Use of human CD3 monoclonal antibody for accurate CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte determinations in macaques: phenotypic characterization of the CD3- CD8+ cell subset

Macaque monkeys are frequently used in models for studies of infectious diseases, immunity, transplantation and vaccine development. Such use is largely due to the conservation of functionally important cell surface molecules and the phylogenetic proximity of their immune systems to that of humans. Some monoclonal antibodies (mAb) raised against human leukocyte antigens can be utilized in the monkey. Until recently, many primate centers have utilized the CD2 monoclonal antibody to enumerate T lymphocytes. We have evaluated the anti-human CD3 mAb in macaques and sooty mangabeys. Using this monoclonal antibody, pigtailed macaques were found to have a much higher proportion of CD2+ CD3- CD8+ cells as compared with rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys. Such cells comprised approximately one-half of all CD8+ cells in the pigtailed macaque, but only one-quarter of CD8+ cells in the rhesus, and one-fifth in the sooty mangabey. Use of the CD2 monoclonal antibody as the T-cell marker resulted in underestimating CD4/CD8 ratios compared with using the CD3 mAb in pigtailed macaques. Phenotypic characterization of this subset of CD3- CD8+ cells indicated that they are CD16+, CD45RA+, CD11b+, CD69+ and CD28-. This would indicate that these cells represent an activated natural killer cell subset.     

HUMAN B CELL DIFFERENTIATION: DEPENDENCE ON INTERACTIONS WITH MONOCYTES AND T LYMPHOCYTES VIA CD40, CD80 (B7.1), AND THE CD2-LIGANDS CD48 AND CD58 (LFA-3)

B cell differentiation depends on cellular interactions with T lymphocytes and monocytes via adhesion molecules (AM). In order to characterize AM which are required for B cell differentiation immunoglobulin production using unseparated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was studied. Unstimulated human PBMC were cultured for 9 days with mAb directed at CD2/CD48, /CD58, CD59, CD5/CD72, CD11a—CD18/CD54, CD28/CD80, CD86, CD40/CD40L, or rat CD2 (control). B cell differentiation was quantified measuring IgM and in some cases IgA, IgG, and IgE production. IgM levels were significantly reduced by mAb against CD40, CD48, CD58 and CD80. The reduction was not due to isotype switching to IgA, IgG or IgE. The role of CD40, CD48, CD58 and CD80 was further investigated after depletion of different cell types. Depletion of monocytes and NK cells resulted in no detectable IgM production irrespective of added mAbs. In contrast, IgM production was still present after depletion of T cells and NK cells. Only mAb against CD80 and CD48 significantly reduced IgM production, the reduction of IgM production by anti-CD40 mAb was less than in the presence of T cells. Importantly, anti-CD58 mAb had no effect on IgM production after T cell and NK cell depletion. Taken together, the AM CD40, CD48, CD58, and CD80 are involved in Ig production of unseparated PBMCs. In this model of B cell differentiation only the AM CD58 depend on the presence of T cells while CD48 and CD80 help was found to be T cell independent.     

CD31和CD105在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及其临床病理意义

目的探讨CD31和CD105在卵巢上皮性肿瘤及正常卵巢组织中的表达情况及其与卵巢肿瘤生物学行为之间的关系,并比较同为肿瘤血管内皮标记物的CD31和CDl05在标记微血管方面的差异。方法收集天津市肿瘤医院临床、病理和预后资料完整的恶性卵巢上皮性肿瘤组织标本76例,病例标本采用免疫组化EnVision法检测CD31和CD105所标记的MVD数值,MVD计数参照Weidner方法进行量化分析,实验同时取20例交界性卵巢上皮性肿瘤、10例良性卵巢上皮性肿瘤和10例宫颈癌手术中切除的正常卵巢组织作为对照。结果①CD31蛋白在卵巢上皮性肿瘤的微血管和大血管上均有较强表达,在正常卵巢组织血管中亦有表达,恶性卵巢肿瘤中的MVD-CD31值（5．484-_0．75）显著高于交界性卵巢肿瘤（2．24±0．61）、良性卵巢肿瘤（2．24土0．41）及正常卵巢组织（1．20±0．37）（P〈0．01）;在卵巢癌中,MVD-CD31值仅与有无淋巴结转移及组织学分级之间的差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）,而与年龄、病理类型、肿瘤大小、腹水、有无远处转移无关（P〉0．05）。②CDl05蛋白在卵巢肿瘤微血管中有表达,在正常卵巢组织中呈微弱表达或无表达,恶性卵巢肿瘤中的MVD-CDl05值（4．07士2．11）显著高于交界性卵巢肿瘤（2．08土0．30）、良性卵巢肿瘤（1．92±1．15）及正常卵巢组织（O．68±0．39）（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;在卵巢癌中MV口CDl05值与组织学分级、有无腹水、有无远处转移、有无淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）,而与年龄、病理类型、肿瘤大小等因素无关（P〉0．05）。③恶性肿瘤组织中的MVD-CD31值显著高于MVD-CDl05值（P〈0．05）。结论在标染卵巢癌方面,CDl05比CD31有明显优越性,CDl05的表达与卵巢癌的生物学行为密切相关,MVD-CDl05值的检测可更准确的确定肿瘤的临床分期、指导治疗及判断预后。     

喘可治注射液对小鼠体外CD4+CD25+T细胞的影响

利用荧光抗体标记和流式细胞术检测喘可治对刀豆蛋白A(ConA)诱导的T细胞CD69和CD25表达的影响,研究喘可治是否具有促进CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞升高的作用.结果发现喘可治对ConA诱导的T细胞活化标志分子CD69的表达具有抑制作用,但对CD25的表达具有促进作用.说明喘可治对T细胞活化具有抑制作用,CD25表达的上调并不是由活化引起的,而很可能是CD4 CD25 Tr水平升高的标志.     

Identification of circulating CD90 CD73 cells in cirrhosis of liver

AIM:To identify circulating CD90 + CD73 + CD45 cells and evaluate their in vitro proliferating abilities.METHODS:Patients with cirrhosis(n=43),and healthy volunteers(n=40)were recruited to the study.Mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured from the peripheral blood of controls and cirrhosis patients.Fibroblast-like cells that appeared in cultures were analyzed for morphological features,enumerated by flow cytometry and confirmed by immunocytochemistry(ICC).Colony forming efficiency(CFE)of these cells was assessed and expressed as a percentage.RESULTS:In comparison to healthy volunteers,cells obtained from cirrhotic patients showed a significantincrease(P<0.001)in the percentage of CD90+CD73+ CD45 cells in culture.Cultured cells also showed 10 fold increases in CFE.Flow cytometry and ICC confirmed that the proliferating cells expressed CD90 + CD73 + in the cultures from cirrhosis patients.CONCLUSION:These results indicate the presence of circulating CD90 + CD73 + CD45 cells in patients with liver cirrhosis that have the potential to proliferate at a higher rate.     

CD20 分子与靶向治疗

CD20是B淋巴细胞上的跨膜蛋白质,分子量范围为33-37kD,以非糖基化的磷酸化蛋白质形式存在。CD20是调节B淋巴细胞生命与分化信号转导的重要分子,其在B细胞中特有的表达方式、生物学作用和存在形式决定了其成为治疗B淋巴细胞瘤的主要靶位点。研究CD20的生理作用有利于阐明抗CD20抗体抗肿瘤机制。     

Generation of protective immunity against an immunogenic carcinoma requires CD40/CD40L and B7/CD28 interactions but not CD4+ T cells

Interactions between CD40 and CD40L play a central role in the regulation of both humoral and cellular immunity. Recently, interactions between these molecules have also been implicated in the generation of protective cell-mediated tumor immunity. We have generated a tumor model in which a well-understood and clearly immunostimulatory antigen, influenza hemagglutinin has been transfected into the BALB/c-derived, MHC-class-I-positive, B7-deficient murine mammary carcinoma, MT901. In this model, expression of the influenza hemagglutinin antigen does not alter tumorigenicity in naïve but serves as a tumor-rejection target in immunized mice. T-cell-depletion experiments indicate that successful tumor protection can occur following immunization in mice depleted of CD4⁺ but not CD8⁺ T cells, suggesting that tumor protection is largely CD8-mediated and CD4-independent. Interestingly, despite the ability of tumor protection to be generated in the absence of CD4⁺ T cells, effective immunization was clearly dependent on CD40/CD40L as well as CD28/B7 interactions.     

Functional co-localization of monocytic aminopeptidase N/CD13 with the Fc gamma receptors CD32 and CD64

Information about the function of aminopeptidase N/CD13 on monocytes is limited. In order to gain more insight into its interaction with other proteins, we have identified molecules that co-localize with the membrane ectoenzyme at the cell surface of monocytes. Using laser scanning and electron microscopy as well as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measured by flow cytometry we show that monocytic CD13 co-localized with the Fc gamma receptor II/CD32 after Fc receptor ligation by a CD32-specific antibody. FRET was also observed between CD13 and the Fc gamma receptor I/CD64, but not with the myeloid marker CD33 representing a member of the sialoadhesin family. Our results imply a novel functional role of CD13 and Fc gamma receptors as members of a multimeric receptor complex. Further studies have to be done to elucidate common signaling pathways of these molecules.     

Beyond ecto-nucleotidase: CD39 defines human Th17 cells with CD161

CD39/ENTPD1 is a prototypic member of the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ENTPDase) family on cell surface. CD39 has been reported to be a marker of regulatory immune cells and catalyzes extracellular hydrolysis of nucleotides to generate AMP and, in tandem with CD73, adenosine. We have recently found in addition that co-expression of CD39 and CD161 by human CD4⁺ T cells may become a biomarker of human Th17 cells. CD39 and CD161 have direct interactions that are further linked with acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Upon activation of CD39 and CD161, the molecular interactions boost ASM bio-activity, which generates cellular ceramide to further mediate downstream signals inclusive of STAT3 and mTOR. We suggest modulation of human Th17 responsiveness by CD39 and CD161 and describe novel molecular mechanisms integrating elements of both extracellular nucleotide and sphingolipid homeostasis that are pivotal in the control of human Th17 cells and which could have therapeutic potential.     

Identification of CD13, CD107a, and CD164 as novel basophil-activation markers and dissection of two response patterns in time kinetics of IgE-dependent upregulation

INTRODUCTIONBasophils and mast cells are important effector cells ofinflammatory reactions [1-3]. In contrast to eosinophilsand neutrophils, they possess high-affinity immunoglo-bulin (Ig) E receptors (FcεRI) that are cross-linked uponengagement of recep…     

Programmed cell death: the influence of CD40, CD95 (Fas or Apo-I) and their ligands

Programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is a process whereby developmental or environmental stimuli activate a specific series of events that culminate in cell death. PCD is essential for normal development and abnormality in the process can lead to defects ranging from embryonic lethality and tissue-specific perturbation of postnatal development to a high susceptibility to malignancy. Therapeutics that modulate the regulation of PCD may provide a new opportunity for the treatment of the PCD related diseases and cancer. CD40 and CD95 (Fas/Apo-I) are transmembrane proteins of the nerve growth factor/tumour necrosis factor α receptor superfamily. The death signal of PCD occurs when the CD95 receptor on the cell surface binds to the CD95 ligand (CD95L) or to the anti-CD95 monoclonal antibody (mAb). In contrast, PCD could be inhibited by the survival signal mediated from the binding of the CD40 receptor to the CD40 ligand (CD40L) or to the anti-CD40 mAb. In this review, the interaction of CD40/CD40L and CD95/CD95L on PCD in normal and malignant cells is discussed.     

CD36与脂类味觉感受

CD36是一种脂类结合蛋白,在大鼠和小鼠的舌上皮细胞中均被发现,与长链脂肪酸（LCFA）具有高度亲和力,是啮齿类动物感受脂类的重要因子之一。研究表明这种蛋白质受体在口腔的脂类感受中起着至关重要的作用。CD36位于啮齿类口腔味蕾部分神经感受细胞的顶端部分,任轮廓状乳头中有特别高的表达,在叶状乳头中有少量表达,而在菌状乳头中几乎没有表达。     

中药复方连黄对小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群CD4~+、CD8~+的影响

目的探讨中药复方连黄对小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+的影响.方法 T淋巴细胞亚群测定采用单克降抗体直接免疫荧光技术,通过流式细胞仪测定.结果经统计学分析,与对照组比较,中药复方连黄能不同程度地使CD4+、CD4+/CD8+升高,而使CD8+下降.结果表明,中药复方连黄对细胞免疫功能具有调节作用.     

The role of CD4 T cell help for CD8 CTL activation

CD4 T cells play an important role in the initiation and persistence of CD8 T cells responses. In this review, we report on and evaluate the mechanisms by which CD4 T cells contribute to activation of CD8 T cells and the signal pathways of the down-streaming events after CD4 T cell help.     

CD27／CD27L 在肝癌患者血清中的含量及临床意义

目的:探讨原发性肝癌患者外周血中CD27和CD27L的含量及其临床意义。方法:采用ELISA法检测38例肝癌患者和40例健康查体者外周血中CD27及CD27L蛋白的含量,并分析两者与病理类型和临床分期的关系。结果:与健康查体组相比,肝癌患者外周血中CD27蛋白含量未检测到明显变化(t=1.760,P=0.082),但CD27L蛋白含量显著升高(t=39.982,P<0.001)。Spearman秩相关分析表明CD27和CD27L之间无显著相关性(rs=0.305,P=0.084)。CD27在不同病理类型和不同病理分期的肝癌患者血清中的含量无统计学差异(P>0.05);CD27L蛋白含量在III期和发生淋巴结转移的患者中显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:CD27/CD27L通路与肝癌的恶性进展和淋巴结转移有密切关系。     

Complex formation of CD23/surface immunoglobulin and CD23/CD81/MHC class II on an EBV-transformed human B cell line and inferable role of tetraspanin

CD23, a low-affinity IgE receptor, is a type II transmembrane protein having a C-type lectin domain and it associates noncovalently with MHC class II on B cells. The results of our immunoprecipitation analysis suggest that CD23 co-exists with at least two additional molecules, surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and CD81 (and/or CD9), on the cell surface of L-KT9 cells (an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed human B cell line). When both CD23 and sIg molecules were stimulated simultaneously by the corresponding antibodies, a large increase in CD81 in the immunoprecipitation was observed as compared with the case of stimulation by only one antibody. Simultaneous stimulation by anti-CD23 and anti-Ig may mimic the situation of B cells stimulated by an antigen/IgE complex. In addition, a large increase in MHC class II in the immunoprecipitation was also observed by cross-linking of CD23 with anti-CD23 and its second antibody as compared with the case of stimulation by anti-CD23 alone. The cross-linking of CD23 with anti-CD23 and its antibody may mimic the situation of B cells stimulated by an IgE/antigen/IgE complex. Therefore, the complex formation among CD23, sIg, MHC class II, and CD81 on the cell surface of L-KT9 cells by the antigen/IgE or IgE/antigen/IgE complex is most likely to be closely related to B cell regulatory events by signaling through sIg or MHC class II. Tetraspanins such as CD81 and CD9 are thought to be involved in the formation and the preservation of various different membrane complexes consisting of several functional proteins.     

Modulation of neuronal differentiation by CD40 isoforms

Neuron differentiation is a complex process involving various cell-cell interactions, and multiple signaling pathways. We showed previously that CD40 is expressed and functional on mouse and human neurons. In neurons, ligation of CD40 protects against serum withdrawal-induced injury and plays a role in survival and differentiation. CD40 deficient mice display neuron dysfunction, aberrant neuron morphologic changes, and associated gross brain abnormalities. Previous studies by Tone and colleagues suggested that five isoforms of CD40 exist with two predominant isoforms expressed in humans: signal-transducible CD40 type I and a C-terminal truncated, non-signal-transducible CD40 type II. We hypothesized that differential expression of CD40 isoform type I and type II in neurons may modulate neuron differentiation. Results show that adult wild-type, and CD40^−/− deficient mice predominantly express CD40 type I and II isoforms. Whereas adult wild-type mice express mostly CD40 type I in cerebral tissues at relatively high levels, in age and gender-matched CD40^−/− mice CD40 type I expression was almost completely absent; suggesting a predominance of the non-signal-transducible CD40 type II isoform. Younger, 1 day old wild-type mice displayed less CD40 type I, and more CD40 type II, as well as, greater expression of soluble CD40 (CD40L/CD40 signal inhibitor), compared with 1 month old mice. Neuron-like N2a cells express CD40 type I and type II isoforms while in an undifferentiated state, however once induced to differentiate, CD40 type I predominates. Further, differentiated N2a cells treated with CD40 ligand express high levels of neuron specific nuclear protein (NeuN); an effect reduced by anti-CD40 type I siRNA, but not by control (non-targeting) siRNA. Altogether these data suggest that CD40 isoforms may act in a temporal fashion to modulate neuron differentiation during brain development. Thus, modulation of neuronal CD40 isoforms and CD40 signaling may represent important therapeutic modalities for neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as, for enhancement of neurogenesis.     

CD59、CD55在T细胞活化信号转导中的协同作用

目的:研究糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚固蛋白CD59、CD55在脂筏介导T细胞信号转导通路中的协同效应。方法:应用siRNA技术,构建特异性针对CD55与CD59基因的重组载体pSUPER-siCD55,pSUPER-siCD59。实验分为未转染的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅰ组)、转染pSUPER空质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅱ组)、转染pSUPER-siCD59重组质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅲ组)及转染pSUPER-siCD55重组质粒的Jurkat细胞组(Ⅳ组)。RT-PCR检测转染细胞中CD55和CD59基因的表达噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分别检测CD55与CD59联合作用对4组Jurkat细胞的增殖效应以及细胞内钙离子的变化、结果:稳定转染后,Ⅲ组细胞CD59分子的表达和Ⅳ组细胞CD55分子的表达被成功抑制。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组细胞CD55与CD59联合作用后增殖能力和钙离子浓度均明显高于Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间无差异结论:CD59和CD55在T细胞活化信号转导通路中存在协同效应。