Effects of liquid carbohydrate ingestion on markers of anabolism following high-intensity resistance exercise

We examined the effects of liquid carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on markers of anabolism following high-intensity resistance exercise. Nine resistance-trained men consumed either CHO or placebo (PLC) 10 minutes before and immediately following 2 resistance exercise sessions. Cortisol (CORT), insulin (INS), ammonia (AMM), and glucose (GLU) were measured before, immediately after, and 1.5 and 4 hours after exercise. Urinary nitrogen (NH(+3)) was measured 24 hours before and after exercise. There was a significant difference in INS levels immediately after exercise and 1.5 hours after exercise. No significant differences were observed for CORT, AMM, GLU, or NH(+3)between treatments. Significant within-group differences were found for the PLC group: CORT before compared with immediately after exercise; INS before compared with immediately after exercise and before compared with 1.5 hours after exercise; and AMM before compared with immediately after exercise and before compared with 1.5 hours after exercise. Significant within-group differences were found for the CHO group: CORT immediately after compared with 1.5 hours after exercise and immediately after compared with 4 hours after exercise; INS before compared with 1.5 hours after exercise; and AMM before compared with immediately after exercise. Liquid CHO ingestion leads to a more favorable anabolic environment immediately following a resistance exercise bout; however, our indirect measures of protein degradation were not altered by CHO ingestion.     

徒手淋巴引流对全膝关节置换术后肢体肿胀程度及血液炎性指标的影响

目的:探讨徒手淋巴引流对全膝关节置换术(TKA)后肢体肿胀程度及血液炎性指标的影响。方法:选取2018年12月～2019年12月广东省中医院珠海医院收治的拟行初次TKA手术的膝骨关节炎(KOA)患者70例,随机分为观察组和对照组各35例,对照组按TKA术后常规方案治疗,观察组在对照组基础上增加徒手淋巴引流术,比较两组术前,术后1 d、4 d、7 d、2周、4周、8周肤温、肿胀程度及血液炎性指标,评估患者术后康复情况及不良事件发生情况。结果:两组术后2周肤温低于术后7 d,术后4周低于术后2周,术后8周低于术后4周,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后2周、4周、8周肤温均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后1 d肢体肿胀度低于术后4 d,术后2周低于术后7 d,术后4周低于术后2周,术后8周低于术后4周,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后7d、2周、4周、8周肢体肿胀度均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后4 d白细胞计数(WBC)水平低于术后1 d,而超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平高于术后1 d;两组术后7 d WBC、hs-CRP及血沉(ESR)水平均低于术后4 d,且术后2周低于术后7 d,术后4周低于术后2周,术后8周低于术后4周,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后7 d hs-CRP水平均低于对照组,术后2周、4周、8周hs-CRP、ESR水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:TKA术后应用徒手淋巴引流手法能有效减轻患者术后肢体肿胀程度,缩短炎症周期,降低炎症反应,在临床上值得推广应用。     

Effect of ovulation and sperm motility on the migration of rabbit spermatozoa to the site of fertilization.

Few spermatozoa were present in the ampullae of females 12 h after intravaginal artificial insemination (AI) when there was no ovulation-inducing stimulus. When ovulation was induced, sperm distributions in the female tract 12 h after AI did not differ from those observed 12 h after natural mating. The number of spermatozoa in the oviductal isthmus was similar in all 3 groups as was the percentage of isthmic spermatozoa exhibiting 'activated' motility. When fertile mating was delayed for 8 or 12 h after coitus with a vasectomized male (i.e. 2 h before or after ovulation), spermatozoa were not present in the ampulla 4 h later. The numbers of spermatozoa recovered from the cranial isthmus after delayed matings and 12 h after natural matings did not differ, but after delayed matings the motility of isthmic spermatozoa was non-progressive or poorly progressive and none exhibited 'activated' motility. Flagellar activity of isthmic spermatozoa recovered 4 h after delayed matings and after natural matings was similarly depressed. These observations indicate that sperm ascent to the tubal ampulla in the sustained phase of transport, though enhanced by ovulation, must also depend on changes in flagellar activity and a specific pattern of motility, both of which appear only after spermatozoa have resided for more than 4 h in the female tract.     

The significance of culture for successful cryopreservation of isolated pancreatic islets of Langerhans

It was the aim of the present study to investigate the significance of culture before and after freeze-thawing of isolated mouse pancreatic islets. To evaluate the impact of culture before freezing (5 degrees C/min; 2 M dimethyl sulfoxide), islets were frozen either directly after isolation or after 2, 4, or 7 days of culture in medium RPMI 1640. The culture period after thawing was 7 days. Islets immediately frozen exhibited virtually no (pro)insulin biosynthesis and also a severe inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release. The precultured (2-7 days), frozen islets synthesized and released insulin at rates comparable to those of nonfrozen, cultured islets. Studies of the effects of culture after freeze-thawing were performed after a 3-day culture period prior to freezing. The (pro)insulin biosynthetic rates did not differ between islets cultured for 0-7 days after thawing. There was an apparent increase of glucose-stimulated insulin release when the islets were cultured for more than 2 days after thawing. It may be that the decreased viability of islets frozen immediately after isolation was due to minor cell damage induced by the collagenase incubation. During culture the islets may recover and become more resistant to freeze-damage. The beneficial effect of culture after thawing may reflect the loss of damaged cells, which otherwise would influence the results of the viability tests.     

Activity of some lysosomal enzymes in plasma and leucocytes of rabbits exposed to effect of retinol and hydrocortisone.

Observing activity of some lysosomal enzymes in blood serum and leucocytes of rabbits subjected to injection of 200,000 units of retinol and 25 mg of hydrocortisone/kg of body weight it was found that: 1. In the effect of retinol administration there was an increase in the activity AP, BGAL, BGLU, AspAT and lipase in blood serum after 72 hours and NAGL after 168 hours while in leucocytes BGAL and NAGL after 72 hours and AGAL after 168 hours. 2. As a result of hydrocortisone injection the activity of all the enzymes examined (except Ala-Na) in blood serum increased markedly already after 24-48 hours. 3. In leucocytes hydrocortisone caused a significant increase in the activity of AP, BGRD, NAGL, BGAL, AGAL and cathepsin D. 4. The glucose level in blood plasma decreased after 48 hours and 120 hours after hydrocortisone injection and 168 hours after retinol injection.     

Role of leukotrienes in the genesis and healing of water immersion stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats

We investigated the role of leukotrienes (LTs) in the genesis of water immersion stress-induced gastric ulcers. Peptide LTs were detected after 4 h stress (3.7 +/- 0.5 ng/g tissue), although they were not detected after 2 h stress, and considerable amounts (20.3 +/- 2.3 ng/g tissue) were detected after 6 h stress. In contrast, AA-861 (100 mg/kg, p.o.), a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, reduced ulcer indices significantly after 6 h stress, although no significant changes were observed after 2 or 4 h stress compared with the control group. Peptide LTs were not detected after 4 h and those detected after 6 h stress were remarkably reduced by AA-861 treatment. The role of LTs in the healing of water immersion stress-induced gastric ulcers was also investigated. Significant ulcer healing was not observed within 24 h after stress but was significantly recovered after 48 h. Peptide LTs decreased time-dependently and 48 h after treatment they were not detected. In the rats treated with AA-861, ulcer indices and peptide LTs levels were remarkably reduced after 12 h, concomitantly. These results suggest that the increase in mucosal peptide LTs might be an inhibitory factor to ulcer healing.     

Measurement of early pregnancy factor activity for monitoring the viability of the equine embryo

The viability of embryos before flushing from donor mares (n = 5) and after transfer to recipient mares (n = 7) was monitored in mare serum by detecting early pregnancy factor (EPF) using the rosette inhibition test (RIT). The EPF activity was measured in donor mares before and after natural mating at natural estrus; after ovulation on Days 2, 5 and 8; and after embryo flushing (Day 8) on Days 8, 9, 10 and 13 after ovulation. The collected embryos were transferred immediately after flushing. The EPF activity in recipient mares were measured on the day of transfer and after embryo transfer on Days 1, 2, 3 and 5. Pregnancy was confirmed on Day 12 to 14 after embryo transfer. The mean EPF activity of donor mares was increased to the pregnant level (> an RI titer score of 10) on Day 2 after ovulation. Two days after flushing the embryos, the EPF activity of donor mares had decreased to the nonpregnant level. Among the 7 recipient mares, 3 mares were diagnosed pregnant on Day 12 after embryo transfer with ultrasound. The EPF activity of the pregnant recipient mares was increased above the minimum level observed in pregnant mares on Days 2 to 3 after transfer. However, among the nonpregnant recipient mares after embryo transfer, the EPF activity of 3 mares remained at the pregnant level only 2 to 3 d and then declined to the nonpregnant level. In one recipient mare, EPF activity did not reach the pregnant level throughout the sample collection. The results of this study indicated that equine EPF can be detected in serum of pregnant mares as early as Day 2 after ovulation. From our observation, we conclude that the measurement of EPF activity is useful for monitoring the in vivo viability of equine embryos and early detection of embryonic death.     

Effects of brain ischemia on intermediate filaments of rat hippocampus

Neurofilaments subunits (NF-H, NF-M, NF-L) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were investigated in the hippocampus of rats after distinct periods of reperfusion (1 to 15 days) following 20 min of transient global forebrain ischemia in the rat. In vitro [¹⁴Ca]leucine incorporation was not altered until 48 h after the ischemic insult, however concentration of intermediate filament subunits significantly decreased in this period. Three days after the insult, leucine incorporation significantly increased while the concentration NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L were still diminished after 15 days of reperfusion. In vitro incorporation of³²P into NF-M and NF-L suffered immediately after ischemia, but returned to control values after two days of reperfusion. GFAP levels decreased immediately after ischemia but quickly recovered and significantly peaked from 7 to 10 days after the insult. These results suggest that transient ischemia followed by reperfusion causes proteolysis of intermediate filaments in the hippocampus, and that proteolysis could be facilitated by diminished phosphorylation levels of NF-M and NF-L.     

Effect of serial transfer of three strains of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on growth in vitro, virulence, and host specificity

Serial passage of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes has been shown to alter virulence and host specificity. We evaluated virulence, host specificity, biomass production, conidiation, conidial germination, and a genetic fingerprint of 3 strains of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus after passage in vitro or in vivo in Diuraphis noxia or Plutella xylostella. Strain 4461 did not change in virulence toward D. noxia or P. xylostella after 30 passages in vitro nor after 15 passages in D. noxia. However, it lost virulence toward D. noxia after 15 passages in P. xylostella and did not regain virulence after 5 passages in D. noxia. Passage in D. noxia did result in a loss in conidiation for strain 4461, and passage in vitro resulted in a reduction in the speed of germination. Strain 4481 was the least variable and did not change in any of our tests. Strain 4491 did not change in virulence after passage in vitro nor after passage in D. noxia. It lost virulence toward D. noxia after passage in P. xylostella but regained virulence after re-passage in D. noxia. Mycelial dry weight and conidiation were both reduced after passage in vitro, but were increased after passage in D. noxia. These two traits did not change after passage in P. xylostella. Germination speed was reduced after in vitro passage of strain 4491. No change in banding pattern was observed for any strain using 14 primers for RAPD-PCR. These results demonstrate the intraspecific variability and phenotypic plasticity of strains of P. fumosoroseus. Stability of virulence after in vitro passage is clearly a desirable trait for a mass-produced biocontrol agent. However, a change in host specificity or productivity in vitro, as we observed for some strains, must be monitored and minimized.     

Breathing of phrenicotomized rats

Bilateral paralysis of the diaphragm can result in normo or hypoventilation, according to the species studied. Our aim was to ascertain the results of bilateral phrenicotomy in the rat and, if hypoventilation should be present, to try to identify its pathophysiology. We used 33 male rats under urethane anaesthesia (1.3 g/kg i.p.). They were divided into three groups: control animals, rats with bilateral phrenicotomy and a group with two doses of pentobarbital (25 mg/kg i.p. each) on top of the urethane anaesthesia. We observed pronounced hypoventilation both in the rats after phrenicotomy and those with pentobarbital. At comparable levels of hypoventilation (PaCO2 = 5.61 +/- 0.28 kPa immediately after phrenicotomy and 5.91 +/- 0.25 kPa after the first dose of pentobarbital; and 7.21 +/- 0.47 kPa 4 hours after phrenicotomy and 7.38 +/- 0.39 kPa after the second dose of pentobarbital) the only difference was a longer relative duration of inspiration in phrenicotomized rats; (0.39 +/- 0.04 and 0.34 +/- 0.04 after phrenicotomy; 0.32 +/- 0.04 and 0.24 +/- 0.05 in rats after pentobarbital). Immediately after phrenicotomy and 2 and 4 hours later, and also after both doses of pentobarbital breathing was stimulated by hypoxia and hypercapnia due to the additional external dead space (0.5 ml) for 5 min. There was no pronounced differences in the ventilatory response to the dead space between the two groups; the response changed from an isocapnic (in control rats and before phrenicotomy or pentobarbital) to an isoventilatory one (four hours after phrenicotomy and after the second dose of pentobarbital). The rats after the second dose of pentobarbital did not, however, survive the added dead space.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

不同时间火烧后草原一些特征的变化

草原不同时间火烧后,一些特征发生了明显的不同变化。秋烧后土壤含水量比未烧和春烧低,春季不同时间火烧后的差别不大。秋烧地产量及群落组成和物种多样性都明显比未烧地和春烧地低,但一年生植物种类增多。春季不同时间火烧后产量变化差异不显着,但晚春火烧后顶芽植物种类减少。不同生活型的种类对同一次火烧的反应不同,这不仅表现在个体生长方面,也表现在种群产量方面。     

NAA与PP_(333)对茉莉新梢部分生理生化作用的影响

在茉莉开花前期分别使用不同浓度NAA(20、50、100mg/L)与PP333(100、300、500mg/L)溶液均匀喷施于植株茎、叶片等生长部位,研究其对茉莉开花的影响,分析测定植株新梢生长部位的可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量以及保护酶活性等生理生化指标。结果表明:NAA处理使新梢徒长;PP333处理的茉莉,花蕾盛开期比对照提早4d,浓度以300mg/L为宜,其产量比对照增加12.95%,明显提高花蕾产量。茉莉经PP333处理后,新梢可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量在整个花芽生长过程中趋于相对稳定,而NAA处理后则使可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量变化幅度大。NAA与PP333处理后新梢中POD活性在花芽生长过程中稍有下降,NAA处理高于对照,而SOD活性则有上升趋势。经NAA和PP333处理后,其效应各不相同,而适宜浓度的PP333处理可以提高茉莉花蕾产量。     

Effect of the parenteral administration of energy substrates in different postoperation phases on the initiation and development of liver regeneration in rats subjected to partial hepatectomy

DNA specific activity in the liver, the total DNA content of the liver and the mitotic index of the hepatocytes were studied after the infusion of glucose or lipid emulsions in female laboratory rats with a mean pre-operation weight of 250 +/- 30 g after partial (65-70%) hepatectomy (PH). The infusions were administered in the early prereplication phase (the 1st to 6th hour after the operation), in the late prereplication phase (the 7th to 12th hour after the operation), or continuously from the 1st to the 12th, or the 1st to the 24th, hour after partial hepatectomy. The effect of these parenterally administered energy substrates on the initiation of liver regeneration was evaluated 18 and 24 hours after partial hepatectomy. The results indicate that the infusion of glucose, in any interval after the operation, inhibited the initial phases of liver DNA synthesis (18 h after PH), but not its further development (24 h after PH). Neither the mitotic index of the hepatocytes, nor the total DNA content of the liver differed from the control groups in the case of rats given a glucose infusion. In the experimental groups given lipid emulsions, inhibition of liver DNA synthesis was recorded 18 h after PH only when the infusions were given from the 1st to the 12th or the 1st to the 18th hour after PH. The total DNA content of the liver 18 h after PH was raised in all the experimental groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of irrigation on the efficacy of insecticides for controlling two species of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on golf courses

Effects of irrigation regimen, quantity, and timing on the efficacy of three insecticides for controlling nymphs of the southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, and the tawny mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, were studied on golf courses in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Two irrigation regimen tests using two rates of bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin produced inconclusive results. Mole cricket damage ratings after the applications of bifenthrin (60 g [AI]/ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (76 g [AI]/ha) were not significantly different among the four irrigation regimens (non-irrigation, irrigation before treatment, irrigation after treatment, and irrigation before and after treatment). Mole cricket damage rating after the application of bifenthrin (120 g [AI]/ha) under irrigation before and after irrigation was significantly better than those under other irrigation regimens at 14 and 21 d after treatment (DAT). Different irrigation quantity and irrigation timing (after insecticide treatment) did not significantly affect the performance of imidacloprid (434 g [AI]/ha) in the 1998 tests. However, the results from the 1999 test indicated that mole cricket damage ratings from the imidacloprid-treated plots were significantly different between 2 and 0.5 cm irrigation water after treatment at 21 and 28 DAT. Application of bifenthrin at a rate of 120 g (AI)/ha with 0.5 cm of irrigation water after treatment resulted in significantly lower mole cricket damage ratings than those of 1.0 and 2.0 cm of irrigation water after treatment at 30 DAT only in the 1998 test. Bifenthrin with irrigation at 1 h after insecticide treatment provided better mole cricket control than that of irrigation at 5 min after treatment at 30 DAT only in the 1998 test. Mole cricket damage ratings after application of bifenthrin were not significantly different between either irrigation quantity treatment or irrigation timing treatment in the 1999 tests. Possible effects of application timing, environmental conditions, irrigation practice, and insecticide physical properties on the results are discussed.     

Characterization of antigen-binding receptors in vitro. II. Antigen-binding capacity and affinity of lymphoid receptors after immunization.

We examined the kinetics and affinity of antigen binding in lymphoid populations in mice after immunization. There is increased binding capacity in lymphoid cells from animals that have undergone primary immunization. This increase would seem to be related to increased numbers of antigen-binding cells (rosette-forming cells). The serum antibody titers rise after the increasing binding capacity and numbers of BSA rosette-forming cells have increased. There is an increased amount of antigen bound per antigen-binding cell at certain times after immunization with two peaks in this capacity being demonstrable--one occurring at 4 days after immunization and the second occurring approximately 12 days after immunization and persisting for prolonged periods after that. With time, after immunization two separable peaks of increased antigen-binding cells become apparent, one very early (before Day 4) and one later (after Day 20 to 30). The affinity constants for antigen-binding cells have been measured and found to be high, and to increase with time after immunization. It appears that the heterogeneity of the affinity constants for antigen-binding cells is high early in immunity and becomes more homogeneous with time after immunization.     

Effect of long-term administration of antidepressants on the lipid composition of brain plasma membranes

The connection between changes in lipid pattern in brain plasma membranes and long-term administration of therapeutically effective doses of antidepressants has not been sufficiently demonstrated so far. Therefore, we analyzed effect of antidepressants that differ in pharmacological selectivity on membrane lipid composition in the rat brain tissue. Laboratory rats were given desipramine, maprotiline, citalopram, moclobemide or lithium for a 4-week period. We observed a significant decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine representation after administration of maprotiline, citalopram and moclobemide when compared with controls. Membrane cholesterol content was decreased after desipramine administration and increased after citalopram or lithium treatment. Electroneutral phospholipids were decreased after the administration of all tested antidepressants except for desipramine. Decrease in phosphatidylserine was found following long-term administration of maprotiline or desipramine; relative representation of phosphatidylinositol was reduced after lithium treatment. Statistically significant negative correlation between cholesterol and electroneutral phospholipids was discovered. Membrane microviscosity evaluated by fluorescence anisotropy of membrane probes was only slightly decreased after desipramine and increased after citalopram administration. Hypothesis was supported that changes in brain neurotransmission produced by antidepressants could be, at least partially, associated with adaptive changes in membrane cholesterol and phospholipids.     

丹参对冻融入胎儿卵巢组织异种移植早期血管生成的影响

目的：研究冻融人胎儿卵巢组织移植早期血管生成过程中微血管形态和密度的改变以及血管生成相关基因mRNA的表达;探讨丹参注射液对移植物血管生成的影响。方法：冻融胎儿卵巢组织异种移植至裸鼠肾被膜下,按给药不同分为对照组（生理盐水）和丹参组（丹参注射液每只0．09g／d）,分别于移植后48h、7d和28d回收移植物。结果：移植后两组卵巢组织微血管密度均明显增多;对照组移植后7d血管密度达峰,丹参组血管密度在移植后48h即已显著上升,此后两个时间段保持相对平稳。Angiopoietin-2mRNA表达在移植后48h两组均显著升高,丹参组上升幅度大于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：冻融人胎儿卵巢组织新血管生成开始于异种移植后48h内,移植后7d组织内微血管密度达峰。丹参在移植早期应用可以促进移植后血管生成,其机制可能与它增加了血管生成相关因子Ang-2mRNA的表达有关。     

Influence of the reinforcement magnitude on omission effects

Reinforcement Omission Effects (ROEs), indicated by higher rate of responses after nonreinforced trials in a partial reinforcement schedule, have been interpreted as behavioral transient facilitation after nonreinforcement induced by primary frustration, and/or behavioral transient inhibition after reinforcement induced by demotivation or temporal control. The size of the ROEs should depend directly on the reinforcement magnitude. The present experiment aimed to clarify the relationship between reinforcement magnitude and the omission effects manipulating the magnitude linked to discriminative stimuli in a partial reinforcement FI schedule. The results showed that response rates were higher after omission than after reinforcement delivery. Besides, response rates were highest immediately after the reinforcement omission of a larger magnitude than of a smaller magnitude. These data are interpreted in terms of ROEs multiple process behavioral facilitation after nonreinforcement, and behavioral transient inhibition after reinforcement.     

Effects of ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde on certain biochemical parameters of blood in Wistar rats

Ethyl alcohol injected intraperitoneally to rats in a dose of 3 g/kg of body weight caused hypoglycaemia which was not observed after similar administration of acetaldehyde in a dose od 0.3 g/kg. The serum levels of lipids and total cholesterol were unchanged after administration of ethyl alcohol while acetaldehyde decreased to cholesterol level 0.5, 1.5 and 3 hours after administration. Both these compounds raised the serum activity of AspAT and AlAT, and this rise was observed 0.5 hour after ethyl alcohol and 6 hours after acetaldehyde.     

Effects of gonadectomy and sex hormones on the levels of noradrenaline and dopamine in rat hypothalamus

The levels of noradrenaline and dopamine were determined in the homogenates of the hypothalamus of rats of either sex. The determinations were done in intact rats, after sham gonadectomy, 6 and 9 weeks after gonadectomy, and in gonadectomized rats receiving 6 weeks after gonadectomy one dose of oestradiol cypionate (females) or testosterone cypionate (males). Catecholamines were determined fluorimetrically. The changes of the determined catecholamines differed in the hypothalamic homogenates in males and females after gonadectomy. Following orchidectomy the noradrenaline level rose, while after ovariectomy the level of this catecholamine decreased. Contrary to this, in ovariectomized rats the dopamine level was significantly raised after the operation. This change was reversible as observed after administration of oestradiol cypionate. Orchidectomy and testosterone cypionate injection had no effect on the dopamine level in the hypothalamus. The role of these catecholamines in the processes connected with the regulation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-gonad axis is discussed.