渗透压在葡萄酒酵母代谢中的调控作用

以磷酸丙糖异构酶部分缺失突变株做对比,研究了渗透压对葡萄酒酵母发酵过程中甘油合成与挥发酸生成的调节作用.结果表明:渗透压对野生型葡萄酒酵母中存在的磷酸二羟丙酮(DHAP)与3-磷酸甘油醛(GA3P)平衡具有调节作用,能使平衡向磷酸二羟丙酮方向迁移以合成更多的甘油,而当磷酸丙糖异构酶部分缺失时渗透压对这一平衡基本不起作用...     

干旱胁迫和遮光对印楝幼苗生长及碳氮代谢的影响

以0.5年生印楝半同胞家系实生苗为材料,设置4个干旱胁迫水平与3个遮光水平共12个处理盆栽试验,测定分析印楝叶片主要碳氮代谢酶活性、终产物含量及生长指标,以揭示印楝碳氮代谢对光照及水分胁迫的响应规律,为进一步研究印楝的物质转换及代谢规律充实理论基础。结果显示:(1)在干旱胁迫条件下,印楝可通过调节碳代谢酶(SS、SPS)和氮代谢酶(NR、GS、GOGAT)活性及加快可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和游离脯氨酸的积累以维持苗高较小的变幅。(2)在遮光条件下,轻度遮光就会导致印楝叶片主要碳氮代谢酶活性及代谢产物含量急剧下降,严重抑制幼苗生长。(3)在干旱胁迫和遮光共同存在的条件下,遮光(或干旱)在一定程度上可以减缓干旱(或遮光)对印楝初生代谢及生长带来的不利影响。研究发现,印楝幼苗具有较强的干旱适应能力,适度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量大于35%)可促进细胞碳氮代谢,但不利于净光和产物的积累;同时,印楝幼苗对光照需求较高,轻度遮光会使初生代谢及生长受到严重抑制;在苗木培育过程中要尽可能提供充足的水分和光照,在水分匮缺时可以通过适当遮光来缓解干旱对苗木生长带来的负面影响,而在光照不足的条件下则需要适当控制水分。     

夜间低温胁迫对两种生长光强下藤黄幼苗叶片荧光特征和活性氧代谢的影响

对两种不同生长光强下（自然光的8％和50％）西双版纳热带雨林木本植物藤黄（Garcinia han-buryi）幼苗经夜间低温（4℃）处理后荧光特性和活性氧代谢的研究结果表明,低温使藤黄叶片光合机构PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ非环式电子传递的量子效率（ФPSⅡ）、非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）下降,原初荧光（F0）上升。低温胁迫消除后,生长在50％光强下藤黄叶片的Fv/Fm和F0在3d后仍不能完全恢复,而生长在8％光强下藤黄叶片的Fv/Fm和F0基本恢复,说明低温使生长在8％光强下藤黄的光合机构PSⅡ反应中心受到可逆失活,而生长在50％光强下藤黄的光合机构受到氧化伤害。随着低温胁迫时间的延长,两种生长光强藤黄叶片活性氧保护酶（SOD,CAT,APX）的活性虽升高,但O2^-的生成速率、H2O2和MDA含量积累增加。而在恢复阶段,生长在8％光强比生长在50％光强下藤黄叶片的活性氧含量下降得快,进一步说明生长在高光强的植物比生长在低光强的植物受低温伤害大。     

Ni胁迫对不同基因型谷子幼苗生长及氮素代谢的影响

采用盆栽土培法,研究了不同浓度Ni2+(0、25、50、100、150、200 mg/kg)对4种基因型谷子(13-36、B-7、晋谷51号、晋谷52号)幼苗生长,Ni2+富集与转运能力,叶片中硝态氮、氨态氮、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量及氮代谢相关酶硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的影响。结果表明:Ni2+胁迫下,4种基因型谷子幼苗的根长、苗长、生物量随Ni2+浓度增加逐渐降低,体内Ni2+含量逐渐增加,与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。在所试浓度范围内,4种基因型谷子幼苗叶片中的硝态氮含量、NR、GS、GOGAT活性表现为低浓度(25—50mg/kg)增高和高浓度(50—200 mg/kg)降低,而GDH活性在Ni2+浓度为100mg/kg以上时下降,氨态氮含量在50—150 mg/kg处理组中为对照的1.14—3.02倍。不同浓度Ni2+处理后,4种基因型谷子幼苗叶片中的脯氨酸含量均有不同程度的提高,而可溶性蛋白质含量呈明显下降趋势。实验结果证明,Ni2+胁迫抑制了谷子幼苗对硝态氮的吸收,降低了叶片中NR、GS、GOGAT活性,影响了氨的同化作用,使谷子幼苗的氮素代谢发生紊乱,不同基因型谷子对Ni2+胁迫的毒性效应存在差异。4种基因型谷子对Ni2+的耐性顺序为13-36B-7晋谷51晋谷52。     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜根系生长及氮代谢的影响

用容重分别为1.25 g·cm-3(疏松土壤,对照)和1.55 g·cm-3(紧实土壤)的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对‘津春4号’黄瓜不同生育期根系生长、呼吸速率、活力及氮代谢的影响.结果表明:在土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜不同生育期根系总长度、表面积、分根数和根尖数均显著下降,根系的伸长生长及侧根的发生受到显著抑制,而根系的加粗生长得到激发,平均直径显著增加;根系活力和根系呼吸速率显著下降;根系中的NO3-、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量大幅下降,硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶活性显著降低,NH4+含量显著增加.说明在土壤紧实胁迫条件下黄瓜根系对硝态氮的吸收量减少,氨同化作用受到抑制,氮代谢显著受阻.     

土壤干旱对黄土高原3个常见树种幼苗水分代谢及生长的影响

应用盆栽试验,在人工控制土壤水分条件下对黄土高原3个常见树种丁香(Syringa oblata)、杠柳(Perip-loca sepium)和连翘(Forsythia suspensa)幼苗的生长及水分生理代谢进行了研究.结果表明,随干旱胁迫程度加剧,各树种耗水量明显减少;不同树种单株耗水量差异明显,表现为:连翘>杠柳>丁香.3树种新生枝条生长和叶面积扩展速率明显受土壤含水量影响,均表现为适宜水分>中度干旱>严重干旱,且在同一胁迫水平下,连翘>杠柳>丁香.随干旱胁迫程度的加剧和干旱时间的延长,丁香、杠柳和连翘叶片的含水量、游离脯氨酸以及叶绿素含量均有不同程度的变化,连翘和杠柳的叶片含水量在3种水分条件下均明显高于丁香,杠柳叶片游离脯氨酸含量明显高于丁香和连翘,连翘体内脯氨酸含量最低,丁香和连翘的叶绿素a/b值随土壤含水量的减少逐渐降低,杠柳则表现出相反趋势.不同树种对土壤干旱和高温的响应机制不同,但它们都具有较强的抗旱能力,适应黄土高原干旱的自然条件.     

根际高温对植物生长和代谢的影响综述

根系作为植株吸收、运输水分和养分的主要器官,其代谢直接影响植株地上部的生长和产量。适宜、稳定的根际温度是植物根系生长和代谢的重要保证。炎热夏季导致的根际高温逆境往往是影响作物生长和产量的一个重要原因。本文在阐明根际高温概念的基础上,综述了根际高温对植株生长方面的影响,分析了根际高温对植株体内水分关系、光合作用和干物质生产、呼吸作用和矿质吸收、根系激素代谢和抗逆酶系统等方面的影响,并指出了今后该领域需进一步研究的问题和控制根际高温的应用前景。     

克鲁氏假丝酵母在高渗环境中海藻糖和胞内甘油积累的研究

Brown[1]在1976年提出了相容溶质(Compatible solutes)的概念,尽管有关它们功能的确切机制尚不是非常清楚,但是通常它们被认为是具有渗透调节作用和对细胞中生物活性物质具保护功能的物质.海藻糖和甘油在这方面所表现出的特殊功能已被国内外广泛关注[2].Brown[3]和Crowe[4]还分别报道了甘油和海藻糖在保护胞内可溶性酶和细胞膜稳定性方面的功能.Crowe[5]在研究几种不同碳水化合物对动物肌细胞的保护功能时发现,海藻糖和甘油都在不同程度上表现出这种特性.关于酵母细胞在加盐培养基中的生长代谢情况Kuniho Nakata[6]和Sukesh [7]分别进行了报道,发现酵母细胞内有海藻糖的积累,并且海藻糖的量与细胞对外界不利环境的耐受性有密切关系.     

重金属在食用菌中的富集及对其生长代谢的影响

本文报导食用菌对重金属的吸收积累性能及重金属对食用菌生长代谢的影响。从供试的香菇、凤尾菇、金针菇及木耳等食用菌研究表明:对Hg、Pb、As、Ni、Cd、Cu、Zn等重金属均有不同程度的富集作用,其中对Hg的富集是极显著的,但对Pb则不明显。从福建省食用菌生产点采样测定结果看,子实体中的重金属含量均不超标。上述重金属对食用菌生长均有不同程度的不良影响,尤其以Hg和As为突出。对产量影响的顺序以香菇最大、凤尾菇次之、金针菇较弱。重金属在一定范围内对香菇抗坏血酸氧化酶活性有激活作用,对纤维素酶有抑制作用。     

应用球面对称设计方法优化谷胱甘肽生物合成条件

研究了提高细胞内谷胱甘肽质量分数的方法。谷胱甘肽的总产量与细胞的数量和细胞内谷胱甘肽质量分数有关,通过添加底物和刺激物可以促进谷胱甘肽生物合成,提高胞内谷胱甘肽的质量分数。实验考察了高渗刺激物与前体氨基酸对胞内谷胱甘肽质量分数的影响,并应用球面对称设计优化了实验条件,使得胞内谷胱甘肽质量分数达4.47%,产量达257.3mg.L-1,分别比优化前提高了约69.3%和75.7%。     

Stress-induced growth rate reduction restricts metabolic resource utilization to modulate osmo-adaptation time

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小麦TaLCD基因的克隆及其对渗透胁迫的调节作用

半胱氨酸脱巯基酶(CDes)可催化降解半胱氨酸(Cys)生成硫化氢(H2S)。通过克隆小麦(Triticumaestivum)中的L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶基因TaLCD,并将其在拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)中过表达,探讨TaLCD对渗透胁迫条件下种子萌发和根系生长的影响,并分析其对干旱胁迫的调节作用。结果显示,盐胁迫条件下,TaLCD过表达植株种子萌发率显著高于野生型;甘露醇处理条件下,TaLCD过表达植株的根长也显著高于野生型,且TaLCD过表达显著提高植株抗旱性。此外,TaLCD过表达植株对ABA更加敏感,ABA处理下TaLCD过表达植株的种子萌发率及根长均显著低于野生型。干旱胁迫下,TaLCD过表达植株胁迫响应基因(COR47、RD29A、RAB18和RD22)及ABA信号途径相关基因(NCED3、HAB1、HAB2、ABI1、ABI2和ABF2)的表达水平均显著高于野生型。因此推测,TaLCD增强植株抗旱和抗盐能力可能依赖于ABA信号途径。     

Salt-stress signaling

Salinity stress has a major impact on plant growth and development. Increasing concentrations of salt in farm soils means that researchers must develop tolerant crops if the global food supply is to be sustained. Salt adaptation involves a complex network of different mechanisms whose responses to high salinity are regulated in an integrated fashion. The salt-stress signaling cascade(s) that activates these mechanisms starts by perceiving the saline environment. However, little is known about the components involved in either the perception or signaling of this stress. The mechanisms that are activated under such conditions include those responsible for ion homeostasis and osmotic adjustment. Here, we review the current understanding of those molecular mechanisms used by plants to respond and adapt to salt stress. Particular attention is paid to the information yielded by genetic analyses of the yeast modelSaccharomyces cerevisiae and the higher-plant model system ofArabidopsis.     

Determination of Growth and Glycerol Production Kinetics of a Wine Yeast Strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kalecik 1 in Different Substrate Media

Summary Glycerol has been known as an important by-product of wine fermentations improving the sensory quality of wine. This study was carried out with an endogenic wine yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kalecik 1. The kinetics of growth and glycerol biosynthesis were analysed at various initial concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose in a batch system. Depending on the determined values of Monod constants, glucose (K_s = 28.09 g/l) was found as the most suitable substrate for the yeast growth. Initial glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations necessary for maximum specific yeast growth rate were determined as 175 g, 100 l, and 200 g/l, respectively. The yeast produced glycerol at very high concentrations in fructose medium. Fructose was determined as the most suitable substrate for glycerol production while the strain showed low tendency to use it for growth. S. cerevisiae Kalecik 1 could not produce glycerol below 200 g/l initial sucrose concentration. When natural white grape juice was used as fermentation medium, maximum glycerol concentration and dry weight of the yeast were determined as 9.3 g/l and 11.8 g/l, respectively.     

Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions?

Osmolyte accumulation (OA) is frequently cited as a key putative mechanism for increasing yields of crops subjected to drought conditions. The hypothesis is that OA results in a number of benefits that sustain cell and tissue activity under water-deficit conditions. It has been proposed as an effective tolerance mechanism for water deficits, which could be enhanced in crops by traditional plant breeding, marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering, to generate drought-tolerant crops. However, field studies examining the association between OA and crop yield have tended to show no consistent benefit. The few, often-cited, investigations with positive associations were obtained under severe water deficits with extremely low yields or conditions with special water-supply scenarios when much of the benefit is plant survival. Under conditions where water deficits threaten crop survival, yields are so low that even large fractional yield gains offer little practical benefit to growers. Indeed, the often-cited benefit of turgor maintenance in cells is likely to result in crop behaviour that is exactly opposite to what is beneficial to crops. The one clear mechanism identified in this review for beneficial yield responses to OA is in the maintenance of root development in order to reach water that may be available deeper in the soil profile.     

APA微囊微环境影响胚胎干细胞增殖分化的体外研究

以小鼠胚胎T细胞（embryonic stem cell,ESC）为模型,在牛理条件F对ESC进行微囊化包封、培养,并利用免疫组织化学技术及RT-PCR方法检测其生长及未分化状态,以期建立微囊化ESC这一体外培养模型,同时明确海藻酸钠-聚赖氨酸-海藻酸钠（alginate-poly-lysine-alginate,APA）微囊微环境对ESC增殖及分化潜能的影响。结果表明：ESC能够在微囊（包括液化型及非液化型）或微球（海藻酸钙胶珠）内生长良好,但因生长环境存在差异,其表现的生长行为各具特征。比较其它类型,ESC在液化型APA微囊内的存活期限最长。经体外维持培养3周以上,仍能持续表达胚胎源未分化T细胞的标志性蛋白AP,SSEA-1及转录因子Oct-4。为进一步明确微囊内增殖的ESC是台仍具有多向分化的干细胞潜能,应用机械破囊法释放微囊内ESC团,并在体外进行定向诱导。经过近3周的条件诱导,其结果为：细胞团DTZ染色阳性：anti-insulin免疫荧光检测阳性;且特异性表达Pdx-1,Ins-1基因。上述结果证明：APA微囊为ESC维持未分化状态的增殖提供了特殊的微环境,APA微囊内所形成的ESC团仍具有多向分化的干细胞潜能。