内生真菌与禾本科植物之间的关系及其生态学意义

1　前　言内生真菌是一类生长在植物体内的真菌 ,至今已在许多高等植物中发现了内生真菌的存在 ,但以禾本科植物中尤为常见。这些真菌包括子囊菌纲、麦角菌科 (Ｃｌａｖｉｃｉｐｉｔａｃｅａｅ)、瘤座菌族 (Ｂａｌａｎ ｓｉｅａｅ)的许多种类 ,也包括与瘤座菌族关系密切的一些半知菌类 ,如Ａｃｒｅｍｏｎｉｕｍ[1 5] 。与菌根真菌的一个显著不同是 ,它们仅存在于植物地上部分的组织内而不是根的组织中。至少有 80个属、几百种禾本科植物被确认含内生真菌[1 6] ,但到目前为止 ,大量的研究都集中在两个有重要经济意义的植物种 ,即高羊茅 (Ｆｅ…     

云南、浙江、内蒙古禾本科植物内生真菌多样性研究

从云南、浙江和内蒙古的30属禾本科植物分离到1821株内生真菌,根据ITSrDNA系统发育分析和ITS预测真菌的阈值,将这些菌株鉴定为3门10纲34目216属,其中子囊菌门5纲26目192属,担子菌门3纲6目21属,毛霉门2纲2目3属.粪壳菌纲和座囊菌纲为主要优势纲,相对频率分别为54.8％和30.9％;座囊菌纲的格孢...     

禾本科植物内生真菌研究 5.中国产部分epichloё内生真菌的遗传多样性

Epichloё内生真菌(epichloё endophytes)是禾本科植物的共生真菌,开展其多样性研究对菌株的生物学特性和进化规律的了解以及开发利用都有着十分重要的意义。本研究筛选了12条随机引物对24株epichloё内生真菌进行RAPD扩增,探讨真菌种类、宿主种类、采集地和菌株间的遗传多样性。结果表明,宿主为拂子茅Calamagrostis sp.、雀麦Bromus sp.、披碱草Elymus sp.、小颖羊茅Festuca parvigluma Steud.的菌株分别独立聚为一个分枝;而宿主为鹅观草Roegneria spp.的Neotyphodium属菌株聚类情况较为复杂;宿主为早熟禾Poas pp.的菌株分别在三个不同的分枝,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。以上结果反应了我国具有丰富的epichloё内生真菌资源,它们和其宿主之间有着比较明显的相互关系。本研究还显示,采集于南京的拂子茅与其内生真菌共生可能发生在较久远的年代。     

禾本科植物内生真菌研究5. 中国产部分epichlo?内生真菌的遗传多样性

Epichlo?内生真菌（epichlo? endophytes）是禾本科植物的共生真菌,开展其多样性研究对菌株的生物学特性和进化规律的了解以及开发利用都有着十分重要的意义。本研究筛选了12条随机引物对24株epichlo?内生真菌进行RAPD扩增,探讨真菌种类、宿主种类、采集地和菌株间的遗传多样性。结果表明,宿主为拂子茅Calamagrostis sp.、雀麦Bromus sp.、披碱草Elymus sp.、小颖羊茅Festuca parvigluma Steud.的菌株分别独立聚为一个分枝;而宿主为鹅观草Roegneria spp.的Neotyphodium属菌株聚类情况较为复杂;宿主为早熟禾Poa spp.的菌株分别在三个不同的分枝,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。以上结果反应了我国具有丰富的epichlo?内生真菌资源,它们和其宿主之间有着比较明显的相互关系。本研究还显示,采集于南京的拂子茅与其内生真菌共生可能发生在较久远的年代。     

紫茎泽兰内生真菌及其根际土壤真菌的多样性研究

采用传统分离培养技术和高通量测序技术, 系统研究了入侵植物紫茎泽兰不同组织内生真菌及其根际土壤真菌的物种组成差异。培养法选用三种培养基, 从其根、茎、鲜叶、腐叶等组织片段和根际土壤分离获得了140个菌株。这些真菌在97%的ITS序列同源水平下分划为43个OTUs (operational taxonomic units), 属于5个纲、30个属, 优势纲为Sordariomycetes和Dothideomycetes, 各占总分离菌株数的52.86%和30.00%。前6个优势属分别为Diaporthe(23.57%)、Stagonosporopsis(10.71%)、Phialophora(8.57%)、Colletotrichum(6.43%)、Alternaria(5.71%)、Penicillium(5.71%), 占总分离菌株数的60.71%; 不同植物组织之间以及根际土壤之间的真菌群落组成差异明显, Shannon多样性指数在1.37—2.46之间。高通量测序获得了112802个序列, 在97%的ITS序列同源水平下划分为个4216个OTUs, 前6个优势种属分别为Rachicladosporium(19.81%)、Mycosphaerella(11.18%)、Aureobasidium(5.10%)、Agaricus (4.75%)、Alternaria(3.27%)、Delicatula(2.58%), 占测序数的46.69%, Shannon 指数在0.98—4.84之间。两种方法获得的真菌群落组成具有显著差异, 仅Alternaria为共有优势属,但所揭示的不同分离来源的真菌组成情况是一致的, 即植物根、茎、鲜叶、腐叶之间内生真菌群落组成差异明显, 具有组织特异性。根际土壤与根内生真菌群落组成存在一定程度的相似, 说明两者之间联系紧密。研究结果表明, 紫茎泽兰的内生真菌具有较高的多样性, 高通量测序技术能更加全面地反映植物内生真菌的物种组成及多样性信息。     

禾本科植物内生真菌研究5.中国产部分epichlo(e)内生真菌的遗传多样性

Epichloe内生真菌(epichloe endophytes)是禾本科植物的共生真菌,开展其多样性研究对菌株的生物学特性和进化规律的了解以及开发利用都有着十分重要的意义.本研究筛选了12条随机引物对24株cpichloe内生真菌进行RAPD扩增,探讨真菌种类、宿主种类、采集地和菌株间的遗传多样性.结果表明,宿主为拂子茅Calamagrostia sp.、雀麦Bromus sp.、披碱草Elymus sp.、小颖羊茅Festucaparvigluma Steud.的菌株分别独立聚为一个分枝;而宿主为鹅观草Roegneria spp.的Neotyphodium属菌株聚类情况较为复杂;宿主为早熟禾Poa spp.的菌株分别在三个不同的分枝,表现出丰富的遗传多样性.以上结果反应了我国具有丰富的epichloe 内生真菌资源,它们和其宿主之间有着比较明显的相互关系.本研究还显示,采集于南京的拂子茅与其内生真菌共生可能发生在较久远的年代.     

昆明西山森林公园天然虫生真菌及其内生真菌的分离鉴定及多样性分析

【背景】不同地区虫草物种多样性的调查是虫草相关研究的热点之一,虫草真菌区系研究是真菌资源研究的重要内容。【目的】了解云南省昆明市西山森林公园天然虫生真菌及其内生真菌的多样性,增加对虫草真菌区系的认识。【方法】对该地区通过资源调查并采用组织分离法对采集的虫草样本进行虫生真菌及其内生真菌的分离,利用形态特征观察及ITS联合nr SSU、nr LSU、translation elongation factor-1α (tef-1α)、rpb1、rpb2多基因测序进行虫生真菌物种鉴定及多样性分析。【结果】共采集45份云南省昆明市西山森林公园天然虫草样本,鉴定结果表明隶属于2科5属12种,包括虫草科(Cordycipitaceae)的鳞翅虫草属(Samsoniella)(2种,含疑似新种1个)、虫草属(Cordyceps)(4种)和白僵菌属(Beauveria)(4种),以及线虫草科(Ophiocordycipitaceae)的紫枝孢属(Purpureocillium)(1种)和弯颈霉属(Tolypocladium)(1种,为疑似新种),优势属为虫草属(Cordyceps),优势种为环链虫草(C...     

红树林内生真菌多样性及其应用潜能

红树林是分布于热带和亚热带潮间带的湿地林,为多样化的生物群落提供了必要的栖息之所。内生真菌是指一类生活于健康宿主体内,而不引起宿主组织发生任何病变的真菌,它们不仅在维护整个生态系统的平衡中起着重要作用,而且还具有多样化的应用潜能。文中在总结了红树林内生真菌多样性的基础上,对红树林内生真菌在工业、农业和医药业上的应用潜能进行了探讨,旨在为后续红树林内生真菌的研究提供一定的参考依据。     

贵州马尾松内生真菌多样性

为探究贵州马尾松Pinus massoniana内生真菌的群落组成及多样性.本研究在不同季节,采用组织分离法对30年生健康马尾松的根、茎、叶进行内生真菌的分离,结合形态学和ITS序列进行菌株鉴定,并分析其多样性.结果表明:从1328块马尾松组织块中分离得到1099株内生真菌,其总定殖率为93.98％,总分离率为82.7...     

陕西不同生境核桃内生真菌多样性

【目的】了解核桃内生真菌组成、分布等多样性特性,为活性菌株筛选、作用机理研究等奠定基础。【方法】采用组织分离法对不同季节、不同生境、不同部位的核桃内生真菌进行分离,以形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法进行鉴定,通过定殖率、分离率、分离频率、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数等分析核桃内生真菌的多样性。【结果】共分离获得核桃内生真菌1 450株,隶属于47个属,其中链格孢属Alternaria为优势类群,占菌株总数的20.00%,镰孢属Fusarium和酵母属Saccharomyces相对较多,分别占菌株总数的8.34%和8.14%。核桃不同部位内生真菌的多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数都以两年生茎的最高,分别为1.15和0.36;不同生境核桃中,山阳的多样性指数(H′)和均匀度最高,分别为1.42和0.42;秋冬两季中,秋季的指标较高,分别为1.92和0.54。【结论】不同部位、不同生境、不同季节核桃都具有丰富的内生真菌且多样性存在差异;相似性系数、均匀度指数反映出,核桃内生真菌在一定程度上相对稳定。     

丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性研究进展

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌是生态系统中生物多样性的重要组分之一,具有十分丰富的物种多样性、遗传多样性和功能多样性.该真菌分类地位不断提高已上升至门,下设1个纲、4个目、13个科,19个属,现已报道214种.丛枝菌根对保持生态平衡、稳定和提高生态系统可持续生产力具有重要作用.本文分析了世界范围内丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性研究现状、不同生态系统中影响丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性的关键因子及其调控途径;认为分子生物学技术是今后丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性研究的主要方法.     

Molecular diversity of bamboo-associated fungi isolated from Japan

Bamboos are common and useful plants in Japan but little information is available about their endophytes. In this study, 257 fungal strains were isolated from bamboo tissues, and 71 representative strains were characterized by 18S rRNA gene and internal transcriber spacer region sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the fungal isolates were located in Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes. Xylariales was the dominant group within bamboos. Several rRNA gene sequences were not similar to any current sequence in the database and might be a novel species or genera that could represent sources of novel biological compounds. These findings reveal that bamboos are a huge reservoir of microorganisms that should be extensively investigated.     

物种与物种多样性

本文首先讨论生物物种的科学概念和生物学本质，分析物种客观存在的自然属性和物种概念的局限性，认为物种的生物学属性和物种多样性的科学属性之间有着本质联系。物种多样性研究的实质是研究生物物种的生物学多样性。度量物种多样性程度有多种方法，但物种数目是物种多样性程度最直接、也是最基本的表达，估计物种多样性数目是当前国际上物种多样性研究的核心与热点内容。物种多样性产生的根源是物种形成，物种绝灭速率是维持物种多样性的关键因素。本文简要总结了物种形成与绝灭的基本模式和机制，通过分析生物地理区系与物种多样性研究的密切关系，说明物种的区系成份分析是物种多样性大尺度格局研究的重要内容。     

甘南亚高寒草甸稀有种对物种多样性和物种多度分布格局的贡献

稀有种不仅影响群落的物种多度分布格局, 同时也是α多样性的重要贡献者。本研究主要通过加性分配和Fortran软件的RAD程序包拟合的方法, 研究了甘南亚高寒草甸不同坡向物种多样性及多度分布格局的变化, 分析了物种多度分布格局及其α多样性的变化特征, 确定了稀有种在物种多度分布格局中的相对贡献。结果表明: (1)在南坡到北坡的变化中, 环境因子差异比较明显, 其中, 土壤全磷、有机碳、速效磷、碳氮比及含水量呈递增趋势; 土壤氮磷比和pH值呈递减趋势; 土壤全氮在西坡显著低于其他坡向, 而速效氮在所有坡向上差异不显著。(2)稀有种对群落物种多样性的影响在南-北坡向梯度上依次增大, 去除稀有种的影响在各坡向均高于去除非稀有种, 可见, 稀有种在甘南亚高寒草甸物种多样性中的相对贡献高于非稀有种。(3)各坡向的稀有种资源获取模式以随机分配占领模式(random fraction模型)为主, 而非稀有种则以生态位优先占领模式(geometric series模型)为主。由于稀有种有较大的扩散率, 在物种多样性较高的生态系统中, 物种之间的生态位重叠会更加明显, 从而抑制物种多样性的增加, 因此能达到维持原有物种多样性的目的。     

Continental-scale distribution and diversity of Ceratobasidium orchid mycorrhizal fungi in Australia

Background and AimsMycorrhizal fungi are a critical component of the ecological niche of most plants and can potentially constrain their geographical range. Unlike other types of mycorrhizal fungi, the distributions of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) at large spatial scales are not well understood. Here, we investigate the distribution and diversity of Ceratobasidium OMF in orchids and soils across the Australian continent.MethodsWe sampled 217 Ceratobasidium isolates from 111 orchid species across southern Australia and combined these with 311 Ceratobasidium sequences from GenBank. To estimate the taxonomic diversity of Ceratobasidium associating with orchids, phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequence locus was undertaken. Sequence data from the continent-wide Australian Microbiome Initiative were used to determine the geographical range of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected in orchids, with the distribution and climatic correlates of the two most frequently detected OTUs modelled using MaxEnt.Key ResultsWe identified 23 Ceratobasidium OTUs associating with Australian orchids, primarily from the orchid genera Pterostylis, Prasophyllum, Rhizanthella and Sarcochilus. OTUs isolated from orchids were closely related to, but distinct from, known pathogenic fungi. Data from soils and orchids revealed that ten of these OTUs occur on both east and west sides of the continent, while 13 OTUs were recorded at three locations or fewer. MaxEnt models suggested that the distributions of two widespread OTUs are correlated with temperature and soil moisture of the wettest quarter and far exceeded the distributions of their host orchid species.ConclusionsCeratobasidium OMF with cross-continental distributions are common in Australian soils and frequently have geographical ranges that exceed that of their host orchid species, suggesting these fungi are not limiting the distributions of their host orchids at large spatial scales. Most OTUs were distributed within southern Australia, although several OTUs had distributions extending into central and northern parts of the continent, illustrating their tolerance of an extraordinarily wide range of environmental conditions.     

新疆农田系统瓢虫资源调查与多样性研究

为全面了解新疆农田系统瓢虫资源组成以及多样性结构差异,本研究采用网捕法于2018年、2019年连续两年对新疆11个地州50个县/市/区15种农作物生境的406个采集点开展了瓢虫资源系统调查.结果表明:共获7001号瓢虫标本,隶属3亚科13属26种,其中多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata为绝对优势种类,其个...     

The impact of an invading alien grass (Agropyron cristatum) on species turnover in native prairie

Abstract. Alien invasions typically reduce species richness of habitats, but few studies have examined their effects on species turnover, the difference in species composition between localities. Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (crested wheat grass) has been planted on 6–10 million ha of North American prairie, and is invading native prairie. We studied the invasion of A. cristatum into native prairie by measuring species composition along a gradient from maximum to minimum A. cristatum abundance. As A. cristatum increased, the abundance of most common native species decreased, but one appeared to be unaffected (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag.), and another (Poa sandbergii Vasey) increased. The effect of A. cristatum on species turnover was investigated by examining species–area curves for areas from 0.5 m² to 8.0 m². Species diversity was reduced by 35% at high A. cristatum abundances at all areas. A. cristatum reduced the intercept of the species–area curve, but not the slope, suggesting that A. cristatum affected species turnover proportionally in all areas and habitats. This unusual result may indicate a homogeneous environment where species are distributed randomly. A. cristatum produced almost twice as many seeds as all native grasses combined. The number of seeds collected of native grasses and A. cristatum was highly correlated with the number of seed heads immediately nearby, but not with transect position. This suggests most seeds were dispersed over distances less than 5 m. In sum, the invasion of native prairie by A. cristatum might be related to high rates of seed production, and has the effect of decreasing species turnover by reducing the intercept of the species–area curve.     

Genetic diversity in wild wheats and goat grass

The genetic structure of 35 populations of wild relatives of cultivated wheats, all collected in Syria and Lebanon, was assessed using ten isozymes. The populations consisted of diploid goat grass, Aegilops speltoides, diploid wild wheats, Triticum monococcum spp. aegilopoides and T. urartu, and tetraploid wild wheat, T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. The majority of the populations were polymorphic (P=0–70%) having low within-population mean genetic diversity (H_ep=0.05–0.10) and relatively high within-species genetic diversity (H_es=0.14–0.31). The linkage between loci did not seem to be one of the causes for the observed polymorphism. All four species showed significant inbreeding at both the population (0.31–0.64) and species (0.77–0.96) levels, and the extent of inbreeding did not correlate with mating systems. Despite their apparent common ecological and evolutionary history, between-population or between-species level genetic identity was low (I=0.43–0.86). Among the diploid species, populations of Ae. speltoides clustered distinctly from those overlapping clusters of T. monococcum ssp. aegilopoides and T. urartu. The tetraploid species T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides had relatively less genetic diversity (H_es=0.14) and was highly homozygous (F=0.96). The results suggest that these wild progenitors of cultivated wheats have undergone extensive local differentiation and inbreeding. We discuss the implications of our results on the management of wild wheat and goat grass populations. Received: 12 September 1999 / Accepted: 10 November 1999     

鸟兽物种多样性测度的G-F指数方法

评价物种多样性是目前生物多样性研究中的一项紧迫任务。我们提出一种基于信息测度的G-F指数公式,利用生物普查得到的鸟类和兽类名录计算一个地区的物种多样性。首先计算属间的多样性（G指数）和科间的多样性（F指数）,然后,再利用G指数和F指数的比值进行标准化,得出G-F指数。在这一指数体系中,F指数包括科中和科间的多样性。如果G-F指数趋近1,则代表科间多样性的F指数下降,或者代表属多样性的G指数上升;否则G-F指数趋近零或为负数。信息测度通常也用于生物群落的生态多样性。然而,G-F指数与生态多样性不同。G-F指数测定的一个地区一个生物类群中科属间的物种多样性,而生态多样性指数研究生物群落中物种组成及种间个体的多寡。利用G-F指数研究评估生物多样性保护有如下优点：（1）G-F指数提供了一种简捷有效的生物多样性保护评估方法,因为在许多地点已经进行过生物普查,编写了动物、植物名录;（2）G-F指数是一种标准化指数,可以进行不同地区间生物多样性比较。在动物界,特别是无脊椎动物中,尚未鉴定的物种占多数,而鸟类和兽类中尚未鉴定的物种很少。我们应用鸟类和兽类名录计算了G-F指数,选择了梵净山、大瑶山、伏牛山、凉水、北京—天津、海北、白音锡勒、青海湖和帕米尔高原等9个地区,进行了物种多样性的比较研究。结果表明：在上述地区,鸟类的G指数高于兽类的G指数,但差异并不显著（p=0.11）。鸟类的F指数显著地高于兽类的F指数（p<0.05）。鸟类G-F指数与兽类G-F指数相关(r=0.68, p<0.05)。     

福建建溪流域常绿阔叶防护林物种多样性特征研究

从生物多样性保护原则出发,物种多样性应是评价防护林综合效益的重要指标之一。本文采用Weibull分布模型分析建溪流域防护林乔木层、灌木层的种－多度关系,用多种公式计算防护林各层次的物种多样性并与我国暖温带落叶阔叶林的物种多样性相比较,得出以下结论：1)该流域防护林乔木层的种－多度关系符合Weibull分布模型,说明个体数量较多的乔木仅限于少数几种主要的树种,群落的均匀度相对较小;2)该流域防护林主要群落内乔木层、灌木层和草本层的丰富度、均匀度和总多样性指数都较我国暖温带落叶阔叶林相对应的指数高。