三聚氰胺对藻类的毒性效应研究

以近头状伪蹄形藻(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为材料,利用藻类生长抑制试验测定了三聚氰胺对藻类的毒性效应。结果表明,三聚氰胺对两种藻的生长存在不同程度的抑制效应,浓度越高,抑制效应越强;对斜生栅藻的毒性效应还随处理时间的延长而增强。以生物量计,三聚氰胺抑制近头状伪蹄形藻和斜生栅藻生长的72h EbC50值分别是537.67和485.17mg/L,均为较低的毒性效应。两种藻的生长率均随处理浓度的增加而逐渐降低;依据估算的EC20和EC10值推断,斜生栅藻对三聚氰胺较为敏感,而且还具有明显的慢性毒性效应。       

梭鱼草化感物质丁二酸对微囊藻和栅藻生长及竞争的影响

为了解梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)根茎有机酸类化感物质对铜绿微囊藻(Micro-cystis aeruginosa,M)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus,S)生长和竞争关系的影响,将不同浓度丁二酸作用于两种藻的单种培养和共培养,即铜绿微囊藻与斜生栅藻初始比例为1∶0(100%M)、1∶1(50%M+50%S)、2∶3(40%M+60%S)、3∶2(60%M+40%S)、0∶1(100%S)。结果表明:丁二酸对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻均有抑制作用,抑制能力与浓度呈正相关;无化感物质作用下,单种培养和共培养中铜绿微囊藻生长能力均强于斜生栅藻; 60mg·L-1丁二酸处理下,40%M+60%S、50%M+50%S培养组中β(斜生栅藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制参数)0,60%M+40%S培养组中β0,表明藻类初始比例影响蓝绿藻之间竞争;丁二酸可改变蓝绿藻之间竞争关系,低浓度(20、40 mg·L-1)作用下,表现为铜绿微囊藻抑制斜生栅藻,斜生栅藻促进铜绿微囊藻,高浓度(60、80 mg·L-1)作用下,表现为两者相互抑制,表明两种藻之间竞争加强。     

两种新型农药对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus Kütz.)的毒性研究

LY-04和WSQIF是由华中师范大学农药所合成的两种新型有机磷农药,LY-04属于α-氧代膦酸衍生物,WSQIF属于芳氧基乙酰氧基烃基膦酸脂.选用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus Kütz.)作为实验生物,通过显微计数测定藻细胞的密度以计算LY-04和WSQIF对斜生栅藻24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半效应抑制浓度(EC50),研究其对斜生栅藻的毒性效应.结果表明以丙酮为溶剂时,每隔24 h取样,测得 LY-04对斜生栅藻的48 h、72 h、96 h的EC50值分别为2 942.5 mg/L、239.7 mg/L和65.0 mg/L,而WSQIF的24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的EC50值分别为15.9 mg/L、53.0 mg/L、98.0 mg/L和28.8 mg/L.LY-04和WSQIF分别作为杀虫剂和除草剂而研制,经活体研究表明,LY-04具有较强的杀虫活性,WSQIF则具有很强的除草活性,所得EC50值基本符合设计结果.根据毒性分级标准,LY-04和WSQIF的EC50值远大于3 mg/L,其对非靶生物中的水生藻类都属于低毒,可推广应用.     

叔丁基对羟基茴香醚和诺氟沙星对水生生物的影响

采用急性毒性试验的方法,研究了叔丁基对羟基茴香醚(Butylated hydroxyanisole,BHA)和诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin,NFLX)对水生生物斜生栅藻和大型溞的毒性效应。结果表明大型溞在BHA和NFLX暴露下48h的LC₅₀分别为3.15mg·L^-1和194.98mg·L^-1。BHA和NFLX对斜生栅藻也有明显的毒性作用,其96h的EC₅₀分别为6.19mg·L^-1和50.18mg·L^-1。大型蚤对BHA暴露的敏感性强于斜生栅藻,而斜生栅藻对NFLX的敏感性比大型溞强。根据化学物质对鱼类和溞类的毒性评价标准,BHA和NFLX分别属于中等和低等毒性的化合物。     

重金属铅与两种淡水藻的相互作用

为了研究重金属铅与淡水藻类之间的相互作用,采用不同Pb2+浓度处理铜绿微囊藻(Microcysis aeruginosa Kutz.)和斜生栅藻[Scenedesmus obliquus(Turp.)Kutz.],分别对两种藻的生物量、藻液电导率、O-·2含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及藻对Pb2+的吸收作用等进行了测定,并通过扫描电镜观察了不同Pb2+浓度处理下两种藻细胞的表面结构。结果显示:(1)Pb2+浓度低于3 mg/L促进铜绿微囊藻生长,高于9 mg/L抑制其生长;但在3—12 mg/L范围内,Pb2+均明显抑制了斜生栅藻的生长,说明斜生栅藻对Pb2+毒性的敏感程度要高于铜绿微囊藻。(2)受到铅离子的胁迫,两种藻细胞膜通透性均有一定改变,扫描电子显微镜的照片观察,两种藻细胞表面的絮状物随着Pb2+的升高而增多,尤其是斜生栅藻细胞结构改变明显,多数细胞变形破裂;同时,O-·2含量升高,POD、CAT活性早期均可随Pb2+的增加而上升,表明氧自由基的产生增多以及由其引起的细胞生理生化改变可能是铅离子作用于藻细胞的主要机制。(3)两种淡水藻对Pb2+均有吸收作用,单位量藻细胞内,斜生栅藻对Pb2+的吸收能力好于铜绿微囊藻。所有结果提示:斜生栅藻不仅可以作为对重金属敏感的指示生物来监测水体Pb2+污染程度;同时由于斜生栅藻比铜绿微囊藻具有更好的Pb2+吸收能力,因此还可以利用斜生栅藻作为处理水体Pb2+的生物材料。     

普生轮藻浸提液对两种淡水藻类的化感抑制作用及其数学模型

利用大型水生植物的化感作用抑制水华藻类是水域生态学研究的热点课题之一。探讨了不同浓度普生轮藻浸提液对产毒铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻(单纯以及混合藻类)的抑制作用,并根据实验过程中得到的数据和数据特征,在传统的Logistic模型和Lotka-Volterra模型基础上,通过微元法建立了普生轮藻浸提液对单纯产毒铜绿微囊藻、单纯斜生栅藻抑制的数学模型以及两藻混合时抑制的数学模型。结果表明,(1)普生轮藻浸提液无论对单独的毒性铜绿微囊藻或斜生栅藻还是共生状态的毒性铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻均有很强抑制作用,且对毒性铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用要显著高于对斜生栅藻;(2)所建立的抑藻模型可有效表征和预测在一定范围内的产毒铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻及其混合藻在普生轮藻浸提液胁迫下藻密度随时间变化的规律;通过这些模型可方便地计算出实验期间任何时间节点上普生轮藻浸提液的半抑制浓度(EC50)、最小有效浓度(MIC)等指标的预测值、混合藻在小生境中相对稳定时的预测值等等。该研究可为实际抑藻的方案制定和实施提供有价值的数据支撑和参考,具有一定的理论与应用意义。     

两种新型农药对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus Ktz.)的毒性研究

LY-04和WSQIF是由华中师范大学农药所合成的两种新型有机磷农药,LY-04属于α-氧代膦酸衍生物,WSQIF属于芳氧基乙酰氧基烃基膦酸脂。选用斜生栅藻(ScenedesmusobliquusKütz.)作为实验生物,通过显微计数测定藻细胞的密度以计算LY-04和WSQIF对斜生栅藻24h、48h、72h、96h的半效应抑制浓度(EC50),研究其对斜生栅藻的毒性效应。结果表明:以丙酮为溶剂时,每隔24h取样,测得LY-04对斜生栅藻的48h、72h、96h的EC50值分别为2942.5mg/L、239.7mg/L和65.0mg/L,而WSQIF的24h、48h、72h、96h的EC50值分别为15.9mg/L、53.0mg/L、98.0mg/L和28.8mg/L。LY-04和WSQIF分别作为杀虫剂和除草剂而研制,经活体研究表明,LY-04具有较强的杀虫活性,WSQIF则具有很强的除草活性,所得EC50值基本符合设计结果。根据毒性分级标准,LY-04和WSQIF的EC50值远大于3mg/L,其对非靶生物中的水生藻类都属于低毒,可推广应用。     

两种新型农药对斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus Kuetz．）的毒性研究

LY-04和WSQIF是由华中师范大学农药所合成的两种新型有机磷农药,LY—04属于α-氧代膦酸衍生物,WSQIF属于芳氧基乙酰氧基烃基膦酸脂。选用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus Kuetz．)作为实验生物,通过显微计数测定藻细胞的密度以计算LY—04和WSQIF对斜生栅藻24h、48h、72h、96h的半效应抑制浓度(EC50),研究其对斜生栅藻的毒性效应。结果表明：以丙酮为溶剂时,每隔24h取样,测得LY—04对斜生栅藻的48h、72h、96h的ECs。值分别为2942．5mg／L、239．7mg／L和65．0mg／L,而WSQIF的24h、48h、72h、96h的EC5。值分别为15．9mg／L、53．0mg／L、98．0mg／L和28．8mg／L。LY—04和WSQIF分别作为杀虫剂和除草剂而研制,经活体研究表明,LY—04具有较强的杀虫活性,WSQIF则具有很强的除草活性,所得EC50。值基本符合设计结果。根据毒性分级标准,LY—04和WSQIF的EC50。值远大于3mg／L,其对非靶生物中的水生藻类都属于低毒,可推广应用。     

氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻的毒性研究

研究了农药氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻的毒性效应,结果显示：以丙酮为溶剂量,其96h EC50为112.45mg/L;以乙酸乙酯为溶剂时,其96hEC50为112.81mg/L。同时也研究了氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻的光合色素含量、色素光谱、可溶性蛋白质含量和超氧物歧化酶活性的影响。     

不同种类农药表面活性剂对大型溞的急性毒性

运用评价化学品对水生生物毒性的标准试验方法,比较了39种非离子型、6种阴离子型和3种阳离子型的常用代表性表面活性剂对大型溞的急性毒性.结果表明:3种阳离子型表面活性剂1427、1227及C8-10的急性毒性均为剧毒,其中1427毒性最高,EC50值为0.97×10-2 mg·L-1;非离子型表面活性剂中蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚、吐温和斯潘系列乳化剂均为低毒,而烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚系列和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚系列表面活性剂的毒性稍偏高,而AEO-7和AEO-5的毒性达到高毒水平,EC50值分别为0.82和0.97 mg·L-1,且此类表面活性剂脂溶性越大,对大型溞的毒性越大;大部分阴离子表面活性剂的毒性为中毒,但NNO表现为高毒,EC50值为0.17 mg·L-1.     

Biological surface coating and molting inhibition as mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticle toxicity in Daphnia magna

The production and use of nanoparticles (NP) has steadily increased within the last decade; however, knowledge about risks of NP to human health and ecosystems is still scarce. Common knowledge concerning NP effects on freshwater organisms is largely limited to standard short-term (≤48 h) toxicity tests, which lack both NP fate characterization and an understanding of the mechanisms underlying toxicity. Employing slightly longer exposure times (72 to 96 h), we found that suspensions of nanosized (～100 nm initial mean diameter) titanium dioxide (nTiO(2)) led to toxicity in Daphnia magna at nominal concentrations of 3.8 (72-h EC(50)) and 0.73 mg/L (96-h EC(50)). However, nTiO(2) disappeared quickly from the ISO-medium water phase, resulting in toxicity levels as low as 0.24 mg/L (96-h EC(50)) based on measured concentrations. Moreover, we showed that nTiO(2) (～100 nm) is significantly more toxic than non-nanosized TiO(2) (～200 nm) prepared from the same stock suspension. Most importantly, we hypothesized a mechanistic chain of events for nTiO(2) toxicity in D. magna that involves the coating of the organism surface with nTiO(2) combined with a molting disruption. Neonate D. magna (≤6 h) exposed to 2 mg/L nTiO(2) exhibited a "biological surface coating" that disappeared within 36 h, during which the first molting was successfully managed by 100% of the exposed organisms. Continued exposure up to 96 h led to a renewed formation of the surface coating and significantly reduced the molting rate to 10%, resulting in 90% mortality. Because coating of aquatic organisms by manmade NP might be ubiquitous in nature, this form of physical NP toxicity might result in widespread negative impacts on environmental health.     

Changes in food quality of the green alga Scenedesmus induced by Daphnia infochemicals: biochemical composition and morphology

1. The effects of Daphnia infochemicals on the morphology and biochemical composition of Scenedesmus were studied and subsequently their influence on Daphnia life history. Three species of Scenedesmus ( S. acutus, S. obliquus and S. subspicatus ) were tested for Daphnia -induced colony formation. Life history experiments were performed with Daphnia cucullata and D. magna feeding on unicellular or colonial S. acutus.
2. Colony formation was promoted when S. acutus and S. obliquus were exposed to filtered water from a D. magna culture. S. subspicatus did not form colonies when exposed to culture water, but showed some colony formation when exposed to live D. magna.
3. No clear differences were found in total lipid, protein or carbohydrate content between the unicellular and colonial ecomorphs of the three Scenedesmus species. However, fatty acid (FA) concentration and composition were changed. Total FA as a percentage of frozen dry weight (DW) were increased in colonies. The ratio of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the ratio of ω3 : ω6 fatty acids decreased in colonies.
4. A short-term grazing experiment with three size classes of Scenedesmus revealed lower clearance rates for small Daphnia when feeding on large colonial Scenedesmus.
5. Life history parameters of both Daphnia species were influenced by food type. The intrinsic rate of population increase ( r) was significantly lower for daphnids feeding on colonies.
6. The negative influence of colonial Scenedesmus on population growth of Daphnia seems to be determined by algal morphology rather than biochemical composition.     

5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对6种环境生物的急性毒性

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐是一种新型的抗生素类杀虫剂、杀螨剂,其大量使用可能会导致一系列的生态风险,因此有必要开展其对相关环境生物毒性的研究。测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对意大利蜜蜂、日本鹌鹑、斑马鱼、家蚕、大型溞和赤子爱胜蚓6种非靶标生物的急性毒性。5％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对蜜蜂的急性经口LC50（48 h）为0．555 a．i．mg· L-1,对鹌鹑的经口LD50（7 d）为148．369 a．i．mg· kg-1,对斑马鱼的LC50（96 h）为0．368 a．i．mg· L-1,对家蚕的急性摄入毒性LC50（96 h）为0．005 a．i．mg· L-1,对大型溞的运动抑制毒性EC50（48 h）为0．020 a．i． mg· L-1,对蚯蚓的急性毒性LC50（14 d）为18．397 a．i．mg· kg-1。该农药对家蚕和大型溞均为剧毒,对蜜蜂和斑马鱼均为高毒,对鹌鹑中毒,对蚯蚓低毒。总体而言,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对环境生物危害大,在使用过程中要注意。     

Does microcystin disrupt the induced effect of Daphnia kairomone on colony formation in Scenedesmus?

In natural aquatic system, Scenedesmus and Microcystis species usually coexist. Microcystins are released into water after lysis of Microcystis cells during the collapse of heavy blooms. The released toxins can then come into contact with a wide range of aquatic organisms. In this study, we used filtered Daphnia test water containing kairomone from Daphnia magna to stimulate the inducible colony formation in Scenedesmus obliquus under microcystin-contaminated system, to examine how microcystin affects the induced effect of Daphnia kairomone on colony formation in S. obliquus. The results showed neither microcystin nor Daphnia kairomone affected the growth of S. obliquus. Microcystin neither promoted nor impaired the overall Daphnia-induced colony formation in S. obliquus, except reducing the proportion of eight-celled colonies on day 2, indicating that the effect of microcystin was just short-term and in general did not disrupt grazer-induced colony formation of S. obliquus.     

氯化高汞对大型溞的慢性毒性

在换水静置条件下(25℃),氯化高汞(以Hg++计)对大型溞的48小时LC50值及其可信限为13.5(±2.1)微克/升。试验个体饲以斜生栅藻单个培养,在汞含量为1—21微克/升浓度下,产仔总数经方差分析表明组间差异显著(FF0.05)。各浓度组(X)与产仔总数(Y)的关系为:Y=-51.823X+4320.960(r=-0.904,p0.01)。净增殖率(R0)随浓度升高而逐渐下降。存活和生长用方差分析及D值检验表明对照组与各浓度组之间(差异数分别小于各自的D值20.89和0.1749),没有显著差异。各浓度组对内禀增长能力(rm)和世代平均周期(T)影响不大。根据大型溞的生物学基本参数,其体长的生长模型为: lt=4.57-3.5177e-0.00838t.       

The influence of bacteria-dominated diets on Daphnia magna somatic growth, reproduction, and lipid composition

We explored how dietary bacteria affect the life history traits and biochemical composition of Daphnia magna, using three bacteria taxa with very different lipid composition. Our objectives were to (1) examine whether and how bacteria-dominated diets affect Daphnia survival, growth, and fecundity, (2) see whether bacteria-specific fatty acid (FA) biomarkers accrued in Daphnia lipids, and (3) explore the quantitative relationship between bacteria availability in Daphnia diets and the amounts of bacterial FA in their lipids. Daphnia were fed monospecific and mixed diets of heterotrophic (Micrococcus luteus) or methanotrophic bacteria (Methylomonas methanica and Methylosinus trichosporium) and two phytoplankton species (Cryptomonas ozolinii and Scenedesmus obliquus). Daphnia neonates fed pure bacteria diets died after 6-12?days and produced no viable offspring, whereas those fed pure phytoplankton diets had high survival, growth, and reproduction success. Daphnia fed a mixed diet with 80% M.?luteus and 20% of either phytoplankton had high somatic growth, but low reproduction. Conversely, Daphnia fed mixed diets including 80% of either methane-oxidizing bacteria and 20% Cryptomonas had high reproduction rates, but low somatic growth. All Daphnia fed mixed bacteria and phytoplankton diets had strong evidence of both bacteria- and phytoplankton-specific FA biomarkers in their lipids. FA mixing model calculations indicated that Daphnia that received 80% of their carbon from bacteria assimilated 46?±?25% of their FA from this source. A bacteria-phytoplankton gradient experiment showed a strong positive correlation between the proportions of the bacterial FA in the Daphnia and their diet, indicating that bacterial utilization can be traced in this keystone consumer using FA biomarkers.     

The effect of substances from different zooplankton species and fish on the induction of defensive morphology in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus

The common green alga Scenedesmus obliquus may respond morphologicallyto the presence of natural enemies. Exposure to water-bornecues from the herbivorous zooplankton Ceriodaphnia reticulata,Daphnia galeata x hyalina, Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulicariastimulated the formation of protective colonies in S. obliquus.This response seemed strongly related to the amount of algaegrazed upon, because a highly significant correlation betweenthe amount of S. obliquus consumed and the induced colony formationwas found. However, when exposed to medium that had been inhabitedby the carnivorous zooplankton Bythotrephes longimanus and Leptodorakindtii, no colony formation occurred. A similar result wasobtained in two different experiments when S. obliquus was exposedto filtrate from cultures of the freshwater fish ide (Leuciscusidus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis). These results support thehypothesis that S. obliquus responds to a herbivorous zooplanktonchemical cue, rather than to a more general animal excretoryproduct. No support was obtained for the hypothesis that cuesfrom the enemy of their enemy could serve as signals to thealgae: despite the presence of filtrate from fish culture, filtratefrom Daphnia cultures induced the formation of colonies in S.obliquus. The biological activity seems to be linked to thealga–grazer interaction, which ensures a reliable cuethat evokes the morphological response of S. obliquus only whennecessary. The grazer-induced colony formation can be viewedas an adaptive reaction in habitats with variable grazing pressurefrom an assemblage of many different herbivores to pare downmortality through grazing.     

大型溞生长、生殖和种群增长的研究

年龄6±6小时的纯系大型溞培养在25±1℃静置换水条件下,饲以斜生栅藻,其平均寿命为68.40±9.82天。龄期(x)和年龄(t,天)之间呈曲线迴归关系:t=-2.245+1.510x+0.035x2(r=0.99,p3.86-0.131t)(式中Y为累计生殖量个数,t为天数)。       

8%高效氯氟氰菊酯微乳剂对环境生物的安全性评价

高效氯氟氰菊酯是一种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,对鳞翅目、鞘翅目和半翅目等多种害虫以及螨类都有一定的防治效果。关于拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对某种环境生物的单一安全性评价的研究颇多,但缺乏系统的评价。根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,测定了8％高效氯氟氰菊酯微乳剂对6种非靶标环境生物鹌鹑、蜜蜂、家蚕、斑马鱼、大型溞和蚯蚓的毒性,并进行了环境安全性评价。8％高效氯氟氰菊酯微乳剂对鹌鹑的经口毒性7 d LD50为54．4762 mg· kg-1,属中毒;对蜜蜂经口毒性的48 h LC50为2．7391 mg· L-1,属高毒;对家蚕和斑马鱼的96 h LC50分别为0．0067和0．0007 mg· L-1,均为剧毒;对大型溞的抑制毒性EC50（48 h）为1．2716 mg· L-1,属中毒;对蚯蚓的14 d LC50为32．3313 mg· kg-1,属低毒。本文明确了高效氯氟氰菊酯微乳剂对环境生物的毒性及安全性,可为其在农业生产中的合理利用及其对环境生物危害的风险控制提供依据。