茸毛赤瓟种子不同发育时期脱水耐性和发芽力的初步研究

茸毛赤瓟种子自花后30 d发育至55 d,发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数由0升至最大;含水量逐渐下降,但下降速率不等,发育后期存在显著的成熟脱水期。花后45 d果实干重接近最大,种子干重在45 d达到最大,种子和果实的发育基本同步。自然风干1d后,花后40~50 d的种子含水量下降2%~4%。花后40 d的种子发芽力显著提高,花后45~50 d的种子无明显变化,继续干燥,发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均有不同程度的降低,而花后50 d的种子直到含水量低至4%后才明显下降;花后35 d和55 d的种子经过不同天数干燥后,发芽力均下降。不同发育时期茸毛赤瓟种子耐脱水力有差别,由强至弱依次为花后50、45、55、40、35 d。用半致死含水量可准确地反映不同发育时期茸毛赤瓟种子的脱水敏感性的强弱。     

毛决明种子不同发育时期发芽力和脱水耐性的初步研究

毛决明种子发芽力在花后39d后逐渐上升,发芽率和发芽指数在花后53d,活力指数在花的67d最大值,而后有所降低,花后39-74d,含水量逐渐下降,但下降速度不等,花后67d种子干重达到最大值,花后67-74d含水量显著下降,花后39-74d,含水量逐渐下降,但下降速度不等,花后67d种子干重达到最大值,花后67-74d含水量显著下降。种子存在明显的成熟脱水阶段。种子的脱水耐性在花后46-60d逐渐增强,60d达到最大值,后有所下降,轻微脱水可显著提高花后46d和67d的种子的发芽率,花后60-67d的种子能忍耐10%含水量,毛决明种子极可能是正常性种子。     

绒毛番龙眼种子萌发生态特性的研究

就温度、光照、土壤水分条件对绒毛番龙眼 ( Pometia tom entosa( Bl.) Teysm.et Binn.)种子萌发的影响及种子寿命进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,绒毛番龙眼种子萌发的适宜温度为 2 0～ 35°C,最适温度为 30°C;周期性光照条件下的萌发优于全黑暗条件 ;适宜土壤含水量为 2 0 %～ 70 % ,最适为 6 0 % ;在室内自然摊放条件下 ,9d后发芽率减半 ,16 d后完全丧失发芽能力。研究认为 ,目前绒毛番龙眼的濒危状态主要是由于滥砍乱伐和森林破坏造成的 ,由于其种子具有顽拗性种子的一些特点 ,该物种宜采取活体保存的方法 ,以就地保护为主 ,活植物迁地保护为辅。     

假槟榔种子脱水耐性的发育变化

对假槟榔（Archontophoenix alexandrae）种子和胚发育过程中脱水耐性的变化、不同脱水速率对脱水耐性的影响及种子的萌发和贮藏特性进行了研究。种子含水量在花后55～70d逐步降低,随后不再变化,并保持在较高水平（37％）;花后90d的种子获得最大干重。花后60d后种子获得萌发能力,花后70d达到最大值。在交替光照下（14h光照,10h黑暗,12μnmol m^-2s^-1）,种子在15℃～40℃下均能萌发,其萌发的适宜温度范围为30℃～35℃;但光照对种子的萌发有较大的抑制作用。种子和胚在花后55～90d,脱水耐性逐渐增强;花后90d种子和胚的脱水耐性最强,此时种子和胚的半致死含水量分别为0．18g／g和0．3g／g。脱水至相同含水量,快速脱水的种子的存活率明显高于慢速脱水。无论是否进行脱水处理,-18℃下贮藏1个月后,种子均丧失萌发能力;在4℃,10℃和15℃下,适度脱水能延长种子的贮藏寿命。假槟榔种子不耐脱水,不适合在低温、低含水量条件下长期贮藏,属顽拗性种子。     

温度、光照和盐分对外来植物黄顶菊种子萌发的影响

对黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)种子的表面形态进行了扫描电镜观察,并从温度、光照、NaCl胁迫及浸种等方面对黄顶菊种子萌发特性进行了探讨.结果表明:黄顶菊种子喜高温,35℃下种子萌发迅速,且发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数最高;光照对种子发芽率影响不大,但随光照时间延长,种子发芽高峰推迟且峰值下降,发芽指数和活力指数逐渐下降;随NaCI浓度升高,种子发芽高峰推迟日.峰值变小,发芽率也呈下降趋势,但低NaCl浓度(0.01 mol/L和0.05 moi/L)胁迫下种子发芽率仍保持在90%以上,且促进了种子发芽指数及活力指数提高及胚根的伸长,结合天津地区黄顶菊生境中土壤的含盐量的分析表明,黄顶菊具有相当强的耐盐性;浸种对种子发芽率和发芽指数影响也很大.因此,黄顶菊成为潜在入侵种与其种子极高的萌发率及耐受高温和盐碱等特性密切相关.     

光温对3种醉鱼草属植物种子萌发的影响

密蒙花、七里香和大序醉鱼草3种醉鱼草的种子细小,千粒重仅12～58 mg,但形态有差异,可以进行种类区分.种子充分吸水后,在20～25℃条件下于5～10 d内就能迅速萌发,15 d时发芽率达到75%以上.光照强度21.6～32.4μmol·m-2·s-1和光照时间12～16 h·d-1均可显著提高七里香种子的发芽率,但光照抑制密蒙花种子萌发,而对大序醉鱼草种子萌发没有明显影响.种子苗移栽后3～5 d,真叶转绿,90%的幼苗可形成健壮植株.     

白木香种子脱水耐性的发育变化及贮藏特性

研究白木香种子发育进程中种子性状、萌发能力和脱水耐性的变化,以及不同光温条件对种子萌发的影响和种子的贮藏特性。结果表明：白木香种子在花后78d获得最大干重,进入生理成熟期,此时萌发率接近最大值;胚在花后57～85d,脱水耐性逐渐增强,并在花后85d获得最大脱水耐性。种子萌发的适宜温度范围为25℃-35℃,光照对种子萌发有一定的抑制作用。新鲜自木香种子（含水量27．45％）在4℃低温条件下贮藏1个月后萌发率仅为30％左右,而含水量7．38％的干燥种子在4℃低温条件下贮藏120d,萌发率仍有53．33％,因此,4℃低温和适度脱水有利于种子短期贮藏。白木香种子能忍耐一定程度的脱水,但干燥至含水量7．50％以下时种子会发生损伤,因此推测白木香种子是一种中间性种子。     

辽东栎种子的顽拗性——脱水和低温敏感性

该文采用硅胶(快速脱水)和35℃电子恒温干燥箱中脱水(缓慢脱水)、冷藏(4℃)和冻藏(-4℃)的方法,研究了辽东栎种子的脱水和低温敏感性及其对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:辽东栎种子成熟散落时具有较高的含水量(96.0%)和萌发率(78.9%),无论是快速脱水还是缓慢脱水,萌发率、萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数均随着脱水时间的延长和含水量的降低呈现减小的趋势,至脱水96 h后(快速和缓慢脱水种子含水量分别为66.0%和69.8%),种子全部失去活力。辽东栎种子活力与含水量呈显著的正相关关系,但轻度脱水可促进种子萌发,快速脱水种子比缓慢脱水种子具有更高的脱水耐性。辽东栎种子不能耐受低温贮藏,萌发率、萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数在4℃下冷藏30 d或-4℃下冻藏6 h后均显著降低,冷藏90 d或冻藏48 h后种子全部丧失活力。     

药食同源植物羊乳种子萌发影响因素研究

目的：探究药食同源植物羊乳种子萌发的影响因素,为规模化种植提供依据。方法：探讨了不同浸种时间（0,2,4,6,8,10 d）,不同土壤含水量（70%,50%,30%,10%）,不同播种深度（0,1,3,5,7 cm）,不同光照条件（光/暗=0 h/24h,光/暗=24 h/0 h,光/暗=12 h/12 h）,不同基质（沙土,营养土,黄土,1/2黄土+1/2营养土）,不同消毒方式（0.1%NaClO溶液/3 d,0.2%NaClO溶液/3 d,2.0%NaClO溶液/15 d,4.0%NaClO溶液/15 d）对羊乳种子发芽率的影响。结果：随着浸种时间（0～10 d）的加长,羊乳种子发芽率呈降低趋势;随着土壤含水量（10%～70%）的升高,羊乳种子发芽率先升后降;0～7 cm播种深度范围内,羊乳种子发芽率呈先升后降趋势,最适播种深度为3 cm;黑暗条件更利于羊乳种子萌发;4种基质中,黄土处理的羊乳种子发芽率最高;高浓度低频率消毒方式可提高羊乳种子的发芽率。结论：将未浸种的羊乳种子播于含水量为30%的黄土中3 cm深,保持黑暗条件,4.0%NaClO溶液/15 d消毒可有效提高其发芽率。     

濒危植物羽叶丁香种子休眠与萌发特性研究

以濒危植物羽叶丁香(Syringa pinnatifolia)种子为材料,通过形态观察、种子吸水规律测定及其种子水浸液对白菜种子发芽率的影响等几个方面探究了羽叶丁香种子的基本休眠机制。通过室内发芽试验探究了不同浸种温度和赤霉素(GA3)浓度对羽叶丁香种子萌发特性的影响,并且模拟了不同温度和光照条件对种子萌发特性的影响。结果显示,羽叶丁香种子随温度升高吸水速率加快,最终吸水率在96%~121%之间,表明种子吸水性良好,不具有物理休眠特性;种子内部含有水溶性萌发抑制物,具有化学休眠特性,可通过控制浸种时间解除萌发抑制物的限制;30°C是羽叶丁香种子最好的浸种温度,发芽率和发芽势分别达到了86.00%±4.00%和54.00%±8.71%,发芽指数为5.44±0.44;浸种处理后的种子放在15和25°C恒温无光照条件下测试所得的发芽指标最好,发芽起始时间最短,回归分析结果显示光照是影响发芽率最显著的生态因子;GA3处理并没有显著提高种子发芽率和发芽势,但高浓度(400~800 mg·L-1)GA3处理能够加快胚的生长速率,缩短萌发持续时间,说明羽叶丁香种子具有部分形态休眠特性。     

不同发育时期黄皮种子脱水敏感性的研究

自花后４６ｄ到８８ｄ果实成熟．黄皮种子的发芽率由０升至１００％．而活力指数逐渐上升,到花后７４ｄ达到最大值,之后略有下降．每粒种子的呼吸强度在花后４６－６７ｄ持续增加,此后则渐渐减弱,但湿藏２ｄ后又回升．黄皮种子的发育明显超前于果实．花后７４ｄ时．每粒种子的干重已接近最大值,这时种子活力最大．而果实的鲜重虽然已接近最大值．但其干重却只有成熟时的７３％。花后４６－５３ｄ的种子,其发芽率小于１００％,轻微脱水能提高种子的发芽率及活力指数,花后６０ｄ至果实成熟．种子发芽率均为１００％．这时任何程度的脱水都会引起活力指数的下降,但不同发育时期的黄皮种子耐脱水力有差别．其中以花后６７ｄ的耐脱水力最强．花后８８ｄ果实成熟时种子的耐脱水力最弱。     

矮沙冬青种子特性和萌发影响因素的研究

 对矮沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus)种子的特性和萌发影响因素进行了初步研究,结果表明：种子不易传播;虫蛀率高,室温贮藏60 d的种子虫害率为38%;易形成硬实,含水量为7.68%的种子在30 ℃温水中浸泡90 h,只有33.33%能吸水膨胀。种子萌发时不需光,在15～30 ℃和室温（18～32 ℃）条件下,经9 d的萌发,发芽率均可达80%以上,30℃时萌发最快;在1～2 cm深的沙壤中,种子出苗率可达75%以上,超过3 cm显著降低,超过6 cm则低于20%;种子在沙壤中萌发时,沙壤的适宜湿度为19.35%～28.75%,高于32.43%或低于3.85%,很少有种子萌发;含水量分别为19.36%、10.64% 和7.68%的种子发芽率无显著差异,在-10 ℃和5 ℃下贮藏7个月,发芽率也无显著降低,但在室温和35 ℃下贮藏7个月则显著下降,发芽率下降的速度与种子本身的含水量和贮藏温度正相关;在湿度分别为7.41%、13.79%和28.57%的沙壤中播种育苗,幼苗死亡率高达77.49%、81.25%和89.49%,即使用三唑酮拌种,死亡率亦高达50.27%、69.53%和76.03%,幼苗死亡率与沙壤湿度正相关。     

Effects of seed moisture content,warm, chilling,and exogenous hormone treatments and germination temperature on the germination of blackthorn seeds

Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) germination is often low, so new methods need to be developed with a view to improving nursery yields and to inform decision-making on natural regeneration. To this end, the effects of seed moisture content (MC) levels in combination with warm and chilling treatments on blackthorn seed dormancy release were investigated. In another experiment, the effect on seed germination of warm and chilling treatments in combination with exogenous hormones was investigated. Following treatment, the seeds were allowed to germinate at a constant 15°C with 8 h lighting per day or 20 (dark)/30°C (light). Seed lot effects were evident, but were consistent across treatments. Seeds adjusted to the lower target MC level (TMC) maintained high germination potential over a longer period of treatment than in those held in the fully imbibed (FI) state. The highest germination was achieved in the TMC seeds that were given six weeks warm treatment followed by 32 weeks chilling. Hormone treatments significantly reduced the amount of chilling needed to release dormancy in TMC seeds, but not in the FI seeds. Overall, germination response was better at 15°C test temperature than at 20/30°C.     

Influence of post-flowering temperature on seed development, and subsequent performance of crisp lettuce

Crisp lettuce plants cv. Saladin were grown from the time they started flowering, at 20/10°C (16 h day, 8 h night), 25/15°C and 30/20°C in glasshouses on two occasions in 1985. Yields of seed increased from, on average, 15 g to 27 g and then fell to 20 g per plant with progressive increases in temperature. The number of mature florets per plant increased with temperature but the number of seeds per mature floret was lower at 20/10°C and 30/20°C than at 25/15°C. An increase in temperature reduced mean seed weight by up to 45%, seed volume by 15%, cell numerical volume density (N_v) by 27% and the number of cells per seed by 39%. Percentage seed germination reached a maximum early in seed development at the stage when the pappus appeared through the involucral bracts. Differences in percentage germination and vigour of seeds (slope test) from different temperatures were accounted for largely by the effects on mean seed weight. However, when germinated at 30°C seeds produced at 30/20°C germinated more readily than those produced at 25/15°C or 20/10°C. Seed vigour gradually increased with an increase in the length of storage after harvest, reaching a maximum after 260 days. In general, seeds produced at 25/15°C exhibited a greater variation in numbers of seeds per floret, N_v, seed weight, times of seedling emergence, seedling and mature head weight than seeds produced at lower or higher temperatures.     

Some effects of temperature during seed development on carrot (Daucus carota) seed growth and quality

The growth and development of carrot seeds cv. Chantenay Red-cored Royal Chantenay at day/night temperatures of 20/10°C, 25/15°C and 30/20°C and subsequent seed performance were examined in 1984 and 1985. An increase in temperature from 20/10°C to 30/20°C reduced mean weight per seed by 20% in 1984 and by 13% in 1985. There were no effects of temperature on endosperm + embryo weight, or on endosperm cell number but the weight of pericarp decreased with an increase in temperature. Seeds grown at the highest temperature had the largest embryos and the highest nitrogen, DNA and rRNA content; they germinated and emerged earlier, and gave higher percentage seedling emergence than those grown at the lowest temperature. There were no effects of temperature during seed growth on the rate of imbibition of water by seeds during the germination process.     

Water Relations of Seed Development and Germination in Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.): VI. INFLUENCE OF PRIMING ON GERMINATION RESPONSES TO TEMPERATURE AND WATER POTENTIAL DURING SEED DEVELOPMENT

Seed priming (imbibition in water or osmotic solutions followedby redrying) generally accelerates germination rates upon subsequentre-imbibition, but the response to priming treatments can varyboth within and among seed lots. Seed maturity could influenceresponsiveness to priming, perhaps explaining variable primingeffects among developmentally heterogeneous seed lots. In thecurrent study, muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds at two stagesof development, maturing (40 d after anthesis (DAA)) and fullymature (60 DAA), were primed in 0?3 M KNO₃ for 48 h at 30 ?C,dried, and imbibed in polyethylene glycol 8000 solutions of0 to –1?2 MPa at 15, 20, 25, and 30 ?C. Germination sensitivitiesto temperature and water potential () were quantified as indicatorsof the influence of seed maturity and priming on seed vigour.Germination percentages of 40 and 60 DAA control seeds weresimilar in water at 30 ?C, but the mean germination rate (inverseof time to germination) of 40 DAA seeds was 50% less than thatof 60 DAA seeds. Germination percentages and rates of both 40and 60 DAA seeds decreased at temperatures below 25 ?C. Reductionsin also delayed and inhibited germination, with the 40 DAAseeds being more sensitive to low than the 60 DAA seeds. Primingsignificantly improved the performance of 40 DAA seeds at lowtemperatures and reduced , but had less effect on 60 DAA seeds.Priming lowered both the minimum temperature (T_b) and the minimum (_b) at which germination occurred. Overall, priming of 40 DAAseeds improved their germination performance under stress conditionsto equal or exceed that of control 60 DAA seeds, while 60 DAAseeds exhibited only modest improvements due to priming. Asthe osmotic environment inside mature fruits approximates thatof a priming solution, muskmelon seeds may be ‘primed’in situ during the late stage of development after maximum dryweight accumulation. Key words: Cucumis melo L., seed priming, germination, vigour, development, temperature     

光照和温度对望天树种子萌发的影响

在实验室内人工气候箱控制的条件下, 研究了我国重要珍稀濒危植物望天树 (Shorea wantianshuea,龙脑香科 (Dipterocarpaceae)) 种子萌发对持续光照、14小时光照 / 10小时黑暗周期性光照的反应; 同时研究了望天树种子的萌发对不同温度的反应和低温贮藏对种子活力的影响。结果表明, 不论是持续光照还是周期性光照都不能提高望天树种子的萌发率, 相反, 持续光照和周期性光照都不同程度降低了种子萌发率。光照能通过加速或延迟种子萌发的进程、或改变幼苗活力指数和萌发指数而影响种子萌发的质量; 持续光照延迟种子萌发的进程, 而周期性光照加快种子萌发的进程。30℃是种子的最适萌发温度, 虽然15℃和5℃的相对低温对幼苗活力指数影响不大, 但大大延迟了种子萌发进程, 并提高萌发率。望天树种子不能耐受5℃低温贮藏, 但具有在15℃下短期贮藏的潜力和一定程度的生理性休眠。     

Water Relations of Seed Development and Germination in Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.): VII. INFLUENCE OF AFTER-RIPENING AND AGEING ON GERMINATION RESPONSES TO TEMPERATURE AND WATER POTENTIAL

The effects of storage conditions on the germination of developingmuskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds were tested to determine whetherafter-ripening is required to obtain maximum seed vigour. Seedswere harvested at 5 d intervals from 35 (immature) to 60 (fullymature) days after anthesis (DAA), washed, dried, and storedat water contents of 3·3 to 19% (dry weight basis) at6, 20, or 30°C for up to one year. Germination was testedin water and in polyethylene glycol 8000 solutions ( –0·2to –1·2 MPa osmotic potential) at 15, 20, 25 or30°C. Germination percentages and rates (inverse of meantimes to radicle emergence) were compared to those of newlyharvested, washed and dried seeds. For 40 and 60 DAA seeds,one year of storage at 20°C and water contents <6·5%significantly increased germination percentages and rates at20°C, but had little effect on germination at 25 and 30°C.Storage reduced the estimated base temperature (T_b) and meanbase water potential (_b) for germination of both 40 and 60 DAAseeds by approximately 5°C and 0·3 MPa, respectively.Immature 35 DAA seeds showed the greatest benefit from storageat 3 to 5% water content and 30°C, as germination percentagesand rates increased at all water potentials (). Storage underthese same conditions had little effect on the germination ofmature seeds in water, but increased germination percentagesand rates at reduced 's. Accelerated ageing for one month at30°C and water contents from 15 to 19° increased germinationrates and percentages of mature seeds at reduced 's, but longerdurations resulted in sharp declines in both parameters. Immatureseeds lost viability within one month under accelerated ageingconditions. An after-ripening period is required at all stagesof muskmelon seed development to expand the temperature andwater potential ranges allowing germination and to achieve maximumgerminability and vigour. Post-harvest dormancy is deepest atthe point of maximum seed dry weight accumulation and declinesthereafter, both in situ within the ripening fruit and duringdry storage. Key words: Muskmelon, Cucumis melo L., seed, development, dormancy, germination, vigour, after-ripening