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1.
Theresa Maria Müller Klaus Hopster Astrid Bienert-Zeit Karl Rohn Sabine B.R. Kästner 《BMC veterinary research》2017,13(1):381
Background
Standing surgery, especially dental procedures, are commonly performed in horses. This leads to an increasing demand for reliable sedation protocols. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to investigate the influence of butorphanol, midazolam or ketamine on romifidine based sedation in horses during cheek tooth removal.Methods
Forty horses presented for tooth extraction were divided in four groups using matched pair randomization. Group R was sedated with romifidine (bolus 0.03 mg/kg, followed by a constant rate infusion (CRI) 0.05 mg/kg/h) and group RB with romifidine (same dose) and butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg; CRI 0.04 mg/kg/h). Group RM received romifidine (same dose) and midazolam (0.02 mg/kg; CRI 0.06 mg/kg/h) whereas group RK was administered romifidine (same dose) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg; CRI 1.2 mg/kg/h). If sedation was not adequate a top up bolus of romifidine (0.01 mg/kg) was administered. The quality of sedation and the conditions for tooth extraction, the level of ataxia, chewing, head and tongue movement were evaluated by using a scoring system. The investigator was blinded to the applied sedation protocol. Furthermore, serum cortisol concentrations before, during and after the procedure were analyzed to gain more information about the stress level of the horses.Results
Horses in group RM showed significantly less chewing and tongue activity compared to horses sedated with romifidine alone or with butorphanol additionally, but also significantly higher levels of ataxia. The quality of sedation was significantly better if romifidine was administered in combination with ketamine compared to romifidine alone. Furthermore, horses of group RK needed less additional romifidine boli compared to all other groups. Blood cortisol concentrations during surgery in groups RB and RM remained unchanged. Horses of group R showed higher cortisol concentrations during sedation compared to horses of groups RB and RM.Conclusion
Romifidine alone at an initial bolus dose of 0.03 mg/kg followed by a constant rate infusion of 0.05 mg/kg/h was insufficient to obtain an adequate level of sedation and led to increased stress levels, whereas the addition of butorphanol inhibited the stress response. The combination of romifidine with either midazolam or ketamine improved sedation quality and surgical conditions.2.
Lin?Xu Susan?C?Fagan Jennifer?L?Waller David?Edwards Cesar?V?Borlongan Jianqing?Zheng William?D?Hill Giora?Feuerstein David?C?Hess
Background
Minocycline, a semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, is an effective neuroprotective agent in animal models of cerebral ischemia when given in high doses intraperitoneally. The aim of this study was to determine if minocycline was effective at reducing infarct size in a Temporary Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion model (TMCAO) when given at lower intravenous (IV) doses that correspond to human clinical exposure regimens.Methods
Rats underwent 90 minutes of TMCAO. Minocycline or saline placebo was administered IV starting at 4, 5, or 6 hours post TMCAO. Infarct volume and neurofunctional tests were carried out at 24 hr after TMCAO using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) brain staining and Neurological Score evaluation. Pharmacokinetic studies and hemodynamic monitoring were performed on minocycline-treated rats.Results
Minocycline at doses of 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg IV was effective at reducing infarct size when administered at 4 hours post TMCAO. At doses of 3 mg/kg, minocycline reduced infarct size by 42% while 10 mg/kg reduced infarct size by 56%. Minocycline at a dose of 10 mg/kg significantly reduced infarct size at 5 hours by 40% and the 3 mg/kg dose significantly reduced infarct size by 34%. With a 6 hour time window there was a non-significant trend in infarct reduction. There was a significant difference in neurological scores favoring minocycline in both the 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg doses at 4 hours and at the 10 mg/kg dose at 5 hours. Minocycline did not significantly affect hemodynamic and physiological variables. A 3 mg/kg IV dose of minocycline resulted in serum levels similar to that achieved in humans after a standard 200 mg dose.Conclusions
The neuroprotective action of minocycline at clinically suitable dosing regimens and at a therapeutic time window of at least 4–5 hours merits consideration of phase I trials in humans in view of developing this drug for treatment of stroke.3.
Hirotaka Tokushige Atsushi Okano Daisuke Arima Hideki Ito Yoshinori Kambayashi Yohei Minamijima Minoru Ohta 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2018,60(1):71
Background
The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical efficacy of constant rate infusions (CRIs) of medetomidine–propofol combined with sevoflurane anesthesia in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing arthroscopic surgery. Thirty horses were sedated intravenously (IV) with medetomidine (6.0 μg/kg) and midazolam (0.02 mg/kg) and induced IV with ketamine (1.0 mg/kg) and propofol (1.0 mg/kg). These horses were randomly allocated to three groups and maintained with sevoflurane and CRI of either medetomidine (3.0 μg/kg/h) (Group M; n?=?10); or medetomidine (3.0 μg/kg/h) and propofol (3.0 mg/kg/h) (Group MP3; n?=?10); or medetomidine (3.0 μg/kg/h) and propofol (6.0 mg/kg/h) (Group MP6; n?=?10). End-tidal sevoflurane concentration (ETSEVO), cardiovascular parameters, plasma propofol concentration, and recovery time and quality were compared among groups. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test, considering P?<?0.05 significant.Results
ETSEVO (%) was 2.4?±?0.1 in Group M, 1.7?±?0.2 in Group MP3, and 1.4?±?0.2 in Group MP6; ETSEVO declined significantly in a propofol-dose-dependent manner. The rates of dobutamine infusion (μg/kg/min) required to keep the mean arterial blood pressure over 70 mmHg were significantly lower in Group MP3 (0.20?±?0.10) and Group MP6 (0.15?±?0.06) than in Group M (0.37?±?0.18). Recovery time and quality did not differ among groups. All horses in Group MP3 required only one attempt to stand, and recovery quality was excellent. Plasma propofol concentrations were stable throughout maintenance of anesthesia in Group MP3, whereas those in Group MP6 increased significantly with increasing duration of maintenance.Conclusions
CRIs of medetomidine–propofol reduced the sevoflurane requirement for surgical anesthesia as the propofol dose increased, compared with a CRI of medetomidine alone. Additionally, the two propofol protocols provided good maintenance of cardiovascular function. CRIs of medetomidine (3.0 μg/kg/h) and propofol (3.0 mg/kg/h) resulted in excellent-quality recovery. This protocol could therefore be an especially useful additive to sevoflurane anesthesia in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing arthroscopic surgery.4.
Eva Z. Hesselkilde Helena Carstensen Maria M. Haugaard Jonas Carlson Steen Pehrson Thomas Jespersen Rikke Buhl Pyotr G. Platonov 《BMC cardiovascular disorders》2017,17(1):289
Background
Atrial fibrillatory cycle length has been considered one of the indices of atrial electrical remodelling during atrial fibrillation (AF), which can be assessed from surface ECG by computer-assisted calculation of atrial fibrillatory rate (AFR). Horses have been suggested as a bona fide model for AF studies since horses too, develop lone AF, however data on AF characteristics in horses are extremely sparse and non-invasive characterization of AF complexity using surface ECG processing has not been reported.Aim
The aim was to study characteristics of induced AF and its modification by flecainide.Methods
The study group consisted on 3 horses with spontaneous persistent AF and 13 with pace-induced AF. Seven horses were treated with saline (control) and eight with flecainide (2 mg/kg). ECGs were analysed using spatiotemporal cancellation of QRST complexes and calculation of AFR from the residual atrial signal.Results
At AF onset, AFR was 295?±?52 fibrillations per minute (fpm) in the horses with induced AF treated with flecainide, 269?±?36 fpm in the control group (ns), and 364?±?26 fpm in the horses with spontaneous persistent AF (P?<?0.05 compared to the control group). Flecainide caused a decrease in AFR in all animals and restored sinus rhythm in the animals with induced AF. In the control animals, AFR increased from 269?±?36 fpm to a plateau of 313?±?14 fpm before decreasing to 288?±?28 fpm during the last 10% of the AF episodes preceding spontaneous conversion (P?<?0.05).Conclusion
AFR in horses with induced AF resembles AFR in humans with paroxysmal AF. Flecainide caused a rapid decrease in AFR in all horses, further supporting the method to be a non-invasive technique to study the effect of antiarrhythmic compounds.5.
Background
Naturally occurring gastrointestinal disease is an important cause of acute hypoproteinemia in adult horses and hydroxyethyl starch colloid fluid treatment is a component of supportive care in these cases to improve plasma volume and maintain colloid osmotic pressure (COP). The objectives of the present study were to compare 2 formulations of high molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch and their relative effect on COP, acid-base status, and survival of horses with acute hypoproteinemia secondary to gastrointestinal disease.Methods
Twenty adult horses, ≥ 1 year of age, were prospectively enrolled, with informed client consent, if they developed acute hypoproteinemia, defined as a plasma total protein <5.0 g/dL or albumin <2.2 g/dL during hospitalization while undergoing treatment for gastrointestinal disease. Horses were randomly assigned to receive a rapid infusion of either 6% hydroxyethyl starch in 0.9% saline or 6% hydroxyethyl starch in lactated ringers solution at a dose of 10ml/kg. Venous blood gas analysis, COP, and PCV were evaluated before and after colloid administration.Results
For both groups, average COP prior to treatment was 11.0 mmHg (9.7 – 12.2 mmHg) and post colloid treatment was 13.2 mmHg (12.0 -14.7 mmHg) [Normal range 18 – 22 mmHg]. COP was significantly increased with colloid treatment (p<0.001) but this increase was not significantly different between treatment groups. Venous pH did not change significantly with treatment. Twelve horses survived to hospital discharge and survival did not differ significantly between treatment groups.Conclusions
Post-treatment COP improved approximately 20% regardless of the formulation used, however, values did not reach the normal range of COP observed in healthy horses. Acid-base parameters were not significantly impacted by either treatment. Further study is needed to determine how these two products compare with regards to other outcome measures. Evaluation of the relative effects of colloid formulation in horses with clinical disease is a future area of interest.6.
Background
Preoperative anxiety is common in pediatric patients. When dexmedetomidine is used alone for sedation as premedication, children tend to awaken when separated from their parents, and body movements occur during invasive procedures. We tested the hypothesis that the combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine may be a useful premedication to alleviate preoperative anxiety and improve cooperation during intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients, while producing minimal adverse events.Methods
A total of 135 children, aged 2–5 years and American Society of Anesthesiologists status I–II, scheduled for eye surgery were randomly allocated to receive intranasal dexmedetomidine 2.5 μg/kg (group D), oral ketamine 3 mg/kg and intranasal dexmedetomidine 2 μg/kg (group DK), or oral ketamine 6 mg/kg (group K) 30 min before surgery. Sedation state was evaluated every 10 min after premedication and emotional state was assessed during separation from their parents and peripheral intravenous cannulation. Adverse events were recorded for 24 h postoperatively. The primary endpoint was the rate of successful intravenous cannulation.Results
The rate of successful venous cannulation was 47% with dexmedetomidine alone, 68% with ketamine alone, and 80% with combined premedication (P?=?0.006). The rate of satisfactory separation from parents was not different among groups. The incidence of adverse events was higher in group K compared with the other two groups (postoperative vomiting, P?=?0.0041; respiratory-related complications during the perioperative period, P?=?0.0032; and postoperative psychological/psychiatric adverse events, P?=?0.0152).Conclusion
The combination of intranasal dexmedetomidine 2 μg/kg and oral ketamine 3 mg/kg produces satisfactory separation from parents and more successful venous cannulation, allowing children to smoothly accept induction of general anesthesia.Trial registration
Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Unique identifier: ChiCTR-TRC-14004475, Date of registration: 2 April 2014).7.
Chenglin Zhu Vanessa Faillace Fulvio Laus Marilena Bazzano Luca Laghi 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2018,14(8):106
Background
Metabolomics has been recognized as a powerful approach for disease screening. In order to highlight potential health issues in subjects, a key factor is the possibility to compare quantitatively the metabolome of their biofluids with reference values from healthy individuals. Such efforts towards the systematic characterization of the metabolome of biofluids in perfect health conditions, far from concluded for humans, have barely begun on horses.Objectives
The present work attempts, for the first time, to give reference quantitative values for the molecules mostly represented in the urine metabolome of horses at rest and under light training, as observable by 1H-NMR.Methods
The metabolome of ten trotter horses, four male and six female, ranging from 3 to 8 years of age, has been observed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy before and after three training sessions.Results
We could characterize and quantify 54 molecules in trotter horse urine, originated from diet, protein digestion, energy generation or gut-microbial co-metabolism.Conclusion
We were able to describe how gender, age and exercise affected their concentration, by means of a two steps protocol based on univariate and robust principal component analysis.8.
Marie GB Hansen Mette Christoffersen Line R Thuesen Morten R Petersen Anders M Bojesen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2010,52(1):3
Background
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are able to infect horses. However, the extend to which Danish horses are infected and seroconvert due to these two bacteria is unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum in Danish horses.Methods
A total of 390 blood samples collected from all major regions of Denmark and with a geographical distribution corresponding to the density of the Danish horse population were analyzed. All samples were examined for the presence of antibodies against B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum by the use of the SNAP®4DX ® ELISA test.Results
Overall, 29.0% of the horses were seropositive for B. burgdorferi sensu lato whereas 22.3% were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum.Conclusions
Antibodies against B burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum are commonly found among Danish horses thus showing that Danish horses are frequently infected by these organisms.9.
Background
Use of anti-malarial medication in children is hampered by a paucity of dosage, pharmacokinetic and tolerability data.Methods
Data on the use of mefloquine in children, particularly in young children weighing less than 20 kg, were reviewed using PubMed literature and reports on file.Results
Chemoprophylaxis data: Two studies with a total of 170 children were found. A simulated mefloquine plasma profile showed that doses to achieve protective chemoprophylaxis blood concentration of mefloquine of approximately 620 ng/mL (or 1.67 μmol/L) in children should be at least 5 mg/kg. This simulated plasma profile in children corresponds to that seen in adult travellers using a weekly prophylaxis dose of 250 mg. This reinforces current practice of using weight-based dosage for children. Clearance per body weight is higher in older children. For children who travel to malaria risk areas tablets can be broken and crushed as required. It is necessary to disguise the bitter taste of the drug.Treatment data: Mefloquine treatment (alone or in combination) data are available for more than 6000 children of all age and weight categories. The stereoselectivity and pharmacokinetic profile of mefloquine in children is similar to that observed in adults. There is higher clearance in older children (aged 5-12 years) compared to younger children (aged 6-24 months). Mefloquine treatment is well tolerated in infants (5-12 kg) but vomiting is a problem at high doses. This led to the use of a "split dose" regimen with 15 mg/kg initially, followed 12 hours later by 10 mg/kg.Mefloquine 125 mg has been used as intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) and was found to be efficacious in reducing episodes of malaria in a moderate-transmission setting but vomiting was a problem in 8% of children aged 2-11 months.Mefloquine is also used as a component of artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) in small children. The combination artesunate plus mefloquine is a WHO approved first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Africa.Conclusion
Currently available data provide a scientific basis for the use of mefloquine in small children in the chemoprophylaxis setting and as a part of treatment regimens for children living in endemic areas.10.
Amandine Vargas Roxane Boivin Patricia Cano Yoana Murcia Isabelle Bazin Jean-Pierre Lavoie 《Respiratory research》2017,18(1):207
Background
Severe neutrophilic asthma is poorly responsive to glucocorticosteroids (GC). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) within the lungs have been associated with the severity of airway obstruction and inflammation in asthma, and were found to be unaffected by GC in vitro. As IL-17 is overexpressed in neutrophilic asthma and contributes to steroid insensitivity in different cell types, we hypothesized that NETs formation in asthmatic airways would be resistant to GC through an IL-17 mediated pathway.Methods
Six neutrophilic severe asthmatic horses and six healthy controls were studied while being treated with dexamethasone. Lung function, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and NETs formation, as well as the expression of CD11b and CD13 by blood and airway neutrophils were evaluated. The expression of IL-17 and its role in NETs formation were also studied.Results
Airway neutrophils from asthmatic horses, as opposed to blood neutrophils, enhanced NETs formation, which was then decreased by GC. GC also tended to decrease the expression of CD11b in blood neutrophils, but not in airway neutrophils. IL-17 mRNA was increased in BALF cells of asthmatic horses and was unaffected by GC. However, both GC and IL-17 inhibited NETs formation in vitro.Conclusion
GC decreased NETs formation in vitro and also in vivo in the lungs of asthmatic horses. However, airway neutrophil activation during asthmatic inflammation was otherwise relatively insensitive to GC. The contribution of IL-17 to these responses requires further study.11.
Background
Intra-operative urinary catheterization frequently causes postoperative catheter related bladder discomfort (CRBD) during recovery. We conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy of tramadol, which with muscarinic receptor antagonist property, as a treatment for CRBD.Methods
Ninety patients who underwent elective gynecological surgery and complained of CRBD in the (PACU) were randomized into three groups of 30 each. Group A received normal saline, group B 1?mg/kg tramadol, and group C 1.5?mg/kg tramadol. The medication was administered from the Murphy’s dropper with a slow drip, and the severity of CRBD (none, mild, moderate, and severe) and postoperative pain were assessed after 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 6?h.Results
The severity of CRBD was reduced in group C compared with that in groups A and B at 1?h, and in groups C and B compared with that in group A at 2?h. The incidence of CRBD was reduced in group C compared with that in groups A and B at 2?h, and in group C compared with that in group A at 6?h. The visual analog scale (VAS) was reduced in group C compared with that in groups A and B at all time intervals. No differences in adverse effects were observed.Conclusions
Tramadol 1.5?mg/kg was more effective than tramadol 1?mg/kg in treating CRBD and reducing postoperative pain, without significant side effects.Trial registration
ChiCTR1800016390. Registered on 30 May 2018.12.
Background
Crib-biting and windsucking (CBWS) behaviour in horses has been associated with increased risk of colic in general, recurrence of colic and specific forms of colic. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of colic within a population of horses that display CBWS behaviour and to identify risk factors for colic.Methods
Owners/carers of horses in the general UK equine population that display CBWS behaviour were invited to participate in a questionnaire-based survey about the management and health of these horses. Data were obtained for a number of variables considered to be possible risk factors for colic. The prevalence of colic was calculated and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between horse- and management-level variables for two outcomes of interest: a history of colic ever and a history of colic in the previous 12 months.Results
Data were obtained for 367 horses. One or more episodes of colic had been observed in 130 horses (35.4%). A total of 672 colic episodes were reported and 13 colic episodes required surgical intervention in 12 horses. Where the horse/pony had been in that persons care over the previous 12 months (n=331), colic had been observed in 67 horses (20.2%) during that time. A total of 126 colic episodes were reported in the preceding 12 months of which veterinary attendance was required in 69 (54.8%) episodes. Increased duration of ownership, increased duration of stabling in the Autumn months (September-November), crib-biting/windsucking behaviour associated with eating forage and horses that were fed haylage were associated with increased risk of colic (ever). Increasing severity (frequency) of CBWS behaviour and increased duration of stabling in the Autumn were associated with increased risk of colic in the previous 12 months.Conclusions
The prevalence of colic in a population of horses that display CBWS appeared to be relatively high. The results of this study can be used to identify horses that display CBWS who are at increased risk of colic and identifies areas for further research to determine if there are ways in which this risk might be reduced.13.
John M. Wentworth Naiara G. Bediaga Megan A. S. Penno Esther Bandala-Sanchez Komal N. Kanojia Konstantinos A. Kouremenos Jennifer J. Couper Leonard C. Harrison ENDIA Study Group 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2018,14(10):130
Background
Cord blood lipids are potential disease biomarkers. We aimed to determine if their concentrations were affected by delayed blood processing.Method
Refrigerated cord blood from six healthy newborns was centrifuged every 12 h for 4 days. Plasma lipids were analysed by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy.Results
Of 262 lipids identified, only eight varied significantly over time. These comprised three dihexosylceramides, two phosphatidylserines and two phosphatidylethanolamines whose relative concentrations increased and one sphingomyelin that decreased.Conclusion
Delay in separation of plasma from refrigerated cord blood has minimal effect overall on the plasma lipidome.14.
Sigríeur?Bj?rnsdóttir Elfa?Agustsdóttir Anne-Lie?Blomstr?m Inga-Lena??rde??str?m Louise?Treiberg?Berndtsson Vilhjálmur?Svansson Jonas?Johansson?Wensman
Background
In a stable of eight horses in Northern Iceland, six horses presented with clinical signs, such as ataxia and reduced appetite, leading to euthanasia of one severely affected horse. Serological investigations revealed no evidence of active equine herpes virus type 1 infection, a common source of central nervous system disease in horses, nor equine arteritis virus and West Nile virus. Another neurotropic virus, Borna disease virus, was therefore included in the differential diagnosis list.Findings
Serological investigations revealed antibodies against Borna disease virus in four of five horses with neurological signs in the affected stable. One horse without clinical signs was seronegative. Four clinically healthy horses in the stable that arrived and were sampled one year after the outbreak were found seronegative, whereas one of four investigated healthy horses in an unaffected stable was seropositive.Conclusions
This report contains the first evidence of antibodies to Borna disease virus in Iceland. Whether Borna disease virus was the cause of the neurological signs could however not be confirmed by pathology or molecular detection of the virus. As Iceland has very restricted legislation regarding animal imports, the questions of how this virus has entered the country and to what extent markers of Bornavirus infection can be found in humans and animals in Iceland remain to be answered.15.
Karel Pavelka Alan Kivitz Eva Dokoupilova Ricardo Blanco Marco Maradiaga Hasan Tahir Luminita Pricop Mats Andersson Aimee Readie Brian Porter 《Arthritis research & therapy》2017,19(1):285
Background
Secukinumab, an anti–interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, improved the signs and symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in two phase 3 studies (MEASURE 1 and MEASURE 2). Here, we present 52-week results from the MEASURE 3 study assessing the efficacy and safety of secukinumab 300 and 150 mg subcutaneous maintenance dosing, following an intravenous loading regimen.Methods
A total of 226 patients were randomized to intravenous secukinumab 10 mg/kg (baseline, weeks 2 and 4) followed by subcutaneous secukinumab 300 mg (IV-300 mg) or 150 mg (IV-150 mg) every 4 weeks, or matched placebo. Patients in the placebo group were re-randomized to subcutaneous secukinumab at a dose of 300 or 150 mg at week 16. The primary endpoint was the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society criteria for 20% improvement (ASAS20) response rate at week 16 in the IV-300 mg or IV-150 mg versus placebo. Other endpoints assessed through week 52 included improvements in ASAS40, ASAS 5/6, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, and ASAS partial remission responses, as well as the change from baseline in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Statistical analyses followed a predefined hierarchical hypothesis testing strategy to adjust for multiplicity of testing, with non-responder imputation used for binary variables and mixed-model repeated measures for continuous variables.Results
The primary efficacy endpoint was met; the ASAS20 response rate was significantly greater at week 16 in the IV-300 mg (60.5%; P?<?0.01) and IV-150 mg (58.1%; P?<?0.05) groups versus placebo (36.8%). All secondary endpoints were met at week 16, except ASAS partial remission in the IV-150 mg group. Improvements achieved with secukinumab in all clinical endpoints at week 16 were also sustained at week 52. Infections, including candidiasis, were more common with secukinumab than with placebo during the placebo-controlled period. During the entire treatment period, pooled incidence rates of Candida infections and grade 3–4 neutropenia were 1.8% for both of these adverse events in secukinumab-treated patients.Conclusions
Secukinumab (300 mg and 150 mg dose groups) provided rapid, significant and sustained improvement through 52 weeks in the signs and symptoms of patients with AS. The safety profile was consistent with previous reports, with no new or unexpected findings.Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02008916. Registered on 8 December 2013. EUDRACT 2013-001090-24. Registered on 24 October 2013). The study was not retrospectively registered.16.
Background
We study the role of gonadectomy on the response to unavoidable stress and the role of testosterone replacement on gonadectomy in the male Naval Medical Research Institute mice (30±5 g) were studied. For this purpose, the hormonal and metabolic changes were investigated.Methods
In the experimental group, the gonads were surgically removed, and a cannula was inserted into the left lateral ventricle. For acute and chronic stress induction, animals were placed in the communication box for 30 min for one day and four consecutive days, respectively. The animals received different doses of intraventricular (ICV) testosterone (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 μg/mouse) 5 minutes or intraperitoneal (IP) testosterone (0.05, 0.01, 0.1 mg/kg) 30 minutes before the stress induction.Results
The results showed that acute and chronic stress increases plasma cortisol concentration. IP testosterone injections of testosterone did not decrease cortisol concentrations in response to acute stress, whereas ICV injections did reduce cortisol concentrations. The stress reduced anorexia time, while the administration of testosterone increased anorexia time. In addition, acute stress reduced food intake in the gonadectomized mice. IP testosterone at 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg increased food intake. Additionally, stress in gonadectomized mice reduced water intake, while the IP injection of testosterone in chronic stress further reduced water intake. Also, stress reduced the animals’ brain/adrenal volumes, while the IP and ICVinjection of testosterone at 0.01 mg/kg inhibited this effect.Conclusion
The results showed that the IP (0.05, 0.01, 0.1 mg/kg) and ICV (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 μg/mouse) administration of testosterone in the gonadectomized mice can modulate hormonal and metabolic changes induced by stress.17.
Muhammad Sohail Muhammad Naeem Khan Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry Khurram Shahzad 《生物学前沿》2016,11(4):331-337
Background
Aquatic invertebrates are playing an important role in assessment of the water contaminants and also serve as a major component of food chain. Freshwater mussels are considered to be the good bioindicator species of aquatic environment and widely used to determine the metals load.Methods
Proximate composition and elemental analysis were carried out in edible (foot, mantle) and non-edible portion (gills) of freshwater mussels (Anodonta anatina) harvested from various site of Chashma Lake, River Indus Pakistan.Results
The nutritional components were varied among the studied portion and muscular foot found to be the best part for consumption. Protein and fat contents were significantly higher in foot (15.90±0.88%, 1.19±0.26%) as compared to mantle (10.78±2.24%, 0.27±0.09%) and gills (6.44±1.22%, 0.53±0.15%) respectively. For the macro minerals mantle had high concentration of Ca (46838±984 mg/kg), Na (2706±343 mg/kg), P (6921±1063 mg/kg) and Mn (7207±1046 mg/kg) as compared to foot.Conclusions
Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr) concentration in edible portions were lower than the permissible limit by WHO whereas the concentration of Pb was slightly higher than the recommended value that might be the risk for the consumers. Being filter feeder gills accumulated the high concentration of all the metals and found to be the key portion for biomonitoring studies. Freshwater mussels of Chashma Lake Indus River are the rich source of protein and all the other micro and macro minerals therefore could be used as an excellent source of food.18.
Amir Abdoli 《生物学前沿》2017,12(6):387-391
Background
Inflammatory conditions are involved in the pathophysiology of cancer. Recent findings have revealed that excessive salt and fat intake is involved in the development of severe inflammatory reactions.Methods
literature search was performed on various online databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) regarding the roles of high salt and fat intake in the induction of inflammatory reactions and their roles in the etiopathogenesis of cancer.Results
The results indicate that high salt and fat intake can induce severe inflammatory conditions. However, various inflammatory conditions have been strongly linked to the development of cancer. Hence, high salt and fat intake might be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer progression via putative mechanisms related to inflammatory reactions.Conclusion
Reducing salt and fat intake may decrease the risk of cancer.19.
Background
Ultrasonography is an important diagnostic tool in the investigation of abdominal disease in the horse. Several factors may affect the ability to image different structures within the abdomen. The aim of the study was to describe the repeatability of identification of abdominal structures in normal horses using a detailed ultrasonographic examination technique and using a focused, limited preparation technique.Methods
A detailed abdominal ultrasound examination was performed in five normal horses, repeated on five occasions (total of 25 examinations). The abdomen was divided into ten different imaging sites, and structures identified in each site were recorded. Five imaging sites were then selected for a single focused ultrasound examination in 20 normal horses. Limited patient preparation was performed. Structures were recorded as ‘identified’ if ultrasonographic features could be distinguished. The location of organs and their frequency of identification were recorded. Data from both phases were analysed to determine repeatability of identification of structures in each examination (irrespective of imaging site), and for each imaging site.Results
Caecum, colon, spleen, liver and right kidney were repeatably identified using the detailed technique, and had defined locations. Large colon and right kidney were identified in 100% of examinations with both techniques. Liver, spleen, caecum, duodenum and other small intestine were identified more frequently with the detailed examination. Small intestine was most frequently identified in the ventral abdomen, its identification varied markedly within and between horses, and required repeated examinations in some horses. Left kidney could not be identified in every horse using either technique. Sacculated colon was identified in all ventral sites, and was infrequently identified in dorsal sites.Conclusions
Caecum, sacculated large intestine, spleen, liver and right kidney were consistently identified with both techniques. There were some normal variations which should be considered when interpreting ultrasonographic findings in clinical cases: left kidney was not always identified, sacculated colon was occasionally identified in dorsal flank sites. Multiple imaging sites and repeated examinations may be required to identify small intestine. A focused examination identified most key structures, but has some limitations compared to a detailed examination.20.