水肥管理下小粒咖啡的生长和光合特性

通过云南5年生田间小粒咖啡(Coffea arabica)进行2种施肥(低肥和高肥)和在干季秸秆覆盖、滴灌、秸秆覆盖+滴灌、对照4种水分处理对植株生长和叶片光合特性影响的测定研究．结果表明,小粒咖啡一年生长周期中最高峰期在雨季始期,次高峰期在雨季中期．水分处理对生长高峰期株高和分枝长度的相对生长率没有显著作用,高施肥量则加大了其相对生长率．干季水分处理提高了叶片的Pn、gs、Tr和WUE,而叶绿素的荧光特征没有受到影响．在湿季,高施肥量使叶片含氮量Pn增加,对gs和Tr的影响较小,从而导致WUE提高,高施肥量显著减小日间光抑制程度,加大了光合机构的实际光化学效率和热耗散能力,提高了对强光环境的适应性,研究表明,小粒咖啡需要高养分的投入和良好的水分管理,湿季是小粒咖啡进行光合和生长的最优季节,干季田间秸秆覆盖+滴灌的效果较好,滴灌和秸秆覆盖的效果相近。     

冬作季节土地管理对水稻土CH4排放季节变化的影响

通过温室盆栽试验对水稻土CH₄ 排放的季节变化及冬作季节土地管理的影响进行了研究.结果表明,冬作季节种植紫云英、淹水休闲及干燥休闲但泡水前施用稻草处理泡水后30dCH₄ 排放量分别高达133d观测期总排放量的67.5%、35.5%及33.3%,且在泡水后第13天及水稻移栽后第 7、40、91天分别出现 4个CH₄ 排放高峰;而种植小麦和干燥休闲但冬作前施用稻草处理泡水后55dCH₄ 排放量才占观测期总排放量的6.74%和 0.27%,随后至水稻收获CH₄ 排放通量也不高.冬作季节土地管理引起的水稻生长期土壤Eh季节变化的差异是造成CH₄ 排放通量季节变化差异的主要原因.