Do Sharp-Tailed Grouse Select Loafing Sites to Avoid Visual or Olfactory Predators?

ABSTRACT Grouse should seek loafing sites hidden from predators; however, good hiding sites from predators that use vision to locate prey differ from good hiding sites from predators that use odor to locate prey. We compared characteristics of control sites to sites used for loafing by sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus) to determine whether selection of loafing sites was more influenced by the need to hide from visual or olfactory predators. Sites used for loafing were similar to control sites in characteristics that would help hide a grouse from visual predators (i.e., visual obstruction, lateral visibility, visual obstruction, cover ht, and surface roughness), but loafing sites differed from control sites in characteristics that would help hide a grouse from olfactory predators (i.e., greater updrafts, wind velocities, and atmospheric turbulence).     

Interactive effects of time and vegetation on reproduction of redshanks (Tringa totanus) breeding in Wadden Sea salt marshes

As shown for various species, nesting waders are non-randomly distributed on wetlands and preferentially select riparian nest-sites adjacent to limnic or marine waterbodies. Studying the redshank Tringa totanus, we tested the hypotheses that, in a coastal wader species which conceals its clutch in vegetation, predation and hatching success are affected by vegetation zonation, and that breeding in lower salt marsh areas has negative consequences for reproduction. We further predicted effects of timing of breeding and breeding experience/age of adults potentially reflected by egg biometrics both on nest-site selection and reproduction. Effects of vegetation, space, time and individual quality on hatching success of redshanks were studied in the German part of the Wadden Sea. Dominant plant species, vertical vegetation structure and nest concealment varied significantly between nests. Variation in nest concealment was relatively low: about 90% of clutches were classified as being well concealed. This variation was explainable by vegetation structure but not by vegetation composition at the nest-site, distance to shoreline, and time of clutch initiation. Vertical vegetation structure varied by dominant plant species but not by distance to shoreline and time of clutch initiation. Hatching success of clutches was low (10.6%) due to high predation (daily predation rate: 7.4%). Hatching success and duration of clutch survival were negatively and predation positively related to the date of clutch initiation. Furthermore, negative relationships were found between egg size and predation and duration of survival, respectively. We assume that concealed nests, early breeding and breeding experience diminish predation in salt marsh breeding redshanks. Thus, redshank reproduction appears to be affected by interactive effects of timing of breeding and vegetation facilitating early breeding. In contrast to open-nesting species, breeding in riparian habitats next to waterbodies may be disadvantageous for species breeding concealed in vegetation if these are covered by less structured vegetation.     

Non-visual crypsis: a review of the empirical evidence for camouflage to senses other than vision

I review the evidence that organisms have adaptations that confer difficulty of detection by predators and parasites that seek their targets primarily using sensory systems other than vision. In other words, I will answer the question of whether crypsis is a concept that can usefully be applied to non-visual sensory perception. Probably because vision is such an important sensory system in humans, research in this field is sparse. Thus, at present we have very few examples of chemical camouflage, and even these contain some ambiguity in deciding whether they are best seen as examples of background matching or mimicry. There are many examples of organisms that are adaptively silent at times or in locations when or where predation risk is higher or in response to detection of a predator. By contrast, evidence that the form (rather than use) of vocalizations and other sound-based signals has been influenced by issues of reducing detectability to unintended receivers is suggestive rather than conclusive. There is again suggestive but not completely conclusive evidence for crypsis against electro-sensing predators. Lastly, mechanoreception is highly understudied in this regard, but there are scattered reports that strongly suggest that some species can be thought of as being adapted to be cryptic in this modality. Hence, I conclude that crypsis is a concept that can usefully be applied to senses other than vision, and that this is a field very much worthy of more investigation.     

香蜜儿叶香味成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏-乙醚萃取法对从新西兰引种栽培的香蜜儿叶中芳香性成分进行了提取,并用气相色谱-质谱联机技术对其中化学成分进行分析鉴定.共鉴定出51个芳香性有机成分,占香蜜儿叶挥发油提取物总含量的99.502 3%.通过对香蜜儿叶芳香性成分的分析,为香蜜儿香精香料的开发提供了依据.     

An enhanced olfactory marker protein immunoreactivity in individual olfactory receptor neurons following olfactory bulbectomy may be related to increased neurogenesis

Olfactory marker protein (OMP) is a 19-kD acidic protein found throughout the cytoplasm of mature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Its function remains unknown. Following olfactory bulbectomy, the proportion of ORNs mature enough to express OMP declines greatly. However, in the few remaining mature ORNs, it has been observed that the intensity of OMP immunoreactivity (IR) appears to increase over that of ORNs on the unoperated side. We have now investigated this phenomenon quantitatively in rats subjected to unilateral olfactory bulbectomy. Results show that at all postbulbectomy survival periods examined quantitatively (3 days to 6 months), a significant decrease (19–37%) occurs in the transmission of incident light through OMP(+)-ORNs in bulbectomized versus unoperated olfactory epithelium (OE). Further, we also observed a consistent side-to-side difference in OMP IR in control unoperated animals. Possible explanations for these observations and their relation to the still unknown function of OMP are discussed. To test the possibility that OMP might serve a mitogenic role in the OE, recombinant OMP was added to organotypic explant cultures of fetal olfactory mucosa. Addition of OMP resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the density of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells in the cultures, with a 50% increase occurring at the plateau OMP concentration of 25 nM. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 34: 377–390, 1998     

嗅觉受体基因的研究进展

嗅觉在动物的生命活动中起着重要的作用, 与嗅觉相关的基因主要是嗅觉受体(Olfactory receptor, OR)基因。文章介绍了嗅觉受体基因的结构、表达调控、分布、分子进化及其多态性研究进展, 并讨论了该基因与嗅觉功能和嗅觉障碍的关系。     

Effects of concentration and sniff flow rate on the rat electroolfactogram

Previous reports using the electroolfactogram (EOG) to study the spatial and temporal aspects of response in the rodent olfactory epithelium had focused on high odorant concentrations that gave large responses. This investigation has used lower concentrations to test the difference between responses in the rat dorsomedial and lateral recesses with a range of nasal flow rates and a range of chemical properties. The responses to a highly polar, more hydrophilic odorant changed more steeply with flow rate than responses to a very nonpolar, hydrophobic odorant. With low flow rates there was a response delay in the lateral recess, which is consistent with the models indicating lower flow rates in that region. We observed significant volume conduction effects in which large responses in the dorsomedial region obscured smaller initial portions of the lateral responses. These effects could be removed by destroying the dorsomedial response with a high concentration of a low molecular weight ester. We caution that investigators of EOG recordings from the intact epithelium must attend to the possible presence of volume conduction, which can be assessed by attention to the selectivity of odorant response, response waveform, and response latency.     

昆虫嗅觉中枢系统对外周信号的整合编码研究进展

灵敏、复杂的嗅觉对于昆虫的生存和繁殖至关重要。触角是昆虫主要的嗅觉器官,其表面覆盖着大量各种类型的嗅觉感受器,这些感受器能够感受环境中的挥发性化合物,并将感受到的化学信号转化为电信号。电信号首先经嗅觉受体神经元传递到大脑中的初级嗅觉中枢触角叶,不同来源的信号在此被初步整合加工,再经投射神经元投射到高级神经中枢蘑菇体和侧角叶,蘑菇体主要与后天的气味学习行为有关,而侧角叶主要负责先天的气味行为反应。本文以模式昆虫果蝇和鳞翅目昆虫为主,综述了昆虫嗅觉中枢系统对外周信号整合编码的研究进展。研究人员依靠黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster遗传操作技术的便利在该领域取得了快速进展,系统阐释了初级嗅觉中枢对气味信息的整合与向下传递以及高级嗅觉中枢对这些信息的再次加工。由于遗传操作的限制,其他昆虫与果蝇相比研究进展较慢,目前研究主要局限于对鳞翅目昆虫中枢神经系统的结构解剖和触角叶内各类神经元的记录等。因此,我们建议展开以下研究：(1)利用模式昆虫果蝇,全面解析侧角叶对气味信息的编码,阐明其对各类气味特异行为反应的神经机制;(2)大力发展非模式昆虫的遗传操作技术,结合双光子钙离子成像等新技术,阐明重要化合物在特定害虫脑中的投射、多种信号在害虫脑中如何进行整合加工,进而产生相应的行为反应。     

Inflammatory obstruction of the olfactory clefts and olfactory loss in humans: a new syndrome?

The first step in the olfactory perception is the activation by odorants of sensory neurones in the olfactory epithelium. In humans, this sensory epithelium is located at 2 narrow passages, the olfactory clefts, at the upper part of the nasal cavities. Little is known about the physiology of these clefts. We examined, in 34 patients, the impact of obstructed clefts upon detection and postlearning identification of 5 odorants. The location and extension of the obstructions were assessed using endoscopy, CT scans, and MRI. The inflammatory obstruction was usually bilateral, extending anteroposteriorly, and confined to the clefts, with no sign of obstruction or any inflammatory disease in the rest of the nasal cavities and sinuses. When tested with 5 odorants, these patients showed greatly impaired olfaction compared with a group of 73 normosmic subjects. The majority of these 34 patients had sensory deficits equivalent to that found in another group of 41 congenital anosmic patients, where inspection with MRI indicated the lack of olfactory bulbs. This study demonstrates that the olfactory clefts, in human, function as an entity that is different from other regions of the nasal cavity and is the target for local inflammatory events that are apparently not responding to corticoid and antibiotic treatments.     

磁共振脑功能成像在小动物嗅觉研究中的应用

综述了磁共振脑功能成像(functional MRI,fMRI)在嗅觉研究中的应用,着重介绍fMRI在小动物嗅觉研究中的优势,以及近10年来fMRI在嗅球(olfactory bulb,OB)信息编码、处理和传输机制研究中所取得的进展．作为人类最古老的感觉方式之一,整个嗅觉系统(除鼻腔中的嗅细胞)都属于边缘系统,这赋予嗅觉系统一般的感觉功能和许多不为人所熟知的对情感、记忆以及生理和心理状态调控的功能．同时,由于缺乏有效手段,其内在性也使得嗅觉系统在大脑中的信息编码、处理、传输和感知等机制的研究极为困难．fMRI由于具有相对高的时间和空间分辨率,并可以无创地、重复地观测大脑任何部位的神经活动而被广泛应用于神经科学的研究．fMRI在嗅觉系统的应用使我们对人的嗅觉高级中枢感知机制方面的研究取得了一定的进展,而嗅球为嗅觉信息编码和处理中心,由于其尺寸和人体MRI空间分辨率的限制,对人OB中编码机制的研究一直无法进行．