不同水稻花粉育性耐高温的差异比较研究

长江中下游一季稻的花粉发育和授粉受精极易受到盛夏高温的危害,是导致一季稻产量不稳定的主要自然因素.选育花粉发育耐高温的品种是提高一季稻稳产性的关键.本研究对190份水稻材料在高温条件下的花粉育性进行了比较,结果显示:MZQA8和MCQA2等花粉可染率高于80％、结实率高于70％的耐高温材料有36个;部分花粉染败、结实率...     

光,温敏不育水稻雄性败育的细胞学研究

在长日季节里,安农S—1在28.1℃条件下,衡农S—1在29.2℃条件下可见到部分异常二分体和异常四分体等不正常减数分裂现象,但雄性败育主要发生在单核花粉期;在日均温32.4℃条件下,两个不育系的花粉母细胞解体成为无花粉型不育。农垦58S的花粉败育主要发生在单核靠边期,在部分花粉囊中可见到花粉与原生质形成的原生质花粉团。无论在上述什么温度条件下没有发现农垦58S花粉母细胞解体的无花粉不育现象。     

木本植物花粉生活力测定及生活力下降原因探讨

贮藏花粉,保持花粉生活力在育种和种质保存中具有重要意义。一种贮藏方法的优劣,最终要以贮藏后的生活力为衡量依据。因此,测定花粉生活力是花粉贮藏研究中不可缺少的重要部分。花粉生活力的测定方法很多,刘武林等作过综述。其中被普遍釆     

岩梧桐属的花粉形态及其分类学意义

本文通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜对岩梧桐属Wightia Wall.花粉进行了深入的观察,并与紫葳科和玄参科部分属种作了详尽的比较。结果认为,从花粉的大小等级、萌发孔特征、外壁内外层比例等看,岩梧桐属花粉与玄参科的花粉更类似,而与紫葳科的相距较大。孢粉学支持把岩梧桐属置于玄参科。该属的国产种,根据花粉的大小和外壁纹饰特征的差异划分为两个种较为合理和自然,不该合并为一个种。     

苹果地方品种花粉形态分类及聚类研究

利用扫描电镜观察了苹果属植物25个地方品种、10个野生种类型、3个栽培品种、2个杂交种共40个不同类型的花粉形态特征,根据花粉形状、极轴和赤道轴长度等11个指标,采用类平均法(UPGMA)对欧式距离进行聚类分析。结果发现:所观察花粉类型均为N_3P_4C_5类型,呈两侧对称的长球形或超长球形,花粉表面有条状饰纹和穿孔,各类型间花粉粒大小及外壁纹饰差异明显,地方品种早白海棠外壁饰纹无条纹束,区别于其他资源。聚类分析表明:在遗传距离1.30水平上,40份资源聚为9大类,地方品种与野生资源、栽培品种相互交错,部分地方品种单独聚为一类。地方品种花粉形态多样性极为丰富,除一些特异类型,花粉形态不能单独作为地方品种分类的依据,需结合其他分类方法;部分地方品种起源于新疆野苹果或者新疆野苹果与其他野生资源或者栽培种的自然杂交,部分地方品种经过相互杂交和人工选择形成其类型的多样性,具有重要的科研价值。     

中国兰花蕉科植物花粉形态

使用扫描电镜及光学显微镜观察了国产兰花蕉科2种植物（兰花蕉及长萼兰花蕉）的花粉形态。它们的花粉粒呈豆形、两侧对称、异极、无萌发孔,中间部分的表面具稠密的条状雕纹,两端的为皱波状雕纹。两种花粉的雕纹有些区别。兰花蕉科花粉形态特征特别,不同于姜国其他7科的花粉,属特殊的花粉类型。     

青藏高原东北部高寒草甸夏季开花植物花粉形态研究

利用光学生物显微镜观察描述青藏高原东北部高寒草甸夏季开花植物的花粉形态特征(包含20科42属45种),其中26种植物花粉形态为国内首次观察描述。45种植物花粉形态多以近球形和长球形为主,其次为球形,少量为扁球形、瓶形和纺锤形;花粉结构以3孔沟和3沟为主,少量为单孔、4孔和散孔等;外壁纹饰多为网状和颗粒状,少量为刺状、条纹状和棒状。此外,青藏高原部分植物类型的花粉粒径明显小于其他地区,可能与高原独特的气候条件有关。本研究为青藏高寒区地层花粉统计鉴定提供了重要参考。     

小麦花粉植株诱导条件的研究

根据近几年来国内外有关植物花药培养方面的主要资料,我们进行了小麦花粉植株诱导条件的实验研究。除培育出一批花粉植株外,还观察了小麦花粉植株诱导过程中各种培养基成分对于花粉愈伤组织形成和分化过程的影响程度,比较了各种实验材料之间的差异,讨论了与培养过程有关的光照、温度等问题。其中除部分1973年材料已在《遗传学通讯》发表外,再根据1973、1974年两次实验结果作简要总结,以便取得经验,不断改进培养技术和方法,提高培养效率,为小麦花粉植株的培育,为小麦单倍体育种工作打下良好的基础。     

甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育材料1665花药败育的细胞学研究

采用石蜡切片方法,对甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育材料1665的可育株与不育株花药进行细胞学观察.结果显示:(1)不育株花药在花粉母细胞减数分裂时期出现异常,部分花粉母细胞细胞分裂相不均等分裂或分裂异常.导致部分四分体形状异常.(2)不育株绒毡层细胞在四分体时期开始生长膨大,单核花粉时期出现液泡化和巨型化,侵占药室,使得小孢子不能正常释放或无法继续发育;部分释放出的小孢子未及时形成花粉壁,阻碍花粉继续发育.不能发育形成二核期和三核期花粉,导致花药败育.     

国产杜英科花粉形态的研究

本文对国产杜英科3属28种的花粉形态进行了光学显微镜观察,并对其中15种进行了扫描电镜观察。观察结果表明杜英科花粉属于小型花粉,3孔沟,沟达极区,内孔横长,在光学显微镜下外壁光滑,外壁内外层分层不明显,两层近相等,3属很难区分;在扫描电镜下,杜英属花粉外壁纹饰分为颗粒状、皱网状和穴状或穴网状三种类型,猴欢喜属花粉外壁纹饰仅有皱网状一种类型,两届难以区别;而文丁果届具有明显的网状纹饰,与另外两属有明显区别。在本科中花粉演化趋势之一可能是向体积增大的方向进行。在花粉形态上与椴树科区别明显,支持将杜共科作为独立的科。同时,花粉形态特征还显示了与大风子科、红树科等的部分相似性。     

Reproductive isolation and hybrid pollen disadvantage in Ipomopsis

One cause of reproductive isolation is gamete competition, in which conspecific pollen has an advantage over heterospecific pollen in siring seeds, thereby decreasing the formation of F1 hybrids. Analogous pollen interactions between hybrid pollen and conspecific pollen can contribute to post-zygotic isolation. The herbaceous plants Ipomopsis aggregata and I. tenuituba frequently hybridize in nature. Hand-pollination of I. aggregata with pollen from F1 or F2 hybrids produced as many seeds as hand-pollination with conspecific pollen, suggesting equal pollen viability. However, when mixed pollen loads with 50% conspecific pollen and 50% hybrid pollen were applied to I. aggregata stigmas, fewer than half of the seeds had hybrid sires. Such pollen mixtures are frequently received if plants of the two species and F1 and F2 hybrids are intermixed, suggesting that this advantage of conspecific over hybrid pollen reduces backcrossing and contributes to reproductive isolation.     

Pollen-pistil size correlation and pollen size-number trade-off in species of Argentinian Nyctaginaceae with different pollen reserves

Data on pollen and pistil traits from 14 Argentinean Nyctaginaceae species with starch or lipids as pollen reserves are presented. We expect differences in the traits between these two groups of species, but the same pattern within each group for (a) the relationship between pollen size and pistil length assuming that pollen tube length is predetermined by provisions in the pollen independently of the pollen reserve type, and for (b) a trade-off between size and number because available resources for male function are not unlimited. In particular we expect that (a) species with longer pistils will have larger pollen grains, (b) pollen grain size and the number of pollen grains per flower will be negatively correlated. Significant differences in the mean pollen number per flower and mean pollen size were observed between species with different pollen reserve type but not for pistil length. Then, correlation analyses were performed for species with starchy pollen or with pollen with lipids separately. Pollen size - pistil length correlation was positive and significant for species with starchy pollen but not for species with pollen with lipids. On the other hand, pollen size - number correlation was not significant for both starchy and oil-rich species. Results suggest that pollen reserve type would be a relevant factor that constraint pollen size in species of Nyctaginaceae, and that this pollen trait should be considered when studying pollen-pistil relationships, mainly between species of those families with mixed pollen reserves.     

The effects of pollen load size and donor diversity on pollen performance, selective abortion, and progeny vigor in Mirabilis jalapa

The influence of pollen competitive environment on pollen performance (pollen germination, stigmatic penetration, and pollen tube growth rate), the maturation or abortion of initiated fruit, seed size, and seedling vigor was explored by manipulating the size and diversity of stigmatic pollen loads on Mirabilis jalapa. All aspects of pollen performance significantly increased with the number of pollen grains on a stigma or pollen tubes in a style, but was not influenced by the diversity of pollen donors. Plants tended to mature single-ovulate fruits that came from flowers where pollen load size and diversity were greatest and aborted those where these were lowest. No plants from seeds resulting from pollinations with a single pollen grain survived, but other fitness measures were mostly determined by maternal plant. The data suggest that pollen performance is influenced by pollen competitive environment, and both the genetic diversity of the pollen load and number of competing pollen tubes are important determinants of seed/fruit abortion.     

Pollen nutritional content and digestibility for animals

This paper reviews the literature concerning digestion and nutrient content of pollen. Four topics are addressed in detail: 1) The mechanism of pollen digestion by animals; 2) The efficiency of mechanical and digestive removal of pollen content by various animals; 3) Range and taxonomic distribution of pollen nutrients, and 4) Adaptive hypotheses proposed to associate pollen chemistry with pollinator reward. Studies on the mechanism(s) of pollen digestion remain inconclusive, but suggest that differences in digestibility among pollen types may reflect differences in pollen wall porosity, thickness, and composition. Although hummingbirds reportedly digest pollen very poorly, most animals studied, including those that do not regularly consume pollen, can digest 50–100% of ingested grains. Overlooked and recent research of pollen protein content shows that pollen grains may contain over 60% protein, double the amount cited in some studies of pollen-feeding animals. Adaptive hypotheses that associate pollen starch and pollen caloric content with pollinator reward remain unsubstantiated when critically viewed through the lens of phylogeny.     

A systematic review of the effects of temperature and precipitation on pollen concentrations and season timing,and implications for human health

Climate and weather directly impact plant phenology, affecting airborne pollen. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the impacts of meteorological variables on airborne pollen concentrations and pollen season timing. Using PRISMA methodology, we reviewed literature that assessed whether there was a relationship between local temperature and precipitation and measured airborne pollen. The search strategy included terms related to pollen, trends or measurements, and season timing. For inclusion, studies must have conducted a correlation analysis of at least 5 years of airborne pollen data to local meteorological data and report quantitative results. Data from peer-reviewed articles were extracted on the correlations between seven pollen indicators (main pollen season start date, end date, peak date, and length, annual pollen integral, average daily pollen concentration, and peak pollen concentration), and two meteorological variables (temperature and precipitation). Ninety-three articles were included in the analysis out of 9,679 articles screened. Overall, warmer temperatures correlated with earlier and longer pollen seasons and higher pollen concentrations. Precipitation had varying effects on pollen concentration and pollen season timing indicators. Increased precipitation may have a short-term effect causing low pollen concentrations potentially due to “wash out” effect. Long-term effects of precipitation varied for trees and weeds and had a positive correlation with grass pollen levels. With increases in temperature due to climate change, pollen seasons for some taxa in some regions may start earlier, last longer, and be more intense, which may be associated with adverse health impacts, as pollen exposure has well-known health effects in sensitized individuals.

     

Histological and Morphological Studies of Pollen Grains from Elongata, Reduced Elongata and Staminate Flowers in Carica papaya L.

The quality and quantity of pollen from three types of flowers; elongata, reduced elongata and staminate from the commercialized Thai papaya cultivar ‘Khak Nual’ were determined using pollen morphology, pollen physical characters and pollen development processes. Pollen development progressed at the same pace in the three types of pollen-producing flowers and was consistent with pollen development in many angiosperms. Pollen morphology showed that papaya pollen grains are tricolporate, with three apertures, and there is no significant difference in diameter (25.18–25.72 μm) and weight (11.76–15.45 ng) among pollen sources. The staminate flower shows the lowest amount of pollen, with 12,368 pollen per anther, but higher viability and germination rates of 95.53 % and 53.64 %, respectively. In contrast, the elongata type shows the highest amount of pollen grains with 14,884 pollen per anther and the lowest viability and germination rates, 93.06 % and 46.33 % respectively. The physical characteristics of pollen grains from reduced elongate and elongate flowers are similar. Reduced elongate flower type can donate pollen without self-pollinating.     

Distribution of F-actin and Microtubules in Pollen and Pollen Tube of Lilium davidii

F-actin and microtubules are important components of pollen tube, which have very important function in cytoplasm streaming of pollen tube. The authors observed the distribution of Factin and microtubules in the pollen tube of Lilium davidii Duch. by immunofluorescence technique and confocol laser scanning microscopy, through which some new results were obtained. 1. Chemical fixation could preserve F-actin well in pollen tube, so the relation between F-actin and microtubules could be studied by the methods of chemical fixation and fluorescence labelling in pollen tube. 2. F-actin bundles were absent near the pollen tube tip, while microtubules were abundant and web formed in the pollen tube tip. The authors found that the terminal of microtubules was closely associated with the plasma membrane in the pollen tube tip. 3. Only a few F-actin bundles co-exist with the microtubules in the pollen tube of Lilium davidii. The results provided new evidence for the fimction and relationship between F-actin and microtubules in the pollen tube.     

Pollen assemblages of tauber traps and surface soil samples in steppe areas of China and their relationships with vegetation and climate

We use 86 pollen trap and surface soil pollen samples in steppe areas of China to explore the relationships between modern pollen, vegetation, and climate. The modern pollen spectra from both sources have comparable compositions with regard to the major pollen taxa. However, the number of taxa in the traps was higher than in the surface soil samples. Both pollen accumulation rates and pollen concentrations are higher in the typical steppe areas than in the desert steppe areas. Discriminant analysis indicates that pollen spectra from trap and surface soil samples roughly reflect the vegetation zones of desert steppe and typical steppe, especially in the case of the trap samples. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis suggests that pollen assemblages have a significant relationship with the temperature of the coldest month and the mean annual precipitation.     

Polyester and nylon powders used as pollen diluents preserve pollen germination and tube growth in controlled pollinations

Pollen acquisition for seed production, breeding programs and supplemental pollination can be costly and difficult. The identification of dry particulates for use as pollen diluents would facilitate the use of limited amounts of pollen and aid in accurate pollen application and dispersion. Four powders - Rilsan ES, polyester, wheat flour, and Lycopodium spores - were evaluated as pollen diluents using petunia as a model system. Diluents were combined with petunia pollen at a 5:1 (v/v) ratio. Two types of studies were conducted: (1) storage studies evaluated the viability of pollen combined and held with diluent for different durations; and (2) in vivo studies evaluated pollen tube growth in the styles of flowers pollinated with pollen-diluent mixtures. Pollen germination was not affected when stored as pollen-diluent mixtures for 4 days. Slight detrimental effects on pollen germination were observed after 6 days storage with Rilsan ES powders. Pollination with all the pollen-diluent mixtures resulted in fewer pollen tubes growing in the style compared to controls diluted with heat-killed pollen instead of diluent powders. Lycopodium-pollen mixtures were the most inhibitory, providing only 8% of the tube numbers observed in controls. Pollen mixed with polyester powders, Rilsan ES powders or wheat flour had tube numbers ranging from 47 to 61% of the control, but still had 175 or more pollen tubes per style, which would be sufficient for high rates of seed set in petunia. Wheat flour-pollen mixtures tended to clump and degrade pollen flow. Rilsan ES and polyester were identified as two promising pollen diluent powders that can facilitate accurate metering and distribution of pollen, produce large numbers of pollen tubes, and maintain pollen viability under storage.     

用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察雪松花粉和花粉管

为更直观地观察和显示花粉和花粉管中细胞结构及其细胞核的状态与行为。雪松花粉和花粉管经卡诺液固定,分别以埃氏苏木精、曙红、Hoechst 33243单染和曙红-Hoechst 33342双染后,用冬青油整体透明,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察。4种染色法观察效果不同;以曙红-Hoechst 33342双染的样品观察效果最佳,在紫外光激发下清晰地显示出细胞核,在488 nm激光激发下不仅能清晰看到花粉和花粉管壁结构,且能分辨管细胞、柄细胞及体细胞的结构特点和空间位置关系。建立了一种快速简便的适于在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察花粉和花粉管中成员细胞结构及其细胞核的状态、行为的制片技术;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜具有独特的共轭成像装置、连续光学扫描、图像三维重组和多通道检测等功能,极好地展示了雪松花粉和花粉管的结构特点,相比于传统的光学显微镜和荧光显微镜,其观察到的图像更清晰、更直观、更具立体感。