浅谈尖端赛多孢子菌引起的侵袭性真菌感染

尖端赛多孢子菌（Scedosporiumapiospermum）即波氏假阿利什菌的无性型,是一种侵袭性较强的条件致病菌。1病因和发病机制尖端赛多孢子菌广泛分布于各种自然材料中,如沼泽、湿地、污水、腐物、咸水等。尖端赛多孢子菌感染多发生于艾滋病、器官移植、淋巴瘤、白血病、长期应用糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂等免疫功能缺陷患者,也可发生于免疫功能正常者,如外伤、污水淹溺、HELLP综合征等。     

波氏假阿利什霉复合种对4种抗真菌药物的敏感性研究

目的对23株分子鉴定为赛多孢霉复合种的菌株检测其对伏立康唑、泊沙康唑、伊曲康唑和两性霉素B的敏感性。方法参照美国临床实验室标准化研究所制定的M38-A2方案,检测临床来源的9株波氏假阿利什霉(Pseudallescheria boydii)、6株P.ellipsoidea、1株P.angusta、1株P.fusoidea和6株尖端赛多孢(Scedosporium apiospermum)对伏立康唑、泊沙康唑、伊曲康唑和两性霉素B的MIC值。结果伏立康唑对所有受试菌株的MIC值为0.25~1μg/m L,泊沙康唑为2~4μg/m L。伊曲康唑对P.ellipsoidea、尖端赛多孢的MIC值为2~16μg/m L,对波氏假阿利什霉、P.angusta、P.fusoidea的MIC值为2~4μg/m L。两性霉素B对5种菌的MIC值均为为4~16μg/m L。结论伏立康唑、泊沙康唑、伊曲康唑和两性霉素B对波氏假阿利什复合种中不同种的敏感性未见明显差异。该复合种对伏立康唑最敏感,泊沙康唑其次,伊曲康唑变化较大,两性霉素B的效果最差。     

5例真菌性鼻窦炎临床及实验研究

目的报道5例丝状真菌所致真菌性鼻窦炎病例。方法分析5例鼻窦炎患者临床资料,对患者鼻分泌物或鼻黏膜进行真菌直接镜检和培养,对培养获得菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定。结果结合真菌直接镜检、培养和分子生物学方法,确定致病真菌为茄病镰刀菌、烟曲霉、黄曲霉、波氏假阿利什霉和萝卜镰刀菌。4例患者采用鼻内窥镜手术治疗,1例患者采用伏立康唑、两性霉素B控制病情,效果均良好。结论真菌性鼻窦炎致病真菌多样,分子生物学可做准确鉴定,鼻内镜手术治疗效果良好。     

白假丝酵母菌滞留菌形成相关机制的研究进展

白假丝酵母菌属于临床侵袭性条件致病菌,可引起从浅表黏膜到危及生命的全身感染性疾病,其形成的生物膜是为生物膜内细胞提供结构支架和保护模式的结构化菌体群落,其产生的滞留菌是一种随机且对抗真菌药物高度耐受的细胞亚群。由于生物膜与滞留菌两种因素的存在,致使临床治疗侵袭性真菌感染时面临极大挑战,因此,研究白假丝酵母菌滞留菌形成机制对目前临床治疗侵袭性真菌感染具有重要意义。本文对白假丝酵母滞留菌形成的主要调控因素(生物膜的形成、氧化应激反应、蛋白酶系统、TOR-RAS-CAMP-PKA信号转导途径和菌种自身因素),以及滞留菌与临床疾病的相关性进行综述。     

从阑尾炎病理材料中分离小肠结肠炎耶氏菌

小肠结肠炎耶氏菌(Yersiniaenterocolitica)原为巴氏菌属,1972年将本菌与假结核菌和鼠疫一起列为Yersinia 菌属。V.ent 引起的疾病叫耶氏菌病是人畜共患的肠道传染病。据报导该菌分布世界各地。由于临床表现多样性,故常将耶氏菌病诊为急性阑尾     

中国假笼头菌一新种

假笼头菌属(Pseudoclathrus)是刘波和鲍运生(1980)根据模式种——柱孢假笼头菌(P．Cylindrosporus Liu et Bau)所建立的新属。 1987年,本文作者报道了雷公山假笼头菌(P．Leigonshancnsis Zhou et Zhang)一新种,本文再报道该属的另一新种——安顺假笼头菌Pseudoclathrus anshunensi Zhou et Zhang。本新种不同于柱孢假笼头菌之处主要是,新种具4条柱状臂,臂无脊沟,柄露于菌托外。而柱孢假笼头菌具6个柱状臂,每条臂均具纵脊沟,柄藏于菌托内;与雷公山假笼头菌的区别在于雷公山假笼头菌具5—6条薄带状的臂,臂肉桂色,担子果大,担孢子也较大,而新种具4条柱状臂,橙黄色,担子果和担孢子均较小。模式标本存放于贵州农学院植病教研组真菌标本室。     

葡萄上两个真菌性病害

报道了葡萄上两个国内新记录真菌病害:由茶子小穴壳菌(Dothiorella ribis)引起的熟腐病和败育假蜜环菌(Armillariella tabescens)引起的根腐病。病害附有症状和病原菌的描述和形态图。     

假蜜环菌的研究II．假蜜环菌素的分离及化学结构的测定

从假蜜环菌培养物的乙醇提取物中分离得四种成分,其中之一为新的香豆素,定名为假蜜环菌甲素(Armillarisin A),为治疗胆囊炎的一种活性成分。分子式C12H10O5,熔点245—246℃,用紫外、红外光谱,质谱,核磁共振确定假蜜环菌甲素为3—乙酰基一5羟甲基一7一羟基香豆素。另一成分定名为假蜜环菌乙素,熔点162一163．5℃,分子式C9H10N2O3,用同样的方法初步测定了它的结构。     

载体介导的刚地弓形虫MIC疫苗的研制现状

刚地弓形虫引起的弓形虫病是一种严重危害人类健康的人兽共患寄生虫病,采用疫苗防治该病是当前研究的热点领域之一。MIC抗原是一种有效的疫苗候选分子,本研究综述了鼠伤寒沙门菌、卡介苗、格登链球菌、腺病毒血清型5和假狂犬病毒等载体介导的刚地弓形虫MIC疫苗的研制现状。     

失代偿性肝硬化合并假白喉棒杆菌原菌及L型败血症1例

假白喉棒杆菌(Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum)是寄居于人体咽喉和鼻腔黏膜,以往认为是不产毒素、无致病的正常菌群.近来认识到少数能引起下呼吸道感染[1],但由该菌发生败血症十分少见,现从失代偿性肝硬化合关败血症患者血液中培养出该菌原菌及L型,报告如下.     

社鼠组织器官同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳方法,分析了社鼠的肝、肾、心肌、骨骼肌、肺、脾和脑等多种组织器官的ＬＤＨ、ＡＤＨ、ＥＳＴ、和ＳＯＤ４种同工酶,对各组织器官的酶带数目和分布,以及酶活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,社鼠的ＬＤＨ同工酶、ＡＤＨ同工酶和ＥＳＴ同工酶具有比较明显的组织特异性,而ＳＯＤ同工酶的组织特异性较低。肺和脾除ＥＳＴ同工酶活性较高外,脑除ＬＤＨ同工酶活性较高外,其它３种同工酶的活性均较低;而肝和肾中４种同工酶的活性普遍很高。心肌和骨骼肌因氧张力不同而使ＬＤＨ同工酶酶谱存在明显差异,但其它３种同工酶酶谱却非常相似。同工酶的组织特异性与各组织器官所执行的生理功能是相一致的     

Ornithine cycle in Nostoc PCC 73102. Arginase,OCT and arginine deiminase,and the effects of addition of external arginine,ornithine, or citrulline

Arginase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) and arginine deiminase activities were found in cell-free extracts of Nostoc PCC 73102, a free-living cyanobacterium originally isolated from the cycad Macrozamia. Addition of either arginine, ornithine or citrulline to the growth medium induced significant changes in their in vitro activities. Moreover, growth in darkness, compared to in light, induced higher in vitro activities. The in vitro activities of arginase and arginine deiminase, two catabolic enzymes primarily involved in the breakdown of arginine, increased substantially by a combination of growth in darkness and addition of either arginine, or ornithine, to the growth medium. The most significant effects on the in vitro OCT activities where observed in cells grown with the addition of ornithine. Cells grown in darkness exhibited about 6% of the in vivo nitrogenase activity observed in cells grown in light. However, addition of external carbon (glucose and fructose) to cells grown in darkness resulted in in vivo nitrogenase activity levels similar to, or even higher than, cells grown in light. Growth with high in vivo nitrogenase activity or in darkness with the addition of external carbon, resulted in repressed levels of in vitro arginase and arginine deiminase activities. It is suggested that nitrogen starvation induces a mobilization of the stored nitrogen, internal release of the amino compound arginine, and an induction of two catabolic enzymes arginase and arginine deiminase. A similar and even more pronunced induction can be observed by addition of external arginine to the growth medium.     

洪湖野菰及其化学成分分析

野菰(Zizania latifolia)是湖北省洪湖中优势水生维管束植物,其群落占全湖355平方公里面积的127平方公里。茎和叶的年生物量为4379克鲜重/平方米,全湖总年产量121700吨干重,目前未被利用。野菰各器官的蛋白质和氨基酸含量分别以百分干重表示:根,7.0和4.76;根状茎,11.3和8.85;茎,9.5和7.15;嫩茎梢,22.4和16.53;叶,16.8和14.61。500克干叶的必需氨基酸含量接近100克干重草鱼幼鱼背肌的必需氨基酸含量。脂肪:叶中3.4～4.2,茎中2.2;粗纤维:叶中26.8～28,茎中24.2;灰分:叶中10.0,茎中5.8。菰茎含可溶性糖类30％以上,其中葡萄糖,果糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖是主要成分。结果表明野菰是一种优质饲料。     

Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0-AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.     

Identification of reciprocally regulated gene modules in regenerating dorsal root ganglion neurons and activated peripheral or central nervous system glia

Differential gene expression in the rat after injury of dorsal root ganglion neurons in vivo, and simulation injury of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes in vitro was analyzed using high-density cDNA microarrays. The analyses were carried out to study the genetic basis of peripheral nerve regeneration, and to compare gene regulation in glia of the central (oligodendrocyte) and peripheral (Schwann cell) nervous systems. The genes showing significant differential regulation in the three study groups represented all aspects of cellular metabolism. However, two unexpected observations were made. Firstly, a number of identical genes were differentially regulated in activated Schwann cells, activated oligodendrocytes and regenerating DRG neurons. Specifically, a group of 113 out of 210 genes that were down-regulated in Schwann cells upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, were identical to genes up-regulated in the injured, regenerating DRG. Furthermore, a group of 53 out of 71 genes that were down-regulated in interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)/LPS-activated oligodendrocytes, were identical to genes up-regulated in the DRG neurons. Finally, 22 genes were common to these three groups, i.e., down-regulated in activated oligodendrocytes, down-regulated in activated Schwann cells, and up-regulated in regenerating DRG neurons. Secondly, a group of 16 cell-cycle and proliferation-related genes were up-regulated in the DRG following sciatic nerve crush, despite the absence of cells undergoing mitosis in the DRG, or any significant presence of apoptosis-related gene expression. Therefore, it appears that in these three cell types, large sets of genes are reciprocally regulated upon injury and/or activation. This suggests that the activation of the injury-related gene expression program in cell derivatives of the neuroectoderm involves, in part, highly conserved genetic elements.     

Dynamics of growth and the content of endogenous phytohormones during kidney bean scoto-and photomorphogenesis

The dynamics of growth and the contents of free and bound endogenous IAA, gibberellins (GA), cytokinins (zeatin and its riboside), and ABA in kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Belozernaya) grown in darkness or in the light was studied. Phytohormones were quantified in 5–15-day-old plants by the ELISA technique. Plant growth and phytohormone content were shown to depend on plant age and the conditions of illumination. During scotomorphogenesis, changes in the biomass and hypocotyl length were highly correlated with the content of GA, whereas during photomorphogeneses, these parameters were correlated with the content of zeatin. In darkness, epicotyl growth displayed a positive correlation with the content of GA, whereas in the light, the correlation was negative. Growth characteristics of the primary leaves were shown to correlate with IAA in darkness and with GA and zeatin in the light. At a low concentration of cytokinins in illuminated leaves, cell divisions occurred, whereas, at the higher cytokinin concentrations, cell expansion occurred. The highest content of GA was characteristic of leaves in the period of growth cessation. ABA accumulated during active leaf and root elongation and biomass increment in the light and during hypocotyl growth in darkness. After plant illumination, the ratio of auxins to cytokinins increased in bean roots and decreased in their epicotyls. Thus, light changed the developmental programs of bean plants, which was manifested in the changed rate and duration of growth of various organs (root, hypocotyl, epicotyl, and leaf). Some mechanisms of light action depended on the contents of IAA, ABA, GA, and cytokinins and the ratios between these phytohormones. Differences between scotonorphogenesis of mono-and dicotyledonous plants are discussed in relation to the levels of phytohormones in them.     

Hypothalamic metabolism of neurotransmitters (serotonin,norepinephrine, dopamine) and NPY,and gonadal and adrenal activities,during the early postnatal period in the rat

It is noteworthy that in the rat the early postnatal life is marked by an activation of both the corticostimulating function of the adenohypophysis in neonates of both sexes and of the gonadostimulating function mainly in males. In order to specify if such neuroendocrine variations are temporally correlated with changes in the hypothalamic metabolism of neurotransmitters, the hypothalamic metabolism of serotonin (5 HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) and the hypothalamic content of neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been investigated in newborn rats of both sexes, delivered at term by cesarean section, as well as changes in the activity of both the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis (HPG). Experimental data suggested that 1) in males a rise in hypothalamic metabolism of 5 HT, NE and DA occurs during the first two hours after delivery, whereas in females, only the metabolism of NE increases. Moreover, the postnatal metabolism of NE was higher in females than in littermate males; 2) NPY content of the hypothalamus, which was at birth significantly higher in males than in females, dropped in the former but not in the latter; 3) in newborn males, an early surge of plasma testosterone occurs, suggesting postnatal activation of the HPG axis; on the other hand, in females, a late and slight increase in plasma estradiol is observed; 4) in early postnatal life, a sex-independent rise in plasma ACTH and adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels suggest a comparable activation of the HPA axis in newborns of both sexes. In conclusion, the early postnatal activation of the corticostimulating function in neonates of both sexes and that of the gonadostimulating function, mainly in males, could be temporally correlated with a rise in the hypothalamic metabolism of two neurotransmitters, 5 HT and NE, and of NPY content. According to our data, a sex-dependent metabolsim of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus is already apparent in early postnatal life.     

啮齿动物作用下退耕地山杏种子扩散与贮藏的季节变化

啮齿动物对植物种子的取食和扩散影响种子的时空分布,继而影响种子的萌发和幼苗建成,因而在森林更新中起着重要作用.在国有济源市愚公林场,选择退耕地生境,于春季、夏季、秋季分别释放人工标记的山杏种子,观察啮齿动物扩散与埋藏山杏种子的季节性差异.结果表明：1）退耕地中的啮齿动物主要包括大林姬鼠、社鼠、黑线姬鼠;2）山杏种子扩散速率在春季显著慢于夏季,夏季显著慢于秋季;3）种子搬运量受季节和种子状态交互作用影响,春季显著少于夏季,夏季显著少于秋季;4）不同季节种子平均搬运距离不同,秋季不同状态种子的搬运距离均大于春季和夏季;5）啮齿动物对山杏种子的贮藏点大小多为1粒种子,少量为2、3粒种子,且贮藏点大小与季节间存在显著的交互作用,春季单粒种子的贮藏点数量显著少于夏季和秋季,而夏季与秋季的贮藏点则倾向于多粒种子;6）在夏季和秋季各有5枚（共释放1800枚）被啮齿动物分散贮藏的山杏种子建成幼苗.     

Seasonal changes in intra- and interorgan occurrence of rodlet cells in freshwater bream

Significant seasonal differences in intra- and interorgan prevalence, abundance and distribution of rodlet cells (RC) were observed in freshwater bream caught in May and August 1997 from a PCB-polluted lake, Lake Kernaala, Finland. In May, the majority of RCs in liver were seen in blood vessel endothelium, while in August most cells were located in the epithelium of the intrahepatic biliary ducts. In kidney, a significant increase in RCs in the columnar epithelium of the collecting ducts was observed from May to August. RCs in spleen were extremely rare in May, but were seen frequently in the endothelium of the splenic blood vessels in August. In gill and intestine, RCs were found in every tissue sample studied, with no statistical differences in their abundance or distribution between seasons. No RCs were seen in gonads. Total numbers of RCs increased dramatically from May to August in kidney and in spleen. The frequency of RCs corresponded strongly with the current phase of parasitic infections in liver, kidney, and spleen. It is concluded that RCs play a role in host defence mechanisms in fish, displaying induced expression at the times of peak parasitic prevalences.     

CARBOHYDRASES IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG,Podisus maculiventris (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris, is a generalist predator of insects and has been used in biological control. However, information on the digestion of food in this insect is lacking. Therefore, we have studied the digestive system in P. maculiventris, and further characterized carbohydrases in the digestive tract. The midgut of all developmental stages was composed of anterior, median, and posterior regions. The volumes of the anterior midgut decreased and the median midgut increased in older instars and adults, suggesting a more important role of the median midgut in food digestion. However, carbohydrase activities were predominant in the anterior midgut. In comparing the specific activity of carbohydrases, α‐amylase activity was more in the salivary glands (with two distinct activity bands in zymograms), and glucosidase and galactosidase activities were more in the midgut. Salivary α‐amylases were detected in the prey hemolymph, demonstrating the role of these enzymes in extra‐oral digestion. However, the catalytic efficiency of midgut α‐amylase activity was approximately twofold more than that of the salivary gland enzymes, and was more efficient in digesting soluble starch than glycogen. Midgut α‐amylases were developmentally regulated, as one isoform was found in first instar compared to three isoforms in fifth instar nymphs. Starvation significantly affected carbohydrase activities in the midgut, and acarbose inhibited α‐amylases from both the salivary glands and midgut in vitro and in vivo. The structural diversity and developmental regulation of carbohydrases in the digestive system of P. maculiventris demonstrate the importance of these enzymes in extra‐oral and intra‐tract digestion, and may explain the capability of the hemipteran to utilize diverse food sources.