碳稳定同位素技术在植物水分胁迫研究中的应用

植物体的碳稳定同位素组成主要由植物本身的生物学特性决定 ,但环境胁迫对其影响也十分明显。综述了碳稳定同位素技术在研究植物水分利用效率、生物量高低及判断历史气候依据等研究领域的进展 ,阐明了植物体的 δ1 3C值对干旱、盐分及其它环境因素的变化所引起的水分胁迫的响应 ,并对碳稳定同位素对水分胁迫的响应机理进行了归纳和推断     

最优气孔行为理论和气孔导度模拟

气孔调节功能是陆地生态系统碳-水耦合过程中最重要的环节。与即时的气孔导度测量相比, 气孔导度斜率能有效地反映气孔导度对CO₂浓度、饱和水汽压亏缺和光合作用的敏感性, 包含了环境因子对光合作用和临界水分利用效率等的综合影响, 为研究全球变化下陆地生态系统碳-水耦合关系提供了一个简明且综合的框架。气孔导度模型从经验模型、半经验模型发展到机理模型, 经过很多学者的改进, 但是模型参数的生物学意义和变化规律还不明确。鉴于气孔导度斜率方面研究的重要性和研究的不足, 为了加强对气孔导度调节规律的认识, 并减少气孔导度模拟的不确定性, 该文主要综述了长期以来国内外关于最优气孔行为理论和气孔导度模拟方面的研究成果, 其中包括广泛使用的气孔导度模型及参数意义, 讨论影响气孔导度斜率的主要因素以及气孔导度机理模型的应用, 并对最优气孔行为理论和气孔导度模拟方面的研究做了简单展望。     

基于树轮δ13C的北京山区侧柏水分利用效率

树木水分利用效率特征存在地域及树种差异,北京山区作为华北土石山区典型森林生态系统,其主要树种侧柏水分利用效率(WUE)长期变化的研究未见报道.本研究通过测定侧柏树轮稳定碳同位素值(δ¹³C),计算年均水分利用效率(WUE_i),分析其长期变化趋势及对环境条件变化的响应,并结合树轮宽度,探究侧柏WUE_i与净固碳量的关系.结果表明: 1918—2013年期间,北京山区年均气温呈逐渐升高趋势,年降水量波动较大.在此期间,侧柏树轮δ¹³C逐渐减小,WUE_i呈逐渐增大趋势.侧柏WUE_i对气温变化的响应最为敏感,呈显著正相关关系,且WUE_i对气温升高的响应敏感性大于气温降低.侧柏WUE_i与年降水量的相关性不明显,该地区降水量不是影响侧柏WUE_i的主要因素.侧柏去趋势树轮宽度值呈现先上升后下降趋势,近20年下降趋势明显.结合WUE_i与环境因子的相关性分析,认为气温升高导致气孔导度(g_s)降低,蒸腾量减少,同时增加了呼吸损耗,结果导致WUE_i升高,但侧柏净固碳量减少,生长减缓.     

Last‐century changes of alpine grassland water‐use efficiency: a reconstruction through carbon isotope analysis of a time‐series of Capra ibex horns

The ecophysiological response of an alpine grassland to recent climate change and increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration was investigated with a new strategy to go back in time: using a time‐series of Capra ibex horns as archives of the alpine grasslands' carbon isotope discrimination (¹³Δ). From the collection of the Natural History Museum of Bern, horns of 24 males from the population of the Augstmatthorn–Brienzer Rothorn mountains, Switzerland, were sampled covering the period from 1938 to 2006. Samples were taken from the beginning of each year‐ring of the horns, representing the beginning of the horn growth period, the spring. The horns' carbon ¹³C content (Δ¹³C) declined together with that of atmospheric CO₂ over the 69‐year period, but ¹³Δ increased slightly (+0.4‰), though significantly (P<0.05), over the observation period. Estimated intercellular CO₂ concentration increased (+56 μmol mol^?1) less than the atmospheric CO₂ concentration (+81 μmol mol^?1), so that intrinsic water‐use efficiency increased by 17.8% during the 69‐year period. However, the atmospheric evaporative demand at the site increased by approximately 0.1 kPa between 1955 and 2006, thus counteracting the improvement of intrinsic water‐use efficiency. As a result, instantaneous water‐use efficiency did not change. The observed changes in intrinsic water‐use efficiency were in the same range as those of trees (as reported by others), indicating that leaf‐level control of water‐use efficiency of grassland and forests followed the same principles. This is the first reconstruction of the water‐use efficiency response of a natural grassland ecosystem to last century CO₂ and climatic changes. The results indicate that the alpine grassland community has responded to climate change by improving the physiological control of carbon gain to water loss, following the increases in atmospheric CO₂ and evaporative demand. But, effective leaf‐level water‐use efficiency has remained unchanged.     

Comparison of seasonal variations in water-use efficiency calculated from the carbon isotope composition of tree rings and flux data in a temperate forest

Tree-ring δ(13) C is often interpreted in terms of intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE) using a carbon isotope discrimination model established at the leaf level. We examined whether intra-ring δ(13) C could be used to assess variations in intrinsic WUE (W(g), the ratio of carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance to water) and variations in ecosystem WUE (W(t) , the ratio of C assimilation and transpiration) at a seasonal scale. Intra-ring δ(13) C was measured in 30- to 60-μm-thick slices in eight oak trees (Quercus petraea). Canopy W(g) was simulated using a physiologically process-based model. High between-tree variability was observed in the seasonal variations of intra-ring δ(13) C. Six trees showed significant positive correlations between W(g) calculated from intra-ring δ(13) C and canopy W(g) averaged over several days during latewood formation. These results suggest that latewood is a seasonal recorder of W(g) trends, with a temporal lag corresponding to the mixing time of sugars in the phloem. These six trees also showed significant negative correlations between photosynthetic discrimination Δ calculated from intra-ring δ(13) C, and ecosystem W(t), during latewood formation. Despite the observed between-tree variability, these results indicate that intra-ring δ(13) C can be used to access seasonal variations in past W(t).     

Canopy scale measurements of CO2 and water vapor exchange along a precipitation gradient in southern Africa

Short‐term measurements of carbon dioxide, water, and energy fluxes were collected at four locations along a mean annual precipitation gradient in southern Africa during the wet (growing) season with the purpose of determining how the observed vegetation–atmosphere exchange properties are functionally related to the long‐term climatic conditions. This research was conducted along the Kalahari Transect (KT), one in the global set of International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program transects, which covers a north–south aridity gradient, all on a homogenous sand formation. Eddy covariance instruments were deployed on a permanent tower in Mongu, Zambia (879 mm of rainfall per year), as well as on a portable tower in Maun (460 mm yr^?1), Okwa River Crossing (407 mm yr^?1), and Tshane (365 mm yr^?1), Botswana for several days at each site. The relationships between CO₂ flux, F_c, and photosynthetically active radiation were described well by a hyperbolic fit to the data at all locations except for Mongu, the wettest site. Here, there appeared to be an air temperature effect on F_c. While daytime values of F_c routinely approached or exceeded ?20 μmol m^?2 s^?1 at Mongu, the magnitude of F_c remained less than ?10 μmol m^?2 s^?1 when the air temperature was above 27°C. Canopy resistances to water vapor transfer, r_c, displayed an overall decline from the wetter sites to the more arid sites, but the differences in r_c could be almost exclusively accounted for by the decrease in leaf area index (LAI) from north to south along the KT. Ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE), defined as the ratio of net carbon flux to evapotranspiration, showed a general decrease with increasing vapor pressure deficit, D, for all of the sites. The magnitudes of WUE at a given D, however, were dissimilar for the individual sites and were found to be stratified according to the position of the sites along the long‐term aridity gradient. For example, Mongu, which has the wettest climate, has a much lower WUE for like levels of D than Tshane, which historically has the most arid climate. Given the similar inferred stomatal resistances between the sites, the disparate carbon uptake behavior for the grass vs. woody vegetation is the likely cause for the observed differences in WUE along the aridity gradient. The short‐term flux measurements provide a framework for evaluating the vegetation's functional adaptation to the long‐term climate and provide information that may be useful for predicting the dynamic response of the vegetation to future climate change.     

涡度相关技术及其在陆地生态系统通量研究中的应用

通量观测是定量描述土壤-植被-大气间物质循环和能量交换过程的基础。涡度相关技术作为直接测量植被冠层与大气间能量与物质交换通量的技术手段, 已经逐步发展成为国际通用的通量观测标准方法。随着涡度相关技术在全球碳水循环研究中的广泛应用, 长期连续的通量观测正在为准确评价生态系统碳固持能力、水分和能量平衡状况、生态系统对全球气候变化的反馈作用、区域和全球尺度模型的优化与验证、极端事件对生态系统结构与功能影响等方面的研究提供重要数据支撑和机制理解途径。通过站点尺度通量长期动态观测, 明确了不同气候区和植被类型生态系统碳水通量强度基线及其季节与年际变异特征。通过多站点联网观测, 在区域和全球尺度研究生态系统碳通量空间变异特征, 揭示了区域尺度上温度和降水对生态系统碳通量空间格局的生物地理学控制机制。该文概括地介绍了涡度相关技术的基本原理、假设与系统构成, 总结了涡度通量长期联网观测在陆地生态系统碳水通量研究中的主要应用, 并对通量研究发展前景进行了展望。     

黄龙山林区不同演替时期典型树种光诱导的气孔动力学研究

光诱导的气孔动力学响应快慢是影响植物叶水分利用效率的重要因素,为探索黄土高原不同演替阶段树种水分利用效率差异的生理机制,该研究以黄龙山林区典型树种(演替早期种山杨和白桦、演替后期种辽东栎)的幼龄实生苗为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了叶片光诱导的气孔导度动力学参数差异及其与气孔特征、叶长期水分利用效率的关系。结果表明：(1)山杨和白桦气孔开放过程中气孔导度(g_s)增加的时间常数(K_i)小于辽东栎,但气孔关闭过程中气孔导度降低的时间常数(K_d)则大于辽东栎,表明山杨和白桦气孔开放更快,而辽东栎的气孔关闭更快。同时,气孔开放过程中山杨和白桦的g_s响应幅度均大于辽东栎,气孔关闭过程中山杨的g_s响应幅度亦大于辽东栎。(2)3种树种中,辽东栎的气孔密度最大,气孔最小,气孔指数最大,辽东栎气孔特征无法解释其慢速的气孔开放过程。 (3)山杨和白桦具有高的光合速率、最大羧化效率和最大电子传递速率,3种树种碳同位素比率(δ¹³C)表征的长期水分利用效率表现为山杨>白桦>辽东栎。研究认为,演替早期种山杨和白桦的高水分利用效率与其快速的气孔开放有关,而演替后期种辽东栎快速的气孔关闭并未增加其水分利用效率,且长期水分利用效率低于山杨和白桦,可能与辽东栎慢速的气孔开放限制了其光合速率有关。     

Compensatory effects of elevated CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentration on the inhibitory effects of high temperature and irradiance on photosynthetic gas exchange in carrots

We determined the interactive effects of irradiance, elevated CO₂ concentration (EC), and temperature in carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus). Plants of the cv. Red Core Chantenay (RCC) were grown in a controlled environmental plant growth room and exposed to 3 levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (400, 800, 1 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), 3 leaf chamber temperatures (15, 20, 30 °C), and 2 external CO₂ concentrations (C _a), AC and EC (350 and 750 μmol mol⁻¹, respectively). Rates of net photosynthesis (P _N) and transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (g _s ) were measured, along with water use efficiency (WUE) and ratio of internal and external CO₂ concentrations (C _i/C _a). P _N revealed an interactive effect between PAR and C _a. As PAR increased so did P _N under both C _a regimes. The g _s showed no interactive effects between the three parameters but had singular effects of temperature and PAR. E was strongly influenced by the combination of PAR and temperature. WUE was interactively affected by all three parameters. Maximum WUE occurred at 15 °C and 1 200 μmol m⁻² s^{− 1} PAR under EC. The C _i /C _a was influenced independently by temperature and C _a. Hence photosynthetic responses are interactively affected by changes in irradiance, external CO₂ concentration, and temperature. EC significantly compensates the inhibitory effects of high temperature and irradiance on P _N and WUE.     

中国陆地生态系统通量观测站点空间代表性

涡度相关技术是测定大气与陆地生态系统之间CO₂交换、水分和能量通量最直接的方法,可用于研究土壤、植被与大气间的CO₂交换及其调控机制。收集了11个影响净碳交换量的主要变量信息,包括气象因素、土壤因素和地形因素的非生物因子、实际植被状态以及植被生产力,采用多元地理变量空间聚类分析方法,绘制出不同聚类数（25、50、75、85、100、150和200类）的通量生态区。结合中国现有通量观测站点的空间分布格局,与新生成的通量生态区和已有的自然地理区划进行对比分析,发现由于中国地形复杂,生态系统类型多样,现有85个涡度相关通量观测站点仅能刻画部分中国生态系统类型的净碳交换量时空特征,通量生态区划分为100-150类比较合适。考虑到涡度相关通量观测运行成本,通量站点可增加至150个,从而使得优化后的通量观测网络能够代表中国主要类型的生态系统,并且有利于通量观测数据与遥感资料的有效结合,提高碳水通量观测从站点扩展到区域尺度的精度,从而更好地检验过程机理模型的模拟结果。