利用末龄幼虫蜕和蛹壳对单头昆虫基因的无损伤检测

【目的】在昆虫基因功能等相关研究中,通常需要利用单对交配策略来筛选纯合突变品系,如何在配对前确定个体基因型同时又不对昆虫造成损伤,显得尤为重要。本文旨在探讨利用末龄幼虫蜕和蛹壳进行单头昆虫的无损伤基因检测方法。【方法】针对大小不同的3种鳞翅目昆虫斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius、二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone M?schler和小菜蛾Plutella xyllostella Linnaeus,收集末龄幼虫蜕及蛹壳,利用常规分子生物学技术进行基因组DNA提取、靶标基因PCR扩增、琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测、连接转化和单克隆测序验证。【结果】从斜纹夜蛾、二点委夜蛾末龄幼虫蜕和蛹壳提取的基因组DNA,以其为模板对GOBP1基因进行PCR扩增,产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测得到单一、明显的条带,进一步经连接转化和单克隆测序得到目的序列;但由于小菜蛾末龄幼虫蜕和蛹壳太小,以同样方法提取的基因组DNA浓度太低,PCR产物经电泳检测,未能得到目的条带。【结论】对于与斜纹夜蛾和二点委夜蛾相近或更大的昆虫,可以利用单头末龄幼虫蜕或蛹壳提取基因组DNA,通过常规PCR技术克隆特定基因序列,为突变品系筛选过程中昆虫个体的无损伤基因型检测提供了方法。     

蛹虫草线粒体基因型快速检测体系的构建及线粒体遗传稳定性的初步研究

本研究的目的是建立一种快速确定蛹虫草菌株线粒体基因型的技术体系,并探讨蛹虫草连续传代培养后线粒体的遗传稳定性。从已知线粒体基因组的蛹虫草菌株中扩增线粒体内含子位点,将扩增产物混合并制作出两套DNA分子量标准,即在8个内含子位点分别具有内含子的8条扩增条带组成的M-I和在6个内含子位点分别缺失内含子的6条扩增条带组成的M-II。从待检测的蛹虫草菌株（包括3个已知和2个未知线粒体基因组的菌株）中扩增同样的（假定）内含子位点,然后通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳分别与制备好的两个DNA分子量标准进行比较,能够准确判断蛹虫草菌株的线粒体内含子分布模式,从而验证了所构建的线粒体基因型快速检测体系的有效性。选择10个蛹虫草组织分离菌株和8个单分生孢子菌株连续转接培养15代,没有发现线粒体内含子分布模式发生改变。本研究成功构建了快速检测蛹虫草线粒体基因型的技术体系,并发现蛹虫草线粒体具有很高的遗传稳定性,为开展蛹虫草线粒体遗传规律的研究奠定了基础。     

应用PCR方法鉴别猪肉和牛肉

参考已有文献建立了一种快速检测猪肉和牛肉的PCR实验方法。首先,提取基因组DNA,设计针对目的基因的特异性引物,其次,通过PCR方法扩增特异性DNA片段,再利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳予以分离和鉴定,根据DNA分子量的大小及测序结果,鉴别、确认不同的肉类样品。本实验方法简便、特异性高,不仅可作为教学实验,也可用于肉制品的检测。     

橘小实蝇快速检疫鉴定方法

采用形态学观察与PCR技术相结合的方法,针对台湾水果中截获的可疑橘小实蝇Bactroceradorsalis(Hendel)幼虫和蛹进行快速鉴定。采用异硫氰酸胍方法快速提取昆虫基因组DNA,并根据特异性引物,采用PCR技术从截获的可疑橘小实蝇幼虫和蛹样本中均扩增得到224 bp的特异性条带,经测序比较发现,扩增产物序列与橘小实蝇目的基因序列完全相同,由此证明可疑样本为橘小实蝇的幼虫和蛹。该方法解决了橘小实蝇幼虫和蛹等未成熟虫态的快速检疫难题,大大缩短了检测周期,值得口岸检验检疫借鉴应用。     

中科灵芝核糖体大亚基(LSU)基因组的序列测定和分析

采用先进的CTAB法提取中科一号灵芝菌株的基因组DNA,经过LSD序列的扩增,引物设计,PCR扩增,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后用试剂盒回收,转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞,获得正确的转化子后,测序,获得新的灵芝rDNA序列.     

裸长角(虫兆)线粒体COI基因扩增的研究

目的:为研究跳虫的遗传多样性和探讨跳虫线粒体基因提取与扩增的简易方法,对裸长角(虫兆)线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基COI基因进行了提取和扩增.方法:通过采集裸长角(虫兆)、提取裸长角虫兆基因组DNA,并用特异性引物对COI基因进行PCR扩增,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳来检验扩增产物,最后用软件对结果进行分析.结果:结果显示扩增产物的为一明亮条带,长度约为477bp,符合预期.结论:用基因组DNA作为扩增模板是可行的,所选用的引物对跳虫线粒体细胞色素氧化酶基因的扩增具有参考价值.     

三种提取苹果绵蚜基因组DNA方法的比较

参考国内外昆虫基因组DNA提取的常用方法,选取KAc法、氯仿-异戊醇法和盐析法3种方法对苹果绵蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum)基因组DNA进行提取.通过基因组DNA直接琼脂糖凝胶电泳、SSR引物扩增产物的琼脂糖凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,对3种方法所提基因组DNA的质量进行了比较,并综合分析了提取所需时间及所用试剂的毒性大小等.结果表明,盐析法操作程序较简便快捷,节时省工,可得较好质量的DNA样本,且对试验操作人员无伤害,是一种值得推广应用的基因组DNA提取方法.     

垃圾填埋场中厌氧真菌18SrDNA的PCR扩增及鉴定

采用机械破壁法直接从来自7个不同地区的垃圾填埋场滤液样本中提取真菌DNA,应用真菌通用引物NS1和NS8扩增18SrDNA（约1800bp),多聚酶链式反应（PCR）产物的琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明所有的样本均得到了扩增;以PCR产物作为模板,采用厌氧真菌Chytridiomycetes科的专用引物Chyt-719和Chyt-1553进行二次PCR扩增（约857bp),该阳性扩增产物克隆和测序结果首次表明在食草动物瘤胃中存在的厌氧真菌Chytridiomycetes也存在于垃圾填埋场中,且为Neocallimastix属。     

SPARC基因敲除小鼠的繁育及子代基因型的鉴定

目的:探讨富含半胱氨酸的分泌型酸性蛋白(SPARC)基因敲除小鼠的繁殖和鉴定方法,为进一步研究SPARC蛋白的功能奠定基础。方法:将所引进的杂合子小鼠进行饲养并繁殖,繁殖成功后其子代中将会出现野生型、杂合子以及纯合子3种基因型。提取子鼠鼠尾基因组DNA,用PCR法扩增SPARC和Neo基因片段,通过限制性内切酶酶切反应,证实PCR扩增产物的正确性;应用Westernblot检测SPARC蛋白质的表达,进一步证实PCR鉴定方法的可靠性。结果:SPARC基因杂合子小鼠互交繁殖结果基本符合孟德尔遗传规律,SPARC基因缺失纯合子小鼠有繁殖能力。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示PCR产物分子量大小与预期的目的基因片段相对分子质量大小一致,酶切和Westernblot结果证实PCR结果可靠。结论:PCR方法能够准确鉴定SPARC基因突变小鼠基因型。     

Methylation-dependent fragment separation: direct detection of DNA methylation by capillary electrophoresis of PCR products from bisulfite-converted genomic DNA

Fundamental to understanding the role of cytosine (C) methylation in genomic DNA (gDNA) is the need for robust analysis methods to determine the location and degree of this modification. We report a novel method for methylation detection by denaturing capillary electrophoresis (CE) using standard fragment analysis conditions. Bisulfite treatment of gDNA will selectively deaminate C but not 5-methylcytosine (5mC). Amplicons generated from bisulfite-converted gDNA are analyzed immediately after PCR using a 6-carboxy fluorescein (6-FAM) dye-labeled primer. The amplicons from methylated and unmethylated gDNA separate based solely on base composition due to the presence of multiple C versus thymine (T) differences. By direct detection of PCR amplicons following PCR using primers that anneal independent of methylation status, the overall workflow from gDNA sample input to data analysis is relatively simple. Furthermore, the same PCR product is suitable for additional analyses such as direct sequencing, cloning and sequencing, single-base extension, and post-PCR incorporation of a modified dCTP, the latter of which allows resolution of amplicons with as little as a single C/T difference. We show the utility of this novel CE detection assay by analyzing the hypermethylated region of the fragile-X FMR1 locus.     

Formamide as a denaturant for bisulfite conversion of genomic DNA: Bisulfite sequencing of the GSTPi and RARβ2 genes of 43 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate cancer specimens

Analysis of methylated DNA, which refers to 5-methycytosine (5mC) versus cytosine (C) at specific loci in genomic DNA (gDNA), has received increased attention in epigenomics, particularly in the area of cancer biomarkers. Many different methods for analysis of methylated DNA rely on initial reaction of gDNA with concentrated acidic sodium bisulfite to quantitatively convert C to uracil (U) via sulfonation of denatured, single-stranded gDNA under conditions where 5mC is resistant to analogous sulfonation leading to thymine (T). These methods typically employ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification after bisulfite conversion, thereby leading to readily detectable amounts of amplicons where T and C are measured as surrogates for C and 5mC in the original unconverted gDNA. However, incomplete bisulfite conversion of C in gDNA has been reported to be a common source of error in analysis of methylated DNA. Incomplete conversion can be revealed during the course of bisulfite sequencing, which is the generally accepted “gold standard” for analysis of methylated DNA. Previous bisulfite sequencing investigations of conventional predenaturation of gDNA with NaOH followed by the use of bisulfite containing added urea to maintain denaturation and thus mitigate incomplete conversion of C have been reported to give conflicting results. The current study describes a new approach where conventional predenaturation of gDNA with NaOH is instead achieved with formamide and maintains denaturation during subsequent sample handling and sulfonation. This formamide-based method was applied to 46 formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy tissue specimens from well-characterized patients with primary prostate cancer. These specimens were representative of difficult-to-analyze samples due to the chemically compromised nature of the gDNA, which was recovered by modifying the protocol for a commercially available total RNA/DNA extraction kit (RecoverALL). An additional novel aspect of this study was analysis of CpG-rich promoter regions of two prostate cancer-related genes: glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTPi) and retinoic acid receptor beta2 (RARβ2). High-quality bisulfite sequencing results were obtained for both genes in 43 of 46 (93%) specimens. Detection of methylated GSTPi and RARβ2 genes was significantly associated with primary prostate cancer as compared with the benign prostate (Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of detection of methylated GSTPi and RARβ2 genes were 86% and 100% and 91% and 100%, respectively. Moreover, the presence of either methylated gene was detected in primary prostate cancer with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 100%, respectively. The results demonstrated a high degree of reliability of formamide-based denaturation and bisulfite conversion that should extend, generally, to FFPE and other types of samples intended for any analytical method predicated on bisulfite conversion. This pilot study also demonstrated the efficacy of determining methylation of these two genes with high sensitivity and specificity in FFPE biopsy tissue specimens. Moreover, the results showed a highly significant association of methylated GSTPi and RARβ2 genes with primary prostate cancer. Finally, this improved procedure for determining these two methylated genes may allow the detection of prostate cancer cells in core biopsy specimens with insufficient numbers of cells and poor morphology.     

Comparative Sensitivity of PCR Primer Sets for Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum

Improved methods for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental and clinical samples are urgently needed to improve detection of cryptosporidiosis. We compared the sensitivity of 7 PCR primer sets for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Each target gene was amplified by PCR or nested PCR with serially diluted DNA extracted from purified C. parvum oocysts. The target genes included Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP), small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA), and random amplified polymorphic DNA. The detection limit of the PCR method ranged from 10³ to 10⁴ oocysts, and the nested PCR method was able to detect 10⁰ to 10² oocysts. A second-round amplification of target genes showed that the nested primer set specific for the COWP gene proved to be the most sensitive one compared to the other primer sets tested in this study and would therefore be useful for the detection of C. parvum.     

Quantification of Escherichia coli genomic DNA contamination in recombinant protein preparations by polymerase chain reaction and affinity-based collection

This study describes the development of a novel assay for the quantification of Escherichia coli genomic DNA contamination in recombinant protein samples. The technique is based on PCR amplification and digoxygenin labeling of the genes encoding 5S ribosomal RNA followed by affinity-based collection and detection. Samples containing 1 pg x mL(-1) of extracted E. coli genomic DNA (gDNA) could be measured using this method. Using extracted E. coli gDNA as standards, a 35-cycle PCR reaction exhibited a linear response versus template concentration between 1 pg x mL(-1) and1 ng x mL(-1) genomic DNA even when diluted in a variety of buffering conditions. Comparison of the novel assay with a traditional filter binding and hybridization technique using recombinant protein samples confirmed that the procedure was accurate and sensitive. The assay described in this report is a safer and less expensive alternative to radioactive techniques employed for DNA quantification, utilizing readily available reagents and apparatus.     

Preparation of genome-wide DNA fragment libraries using bisulfite in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis slices with formamide denaturation and quality control for massively parallel sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection

Bisulfite sequencing is widely used for analysis of DNA methylation status (i.e., 5-methylcytosine [5mC] vs. cytosine [C]) in CpG-rich or other loci in genomic DNA (gDNA). Such methods typically involve reaction of gDNA with bisulfite followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific regions of interest that, overall, converts C→T (thymine) and 5mC→C and then capillary sequencing to measure C versus T composition at CpG sites. Massively parallel sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection (SOLiD) has recently enabled relatively low-cost whole genome sequencing, and it would be highly desirable to apply such massively parallel sequencing to bisulfite-converted whole genomes to determine DNA methylation status of an entire genome, which has heretofore not been reported. As an initial step toward achieving this goal, we have extended our ongoing interest in improving bisulfite conversion sample preparation to include a human genome-wide fragment library for SOliD. The current article features novel use of formamide denaturant during bisulfite conversion of a suitably constructed library directly in a band slice from polyacryamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). To validate this new protocol for 5mC-protected fragment library conversion, which we refer to as Bis-PAGE, capillary-based size analysis and Sanger sequencing were carried out for individual amplicons derived from single-molecule PCR (smPCR) of randomly selected library fragments. smPCR/Capillary Sanger sequencing of approximately 200 amplicons unambiguously demonstrated greater than 99% C→T conversion. All of these approximately 200 Sanger sequences were analyzed with a previously published web-accessible bioinformatics tool (methBLAST) for mapping to human chromosomes, the results of which indicated random distribution of analyzed fragments across all chromosomes. Although these particular Bis-PAGE conversion and quality control methods were exemplified in the context of a fragment library for SOLiD, the concepts can be generalized to include other genome-wide library constructions intended for DNA methylation analysis by alternative high-throughput or massively parallelized methods that are currently available.     

寄主植物信息化合物对苹果蠹蛾行为的影响及其在防控中的应用

苹果蠹蛾（Cydia pomonella)是仁果类水果的重要世界性害虫,也是我国的重要检疫性对象,在我国的发生、危害及潜在扩张的趋势十分严峻.有关寄主植物气味对苹果蠹蛾特异性引诱方面的研究受到了广泛的关注.本文综述了苹果蠹蛾和植物源气味之间的互作关系,主要包括寄主植物气味影响苹果蠹蛾成虫寄主定位、求偶交配和产卵等行为,幼虫取食对寄主植物气味释放以及寄主植物气味对性信息素的影响;同时还介绍了主要植物源化合物梨酯的研究和田间应用概况,以期为我国苹果蠹蛾的防控研究和应用提供参考.     

意大利蜜蜂染色体DNA非编码区抗白垩病相关的SNP的筛选与验证

【目的】筛选验证意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica染色体DNA非编码区与抗白垩病相关的SNP。【方法】本研究将蜜蜂球囊菌Ascosphaera apis孢子接种于人工饲养的意大利蜜蜂3日龄幼虫,根据是否存在白垩病症状进而筛选出抗病个体和易感个体。基于前期重测序结果中意大利蜜蜂第2和11号染色体DNA非编区与抗白垩病相关的SNP信息,利用PCR测序的方法筛选并验证意大利蜜蜂幼虫第2和11号染色体DNA非编码区与幼虫抗白垩病相关的55个SNP。【结果】发现位于意大利蜜蜂第11号染色体LOC100578413基因5′端的非编码区的SNP(T14570310C)在抗病个体中T等位基因频率高于C等位基因频率,且抗病个体中的T等位基因频率显著高于易感幼虫中的T等位基因频率,表明该SNP位点与抗白垩病相关。该分子标记对抗性个体和易感个体的判断结果与前期筛选的编码区SNP(C2587245T)分子标记的结果一致。【结论】筛选并验证意大利蜜蜂第11号染色体DNA非编码区的SNP(T14570310C)与抗白垩病相关。该位点为抗白垩病分子辅助选育提供新的分子标记,在意大利蜜蜂白垩病早期检测和培育白垩病抗性的蜂种方面具有重要意义。     

PCR amplification and cycle DNA sequencing analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis elongation factor Tu gene

Based on the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis, a pair of oligonucleotide primers CTUFU and CTUFD, were designed to amplify a specific target fragment of 931bp. The PCR assay could detect C. trachomatis in cervical smear specimens obtained from sex workers undergoing routine examination in an STD clinic. Distinct target bands were also amplified from at least 10ng of positive control DNA samples from cultured cells infected with C. trachomatis. PCR with these primers could differentiate C. trachomatis from eight non-chlamydial bacterial species. Further verification could be obtained from the non-digestion of C. trachomatis PCR products by MspA1I restriction endonuclease, in contrast to the digestion of the non-specific PCR products of Klebsiella and Bacillus. Direct cycle DNA sequencing of ～450bp of the PCR products of four C. trachomatis isolates revealed complete identity of one isolate with the known sequence of serovar F, while the other three isolates harboured three phenotypically silent point mutations at codons 96, 305 and 312 of the EF-Tu gene. The sequence analyses confirm the authenticity of the target bands, reiterate the conservation and role of the EF-Tu gene in protein biosynthesis, and indicate the utility of the primers for the rapid detection of C. trachomatis.