The main driver of soil organic carbon differs greatly between topsoil and subsoil in a grazing steppe

Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics is regulated by a complex interplay of factors such as climate and potential anthropogenic activities. Livestocks play a key role in regulating the C cycle in grasslands. However, the interrelationship between SOC and these drivers remains unclear at different soil layers, and their potential relationships network have rarely been quantitatively assessed. Here, we completed a six‐year manipulation experiment of grazing exclusion (no grazing: NG) and increasing grazing intensity (light grazing: LG, medium grazing: MG, heavy grazing: HG). We tested light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) and heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC) in 12 plots along grazing intensity in three soil layers (topsoil: 0–10 cm, mid‐soil: 10–30 cm, subsoil: 30–50 cm) to assess the drivers of SOC. Grazing significantly reduced SOC of the soil profile, but with significant depth and time dependencies. (1) SOC and SOC stability of the topsoil is primarily regulated by grazing duration (years). Specifically, grazing duration and grazing intensity increased the SOC lability of topsoil due to an increase in LFOC. (2) Grazing intensity was the major factor affecting the mid‐soil SOC dynamics, among which MG had significantly lower SOC than did NG. (3) Subsoil organic carbon dynamics were mainly regulated by climatic factors. The increase in mean annual temperature (MAT) may have promoted the turnover of LFOC to HFOC in the subsoil. Synthesis and applications. When evaluating the impacts of grazing on soil organic fraction, we need to consider the differences in sampling depth and the duration of grazing years. Our results highlight that the key factors influencing SOC dynamics differ among soil layers. Climatic and grazing factors have different roles in determining SOC in each soil layer.     

增温对南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

全球变暖是当前全球气候变化的主要现象,影响着陆地生态系统的碳循环。森林土壤是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库,森林土壤有机碳及其不同组分的积累受到气候变暖的影响,许多研究普遍发现短期增温减少土壤有机碳及其活性碳组分,但尚不清楚这种负效应在长期增温下是否仍存在和有机碳组分是否变化。以鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采用红外辐射模拟增温,探究长期增温对南亚热带森林土壤有机碳及其组分的影响。2017—2021年的连续增温观测结果表明:与对照相比,在表层土壤中,增温处理下土壤有机碳含量显著增加4.5%,其中土壤重组有机碳库显著降低9.1%,轻组有机碳库显著增加9.8%,易氧化有机碳含量显著增加5.8%,但微生物生物量碳、可溶性有机碳、惰性有机碳和络合态碳含量不变。增温持续时间显著影响土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳、轻组有机碳库、重组有机碳库、惰性有机碳和络合态碳。增温处理与增温持续时间的交互作用显著影响微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳和重组有机碳库,但对土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳、惰性有机碳、络合态碳和轻组有机碳库无显著影响。综上所述,长期增温背景下南亚热带季风林的土壤有机碳因土壤活性有机碳组分的增加而增加,使总有机碳增加的生物调控作用可能比矿物保护作用强,但减少的惰性碳组分和增加的活性碳组分可能会使土壤有机碳稳定性下降。本研究结果探讨了南亚热带森林表层土壤有机碳及其组分对长期增温的响应,与大多数研究所发现的短期增温使表层土壤有机碳含量减少形成对比,结果可为预测未来该地区土壤碳库的变化特征提供科学依据和理论支持。     

森林土壤有机碳分解对模拟增温的响应

由化石燃料燃烧和土地利用变化引起的全球气候变暖是地球上最严重的人为干扰之一,对陆地生态系统结构和功能产生重要的影响。土壤有机碳（SOC）是陆地生态系统最大的碳库,其微小变化都会影响全球碳平衡和气候变化。近30年来,国内外学者在不同森林生态系统相继开展了野外模拟增温对SOC分解的影响及其调控机制研究。基于在全球建立的26个野外模拟气候变暖实验平台,系统分析增温对森林生态系统SOC分解的影响格局和潜在机制,发现增温通常促进森林SOC的分解,对气候变暖产生正反馈作用。然而,因增温方式和持续时间、土壤微生物群落结构和功能的多样性、SOC结构和组成的复杂性、植物-土壤-微生物之间相互作用以及森林类型等不同而存在差异,导致人们对森林SOC分解响应气候变暖的程度及时空格局变化缺乏统一的认识,且各类生物和非生物因子的相对贡献尚不清楚。基于已有研究,从土壤微生物群落结构和功能、有机碳组分以及植物-土壤-微生物互作3个方面构建了气候变暖影响SOC分解的概念框架,并进一步阐述了今后的重点研究方向,以期深入理解森林生态系统碳-气候反馈效应,为制定森林生态系统管理措施和实现"碳中和"提供科学依据。1）加强模拟增温对不同森林生态系统（特别是热带亚热带森林生态系统） SOC分解的长期观测研究,查明SOC分解的时空动态特征;2）加强土壤微生物功能群与SOC分解之间关系的研究,揭示SOC分解对增温响应的微生物学机制;3）形成统一的SOC组分研究方法,揭示不同碳组分对增温的响应特征和机制;4）加强森林生态系统植物-土壤-微生物间相互作用对模拟增温的响应及其对SOC分解调控的研究;5）加强模拟增温与其他全球变化因子（例如降水格局变化、土地利用变化、大气氮沉降）对SOC分解的交互作用,为更好评估未来全球变化背景下森林土壤碳动态及碳汇功能的维持提供理论基础。     

Climate warming alters the relative importance of plant root and microbial community in regulating the accumulation of soil microbial necromass carbon in a Tibetan alpine meadow

Climate warming is predicted to considerably affect variations in soil organic carbon (SOC), especially in alpine ecosystems. Microbial necromass carbon (MNC) is an important contributor to stable soil organic carbon pools. However, accumulation and persistence of soil MNC across a gradient of warming are still poorly understood. An 8-year field experiment with four levels of warming was conducted in a Tibetan meadow. We found that low-level (+0–1.5°C) warming mostly enhanced bacterial necromass carbon (BNC), fungal necromass carbon (FNC), and total MNC compared with control treatment across soil layers, while no significant effect was caused between high-level (+1.5–2.5°C) treatments and control treatments. The contributions of both MNC and BNC to soil organic carbon were not significantly affected by warming treatments across depths. Structural equation modeling analysis demonstrated that the effect of plant root traits on MNC persistence strengthened with warming intensity, while the influence of microbial community characteristics waned along strengthened warming. Overall, our study provides novel evidence that the major determinants of MNC production and stabilization may vary with warming magnitude in alpine meadows. This finding is critical for updating our knowledge on soil carbon storage in response to climate warming.     

川西亚高山-高山土壤表层有机碳及活性组分沿海拔梯度的变化

青藏高原东缘亚高山-高山地带土壤碳被认为是我国重要的土壤碳库,作为高海拔低温生态系统,土壤碳对土壤暖化的响应可能也更加敏感。该区域亚高山森林一般分布在海拔3200 m以上,上缘接高山树线和灌丛草地,土壤有机碳含量高。海拔梯度上变化的土壤环境因子是主要土壤温度,海拔梯度上高寒土壤有机碳及活性有机碳组的分布格局,可体现海拔梯度上温度因子对土壤碳动态的影响。对沿海拔3200 m(亚高山针叶林)、3340 m(亚高山针叶林)、3540 m(亚高山针叶林)、3670 m(亚高山针叶林)、3740 m(亚高山针叶林)、3850 m(高山林线)、3940 m(高山树线)、4120 m(高山草地)的土壤表层(0-20 cm)有机碳和活性有机碳组分含量进行分析,结果表明在该海拔范围内,表层土壤总有机碳含量随着海拔的升高而增加,显示高海拔有利于土壤碳的固存;土壤活性有机碳组分中,颗粒态有机碳含量及其占总有机碳比例与海拔呈显著正相关,在海拔最高的4120 m含量和占有机碳总量比例分别达到50.81 g/kg和56.52%。在该海拔范围内海拔越高颗粒态有机碳占有机碳比例越高,显示高海拔土壤有机碳更多以土壤颗粒态碳形式贮存。微生物量碳、水溶性碳、轻组分有机碳与海拔高度没有明显的相关性,表明这些活性有机碳组分受海拔因素影响不大;易氧化有机碳含量与海拔高度显著正相关。因此,颗粒态有机碳含量及其比例可作为高海拔地带土壤活性有机碳库动态的特征指标,表征高海拔地带土壤有机碳动态与贮量受温度影响的指标。     

北方农牧交错带温性盐碱化草地土壤碳组分对模拟增温的响应机制

中国北方农牧交错带温性盐碱化草地土壤有机碳库对全球气候变暖的响应趋势存在较大不确定性。作为温性盐碱性草地的典型分布区,山西右玉农牧交错带是探索相关研究的理想生境。基于山西农业大学野外观测研究站开顶式气室模拟增温实验平台,通过采集生长旺季土壤样品,探索温性盐碱化草地不同土层有机碳、氮组分对模拟增温的响应与适应机制。结果表明：(1)不同增温处理对土壤有机碳(C)、总氮(N)、颗粒性有机碳(POM-C)和氮(POM-N)、矿物结合态有机碳(MAOM-C)和氮(MAOM-N)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和氮(DON),以及微生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)等组分无显著影响,但显著降低了MAOM-C/MBC的比值;(2)除土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳外,土壤碳、氮各组分均随土层深度加深而呈现递减趋势,土壤碳、氮各组分之间的比值,除MAOM-N/N和MBC/C外,均随土层深度的增加而呈现显著上升趋势;(3)增温对POM-N/MBN和MAOM-N/MBN的影响与土层深度存在明显的交互效应;(4)不同土层氮组分比值对增温的响应与禾草丰度、杂类草丰度、凋落物量、土壤pH值及土壤含水量等因素有关。其中,凋落物...     

Land‐use contrasts reveal instability of subsoil organic carbon

Subsoils contain large amounts of organic carbon which is generally believed to be highly stable when compared with surface soils. We investigated subsurface organic carbon storage and dynamics by analysing organic carbon concentrations, fractions and isotopic values in 78 samples from 12 sites under different land‐uses and climates in eastern Australia. Despite radiocarbon ages of several millennia in subsoils, contrasting native systems with agriculturally managed systems revealed that subsurface organic carbon is reactive on decadal timeframes to land‐use change, which leads to large losses of young carbon down the entire soil profile. Our results indicate that organic carbon storage in soils is input driven down the whole profile, challenging the concept of subsoils as a repository of stable organic carbon.     

Drivers of microbially and plant-derived carbon in topsoil and subsoil

Plant- and microbially derived carbon (C) are the two major sources of soil organic matter (SOM), and their ratio impacts SOM composition, accumulation, stability, and turnover. The contributions of and the key factors defining the plant and microbial C in SOM along the soil profile are not well known. By leveraging nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biomarker analysis, we analyzed the plant and microbial C in three soil types using regional-scale sampling and combined these results with a meta-analysis. Topsoil (0–40 cm) was rich in carbohydrates and lignin (38%–50%), whereas subsoil (40–100 cm) contained more proteins and lipids (26%–60%). The proportion of plant C increases, while microbial C decreases with SOM content. The decrease rate of the ratio of the microbially derived C to plant-derived C (C_M:P) with SOM content was 23%–30% faster in the topsoil than in the subsoil in the regional study and meta-analysis. The topsoil had high potential to stabilize plant-derived C through intensive microbial transformations and microbial necromass formation. Plant C input and mean annual soil temperature were the main factors defining C_M:P in topsoil, whereas the fungi-to-bacteria ratio and clay content were the main factors influencing subsoil C_M:P. Combining a regional study and meta-analysis, we highlighted the contribution of plant litter to microbial necromass to organic matter up to 1-m soil depth and elucidated the main factors regulating their long-term preservation.     

Storage and turnover of carbon in grassland soils along an elevation gradient in the Swiss Alps

Amount, composition, and rate of turnover of soil organic carbon (SOC) in mountainous cold regions is largely unknown, making predictions of future responses of this carbon (C) to changing environmental conditions uncertain. We hypothesized increasing amounts and declining turnover times of soil organic matter (SOM) under permanent grassland with increasing elevation and decreasing temperature. Samples from an irrigated transect in the Swiss Alps (880 to 2200 m elevation, mean annual temperatures +8.9 to +0.9 °C) were analyzed. Soil C stocks ranged from 49 to 96 t C ha⁻¹ (0–20 cm) and were not related to elevation, though the highest site stored least C. Particulate organic carbon (POC) increased significantly with elevation and accounted for > 80% of the total soil C at 2200 m (0–5 cm). Mean residence times (MRTs) of POC computed by means of radiocarbon dating were in the order of years to decades and were positively related to elevation in the topsoil. At higher elevations, the estimated total C flux through the soil profile mainly depended on this fraction. MRT of mineral-associated matter ranged from decades to centuries and was not systematically related to elevation, but positively related to the soil mineral surface area and it increased with soil depth. Turnover rates from simulations with the soil C model RothC exceeded those from ¹⁴C measurements by a factor of 1.7–3.3 which suggests that C dynamics at these sites is overestimated by the model. Size of model pools and amount of C in soil fractions were only weakly correlated, thereby challenging previously postulated hypotheses concerning the correspondence of pools and fractions for grasslands at higher elevations.     

模拟升温和放牧对高寒草甸土壤有机碳氮组分和微生物生物量的影响

土壤活性、惰性有机质库和微生物生物量在数量和分配上的变化是陆地生态系统土壤有机质贮存和动态变化的决定性因素。采用OTCs(Open top chambers)升温以及刈割+粪便归还的方法,对青藏高原东部高寒草甸土壤有机碳氮组分和微生物生物量对气候变暖和放牧的响应进行了研究。结果表明,模拟升温在短期内显著降低土壤活性有机碳Ⅰ、活性有机氮Ⅰ和惰性有机碳的含量,而由于粪便归还作用,放牧明显增加土壤活性有机碳、氮Ⅰ的含量。模拟升温和放牧对有机碳、氮组分的作用效应相互抵消,两者共同作用下有机碳、氮组分仅略有降低。单一的模拟升温或放牧没有显著改变微生物生物量碳,但是两者共同作用却能够大大增加微生物生物量碳。放牧和取样时间存在着明显的交互作用,放牧效应随时间递减。本研究表明,气候变暖对放牧草甸有机碳、氮组分影响不大;放牧过程中的牲畜粪便归还作用不容忽视。     

增温对高寒草甸群落凋落物质量动态变化的影响

为了解未来增温条件下,青藏高原高寒草甸凋落物质量如何变化,将有助于增强对高寒草甸生态系统碳源/汇效应的认识.该文通过定位可控的增温试验平台,动态监测了凋落物生物量及其质量的变化.结果表明:增温显著地促进了凋落物的分解速率(F=35.757,P＜0.001),降低了凋落物中的C、N含量及其C/N比,但提高了凋落物中的P含...     

模拟增温对长江源区高寒沼泽草甸土壤有机碳组分与植物生物量的影响研究

以高寒沼泽草甸为研究对象, 采用开顶室增温小室进行增温模拟实验, 设置CK(对照点)、T1(增温1.5—2.5 ℃)、T2(增温3—5 ℃)3种处理, 研究了短期增温对高寒沼泽草甸土壤活性有机碳库及生物量生产的影响。结果表明: (1)T1增温显著促进土壤微生物量碳(MBC)的生成, T2增温幅度过大, 抑制了微生物的活性, 导致这种促进效果在T2内不显著。(2)T1, T2增温均使得0—20 cm 土层土壤有机碳(SOC)含量降低, T1增温促进20—30 cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)的生成, 但这种促进效果在T2内并不显著。(3)T1, T2增温均使得0—20 cm 土层土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量降低, 20—30 cm土层土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量无明显变化。(4)模拟增温促进了长江源高寒沼泽草甸地上生物量的生成, 并且增温幅度越大地上生物量增加越多。T1增温促进了地下生物量的生成, T2增温幅度过大, 对地下生物量随温度上升而增加的这种促进作用有所抑制。(5)土壤有机碳(SOC), 土壤微生物量碳(MBC), 土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)三者碳组分之间均呈显著正相关, 表明土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化在一定程度上制约的土壤微生物量碳(MBC)与土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的变化。     

开垦对海北高寒草甸土壤有机碳的影响

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区,选择高寒草甸开垦后形成的农田(种植春油菜)作为研究对象,开垦年限分别为0、10、20和30年,利用土壤有机碳密度分组法,对0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)及不同组分(轻组有机碳LFOC,重组有机碳HFOC)含量及随开垦年限变化关系进行了研究。结果表明,高寒草甸开垦后土壤有机碳及其组分的变化主要发生在0~10 cm土层,LFOC下降最快,其次为HFOC和SOC,至30年时分别下降了48.63%、43.97%、37.64%。而0~40 cm土体内,SOC、LFOC和HFOC亦呈下降趋势,开垦30年,它们的下降速率分别为785.77、16.79和460.29 kg C.hm-2.yr-1。开垦将大大降低高寒草甸作为碳汇的功能,土壤碳库的总贮量由143 516.94 kg C.hm-2.yr-1下降至114 298.34 kg C.hm-2.yr-1,使其逆转为碳源。     

Climate warming increases soil erosion,carbon and nitrogen loss with biofuel feedstock harvest in tallgrass prairie

Anthropogenic soil erosion severely affects land ecosystems by reducing plant productivity and stimulating horizontal carbon and nitrogen movement at the surface. Climate warming may accelerate soil erosion by altering soil temperature, moisture, and vegetation coverage. However, no experiments have been carried out to quantify soil erosion with warming. In a long‐term field experiment, we explored how annual clipping for biofuel feedstock production and warming caused soil erosion and accompanying carbon and nitrogen losses in tallgrass prairie in Oklahoma, USA. We measured relative changes in soil surface elevation between clipped and unclipped plots with or without experimental warming. Our results show that average relative erosion depth caused by clipping was 1.65±0.09 and 0.54±0.08 mm yr^?1, respectively, in warmed and control plots from November 21, 1999 to April 21, 2009. The soil erosion rate was 2148±121 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the warmed plots and 693±113 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the control plots. Soil organic carbon was lost at a rate of 69.6±5.6 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the warmed plots and 22.5±2.7 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the control plots. Total nitrogen was lost at a rate of 4.6±0.4 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the warmed plots and 1.4±0.1 g m^?2 yr^?2 in the control plots. The amount of carbon and nitrogen loss caused by clipping is equivalent to or even larger than changes caused by global change factors such as warming and rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration. In addition, soil erosion rates were significantly correlated with clipping‐induced changes in soil moisture. Our results suggest that clipping for biofuel harvest results in significant soil erosion and accompanying losses of soil carbon and nitrogen, which is aggravated by warming.     

Reduced diurnal temperature range does not change warming impacts on ecosystem carbon balance of Mediterranean grassland mesocosms

Daily minimum temperature (T_min) has increased faster than daily maximum temperature (T_max) in many parts of the world, leading to decreases in diurnal temperature range (DTR). Projections suggest that these trends are likely to continue in many regions, particularly in northern latitudes and in arid regions. Despite wide speculation that asymmetric warming has different impacts on plant and ecosystem production than equal‐night‐and‐day warming, there has been little direct comparison of these scenarios. Reduced DTR has also been widely misinterpreted as a result of night‐only warming, when in fact T_min occurs near dawn, indicating higher morning as well as night temperatures. We report on the first experiment to examine ecosystem‐scale impacts of faster increases in T_min than in T_max, using precise temperature controls to create realistic diurnal temperature profiles with gradual day–night temperature transitions and elevated early morning as well as night temperatures. Studying a constructed grassland ecosystem containing species native to Oregon, USA, we found that the ecosystem lost more carbon at elevated than ambient temperatures, but remained unaffected by the 3 °C difference in DTR between symmetric warming (constantly ambient + 3.5 °C) and asymmetric warming (dawn T_min = ambient + 5 °C, afternoon T_max = ambient + 2 °C). Reducing DTR had no apparent effect on photosynthesis, probably because temperatures were most different in the morning and late afternoon when light was low. Respiration was also similar in both warming treatments, because respiration temperature sensitivity was not sufficient to respond to the limited temperature differences between asymmetric and symmetric warming. We concluded that changes in daily mean temperatures, rather than changes in T_min/T_max, were sufficient for predicting ecosystem carbon fluxes in this reconstructed Mediterranean grassland system.     

Effects of experimental warming of air,soil and permafrost on carbon balance in Alaskan tundra

The carbon (C) storage capacity of northern latitude ecosystems may diminish as warming air temperatures increase permafrost thaw and stimulate decomposition of previously frozen soil organic C. However, warming may also enhance plant growth so that photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO₂) uptake may, in part, offset respiratory losses. To determine the effects of air and soil warming on CO₂ exchange in tundra, we established an ecosystem warming experiment – the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project – in the northern foothills of the Alaska Range in Interior Alaska. We used snow fences coupled with spring snow removal to increase deep soil temperatures and thaw depth (winter warming) and open‐top chambers to increase growing season air temperatures (summer warming). Winter warming increased soil temperature (integrated 5–40 cm depth) by 1.5 °C, which resulted in a 10% increase in growing season thaw depth. Surprisingly, the additional 2 kg of thawed soil C m^?2 in the winter warming plots did not result in significant changes in cumulative growing season respiration, which may have been inhibited by soil saturation at the base of the active layer. In contrast to the limited effects on growing‐season C dynamics, winter warming caused drastic changes in winter respiration and altered the annual C balance of this ecosystem by doubling the net loss of CO₂ to the atmosphere. While most changes to the abiotic environment at CiPEHR were driven by winter warming, summer warming effects on plant and soil processes resulted in 20% increases in both gross primary productivity and growing season ecosystem respiration and significantly altered the age and sources of CO₂ respired from this ecosystem. These results demonstrate the vulnerability of organic C stored in near surface permafrost to increasing temperatures and the strong potential for warming tundra to serve as a positive feedback to global climate change.     

全球气候变暖对凋落物分解的影响

凋落物分解作为生态系统核心过程,参与生态系统碳的周转与循环,影响生态系统碳的收支平衡,调控生态系统对全球气候变暖的反馈结果。全球气候变暖通过环境因素、凋落物数量和质量以及分解者3个方面,直接或间接地作用于凋落物分解过程,并进一步影响土壤养分周转和碳库动态。气候变暖可通过升高温度和改变实际蒸散量等环境因素直接作用于凋落物分解。气候变暖可引起植物物种短期内碳、氮和木质素等化学性质的改变以及群落中物种组成的长期变化从而改变凋落物质量。在凋落物分解过程中,土壤分解者亚系统作为主要生命组分(土壤动物和微生物)彼此相互作用、相互协调共同参与调节凋落物的分解过程。凋落物分解可以通过改变土壤微生物量、微生物活动和群落结构来加快微生物养分的固定或矿化,以形成新的养分利用模式来改变土壤有机质从而对气候变化做出响应。未来凋落物分解的研究方向应基于大尺度跨区域分解实验和长期实验,关注多个因子交互影响下,分解过程中碳、氮养分释放、地上/地下凋落物分解生物学过程与联系、分解者亚系统营养级联效应等方面。     

Sensitivity of soil carbon fractions and their specific stabilization mechanisms to extreme soil warming in a subarctic grassland

Terrestrial carbon cycle feedbacks to global warming are major uncertainties in climate models. For in‐depth understanding of changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) after soil warming, long‐term responses of SOC stabilization mechanisms such as aggregation, organo‐mineral interactions and chemical recalcitrance need to be addressed. This study investigated the effect of 6 years of geothermal soil warming on different SOC fractions in an unmanaged grassland in Iceland. Along an extreme warming gradient of +0 to ~+40 °C, we isolated five fractions of SOC that varied conceptually in turnover rate from active to passive in the following order: particulate organic matter (POM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), SOC in sand and stable aggregates (SA), SOC in silt and clay (SC‐rSOC) and resistant SOC (rSOC). Soil warming of 0.6 °C increased bulk SOC by 22 ± 43% (0–10 cm soil layer) and 27 ± 54% (20–30 cm), while further warming led to exponential SOC depletion of up to 79 ± 14% (0–10 cm) and 74 ± 8% (20–30) in the most warmed plots (~+40 °C). Only the SA fraction was more sensitive than the bulk soil, with 93 ± 6% (0–10 cm) and 86 ± 13% (20–30 cm) SOC losses and the highest relative enrichment in ¹³C as an indicator for the degree of decomposition (+1.6 ± 1.5‰ in 0–10 cm and +1.3 ± 0.8‰ in 20–30 cm). The SA fraction mass also declined along the warming gradient, while the SC fraction mass increased. This was explained by deactivation of aggregate‐binding mechanisms. There was no difference between the responses of SC‐rSOC (slow‐cycling) and rSOC (passive) to warming, and ¹³C enrichment in rSOC was equal to that in bulk soil. We concluded that the sensitivity of SOC to warming was not a function of age or chemical recalcitrance, but triggered by changes in biophysical stabilization mechanisms, such as aggregation.     

不同施肥处理对红壤性水稻土微团聚体有机碳汇的影响

在田间定位试验区 ,研究了不同施肥处理对表层红壤性水稻土微团聚体组成以及土壤有机碳在各级微团聚体中分布和赋存的影响。结果表明 ,红壤性水稻土中 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 5 mm微团聚体所占比例最大 ,达 4 0 % ;其次是 0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm和 0 .0 5～0 .1mm的微团聚体 ;>0 .2 mm微团聚体占的比例最小。长期施用无机肥 (NPK)、有机肥 (猪粪 紫云英绿肥 ) (OM)、无机肥与有机肥配施 (NPKM) ,能显著增加 0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm微团聚体的含量而降低 <0 .0 0 2 m m微团聚体的含量。土壤有机碳含量与0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm微团聚体含量之间呈显著正相关关系 ;而与 <0 .0 0 2 mm微团聚体含量呈显著负相关关系。各级微团聚体有机碳含量从高到低顺序为 :>0 .2 mm,0 .1～ 0 .2 mm,<0 .0 0 2 m m,0 .0 5～ 0 .1m m,0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm,0 .0 2～ 0 .0 5 m m。 OM、NPKM处理能显著增加 >0 .0 0 2 mm各级微团聚体有机碳的赋存量 ,新增加的有机碳主要向微团聚体 0 .1～ 0 .0 5 m m,0 .0 5～ 0 .0 2 mm和 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 0 2 mm富集 ,它们是土壤有机碳的主要载体。 3种施肥处理对提高土壤有机碳赋存效果高低顺序为 :NPKM>OM>NPK。     

Contrasting above‐ and belowground organic matter decomposition and carbon and nitrogen dynamics in response to warming in High Arctic tundra

Tundra regions are projected to warm rapidly during the coming decades. The tundra biome holds the largest terrestrial carbon pool, largely contained in frozen permafrost soils. With warming, these permafrost soils may thaw and become available for microbial decomposition, potentially providing a positive feedback to global warming. Warming may directly stimulate microbial metabolism but may also indirectly stimulate organic matter turnover through increased plant productivity by soil priming from root exudates and accelerated litter turnover rates. Here, we assess the impacts of experimental warming on turnover rates of leaf litter, active layer soil and thawed permafrost sediment in two high‐arctic tundra heath sites in NE‐Greenland, either dominated by evergreen or deciduous shrubs. We incubated shrub leaf litter on the surface of control and warmed plots for 1 and 2 years. Active layer soil was collected from the plots to assess the effects of 8 years of field warming on soil carbon stocks. Finally, we incubated open cores filled with newly thawed permafrost soil for 2 years in the active layer of the same plots. After field incubation, we measured basal respiration rates of recovered thawed permafrost cores in the lab. Warming significantly reduced litter mass loss by 26% after 1 year incubation, but differences in litter mass loss among treatments disappeared after 2 years incubation. Warming also reduced litter nitrogen mineralization and decreased the litter carbon to nitrogen ratio. Active layer soil carbon stocks were reduced 15% by warming, while soil dissolved nitrogen was reduced by half in warmed plots. Warming had a positive legacy effect on carbon turnover rates in thawed permafrost cores, with 10% higher respiration rates measured in cores from warmed plots. These results demonstrate that warming may have contrasting effects on above‐ and belowground tundra carbon turnover, possibly governed by microbial resource availability.