高糖通过线粒体途径诱导成骨细胞凋亡

线粒体途径是细胞凋亡的重要途径之一. 在特定的刺激下,例如高糖条件,可以通过caspase依赖性和非依赖性两种途径诱导多种细胞凋亡.但线粒体凋亡途径在高糖引起成骨细胞凋亡中所起的作用,目前尚不清楚.本研究证明,高糖可以通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导成骨细胞凋亡.Annexin V-FITC/PI流式细胞学检测显示,高糖可诱导MC3T3-E1细胞凋亡.Western印迹检测发现,不同浓度D-葡萄糖（11,22,33 mmol/L）可以引起线粒体中Bax蛋白表达的增加,使Bax蛋白由细胞质中易位到线粒体,激活了线粒体凋亡途径.JC-1荧光探针检测证实,高糖处理成骨细胞后,线粒体膜电位明显降低,表明线粒体途径被激活.而细胞质中的细胞色素c、凋亡诱导因子（AIF）表达增加,细胞色素c和AIF从线粒体中释放到细胞质中,释放到细胞质中的细胞色素c使caspase-3、caspase-9剪切活化,从而激活了caspase依赖性凋亡途径.因此,线粒体凋亡途径可能是高糖诱导成骨细胞凋亡过程中一个重要的途径.     

肌肽通过调节JNK和NF-kappaB通路抑制高糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡

高血糖症是糖尿病并发心血管疾病的重要危险因素. 高血糖诱导产生的活性氧（ROS）能够引起糖尿病心肌病.我们的前期工作已经证实,肌肽对高糖环境下细胞凋亡具有保护作用,但其机制尚未明确.为研究肌肽对高糖诱导的大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的抑制作用及相关信号机制,以高糖诱导心肌细胞H9c2为模型,采用Brdu-ELISA法检测细胞增殖过程中DNA合成情况,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,免疫印迹实验检测JNK/c-Jun、NF-κB的磷酸化水平,RT-PCR检测TNF-α的mRNA表达. 实验结果显示,肌肽能够提高高糖损伤的H9c2细胞增殖能力,降低心肌细胞凋亡,抑制高糖激活的JNK、c-Jun和NF-κB磷酸化水平及TNFα的mRNA表达. 上述结果表明,肌肽拮抗高糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡机制与抑制p-JNK /p-c-Jun、p-NF-κB水平和TNF-α表达有关.     

二氢杨梅素通过下调JNK信号拮抗高糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡

本文探讨二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin,DHM)是否通过下调JNK信号拮抗高糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡.使用四甲基偶氮唑盐法(MTT)检测PC12细胞活力;流式细胞仪检测PC12细胞早、晚期凋亡及死亡细胞率;Hoechst 33258染色观察凋亡细胞核变化;蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)检测PC12细胞凋亡相关蛋白(Bax、Bcl-2、cleaved-Caspase-3)和p-JNK蛋白的表达.结果发现,不同浓度的葡萄糖(4.5、9.0、13.5、18.0 g/L)分别处理PC12细胞24、48、72、96 h后,发现浓度为13.5 g/L的高糖处理PC12细胞72 h可明显改变细胞形态、降低细胞活力、增加细胞凋亡率,同时促凋亡蛋白(Bax、Caspase-3)表达增加、抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达降低,提示:长时间高糖处理可诱导PC12细胞凋亡.DHM(15μmol/L)预处理能明显改善高糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡,降低高糖诱导的PC12细胞中JNK和p-JNK蛋白的表达;进一步用JNK激动剂(茴香霉素)处理能取消DHM对高糖诱导PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用.综上,得出结论:DHM通过下调JNK信号拮抗高糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡.     

高糖通过诱导自噬障碍促进心肌细胞H9c2凋亡

目的探讨自噬对高糖（HG）诱导的心肌细胞H9c2凋亡的影响。 方法MTT法检测H9c2细胞活力;hoechst33258染色法检测凋亡细胞;Western Blot检测H9c2细胞促凋亡蛋白Bax和自噬相关蛋白（Beclin-1和P62）的表达。各组的OD值和蛋白条带灰度值均采用析因设计的方差分析,各组间差异用单因素ANOVA分析。 结果HG能诱导H9c2细胞活力降低：12、24、48 mmol/L的HG细胞活力分别为Control组（100%）的[（79.5±2.23）%]（t = 3.143,P = 0.043）、[（54.6±3.08）%]（t = 12.425,P = 0.000）和[（37.2±2.59）%]（t = 13.761,P = 0.000）;与Control组（100%）比较,甘露醇等渗对照组的细胞活力值为[（101.0±1.27）%]（t = 0.012,P = 0.094）。HG诱导H9c2细胞hoechst33258阳性细胞增加,且能诱导促凋亡蛋白Bax表达增加：与Control组比较,12、24、48 mmol/L的HG处理组凋亡蛋白Bax/β-actin灰度值分别为（1.29±0.25,t = 2.32,P = 0.045）、（1.42±0.23,t = 10.247,P = 0.000）和（1.81±0.29,t = 16.324,P = 0.000）。HG诱导自噬障碍：与Control组比较,自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1/β-actin灰度值分别为（0.82±0.16,t = 4.243,P = 0.032）、（0.78±0.19,t = 11.341,P = 0.000）和（0.62±0.11,t = 13.455,P = 0.000）,P62蛋白/β-actin蛋白灰度值分别为（1.29±0.25,t = 4.442,P = 0.014）、（1.42±0.23,t = 13.341,P = 0.000）和（1.81±0.29,t = 15.851,P = 0.000）。自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素可逆转HG诱导的hoechst33258阳性细胞增加,且逆转HG诱导的Bax表达升高：与control组比较,HG组、HG和雷帕霉素共处理组、雷帕霉素组的Bax/β-actin灰度值分别为（1.51±0.31,t = 14.342,P = 0.000）、（1.42±0.23,t = 9.621,P = 0.004）和（1.81±0.12,t = 0.172,P = 0.124）。 结论HG可促进心肌细胞H9c2凋亡,且能诱导自噬障碍,自噬诱导剂的运用逆转了HG对H9c2细胞的凋亡作用,表明自噬障碍是HG诱导H9c2细胞凋亡的重要机制。     

雷帕霉素对STZ诱导的HT22细胞损伤的保护作用

该研究探究雷帕霉素对链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ)诱导的HT22细胞损伤的神经保护作用。利用STZ诱导HT22细胞建立神经细胞损伤模型,给予HT22细胞不同浓度的雷帕霉素进行预保护,采用MTT法筛选STZ造模浓度和雷帕霉素最佳保护浓度;将HT22细胞分为对照组(con)、模型组(STZ)和雷帕霉素组(Rap), HE染色观察神经细胞形态及突触结构; Hoechst 33342染色观察细胞凋亡情况;相应的商品试剂盒检测各组细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量; Western blot法检测细胞p-AMPK/AMPK、p-m TOR/m TOR、NR2B、NR1、PSD 95蛋白表达情况。实验结果显示,与对照组相比, STZ可明显导致HT22细胞损伤, 1.0μmol/L雷帕霉素对STZ诱导的神经损伤具有最佳保护效果;与对照组相比,模型组细胞突触结构损伤严重, STZ诱导HT22细胞凋亡, SOD活性显著下降(P<0.05), LDH活性(P<0.001)、MDA含量显著上升(P<0.001), p-AM...     

过表达CREG抑制高糖诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡

目的：探讨E1A激活基因阻遏子（Cellular repressor of ElA-stimulated genes,CREG）在高糖引起的人脐静脉内皮细胞（Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells,HUVECs）损伤中的作用,为寻找糖尿病血管病变新的治疗靶点提供实验依据。方法：采用胶原酶消化法分离原代HUVECs,并用内皮细胞标志物CD31免疫荧光染色进行鉴定。分别用含有5．5mmol／1葡萄糖（正常糖对照组）、5．5mmol／1葡萄糖＋27．5mmol／1甘露醇（渗透压对照组）或33mmol／l葡萄糖（高糖组）的培养液培养HUVECs48h。WesternBlot检测剪切体caspase-3表达;AnnexinV／PI双染后流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。通过感染表达CREG基因的腺病毒获得CREG过表达的HUvECs,WesternBlot及流式细胞术评价CREG过表达对HUVECs凋亡的影响。结果：高糖处理48h后,HUVECs内剪切体caspase-3的蛋白表达增加,细胞凋亡率增加;过表达CREG后,高糖处理的HUVECs内剪切体Caspase-3表达和凋亡细胞比例均明显降低,但仍高于正常糖对照组。结论：CREG过表达可抑制高糖引起的HUVECs凋亡。     

生长分化因子11对甲醛诱导的海马神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨生长分化因子11（GDF11）对甲醛诱导的海马神经（HT22）细胞毒性的影响。 方法把HT22细胞分为对照组（细胞未做任何处理）、甲醛组（50、100、200 μmol/ L甲醛处理细胞）和GDF11+甲醛组（GDF11转染细胞后用100 μmol/L甲醛处理）。细胞计数试剂盒（CCK8）法检测HT22细胞的活力;蛋白免疫印迹法检测HT22细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bax以及Bcl-2的变化;caspase-3活性检测试剂盒检测HT22细胞内caspase-3活性;DCFDA染色流式细胞仪检测HT22细胞中活性氧（ROS）水平。三组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。 结果与对照组比较,甲醛组HT22细胞活力（92.23±0.20比56.12±0.61）和Bcl-2蛋白表达（220.32±2.21比150.25±0.31）水平均降低,差异具有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）;而caspase-3活性（95.36±1.74比190.17±2.14）、Bax蛋白表达（132.19±1.21比150.17±1.06）和ROS水平（1099.32±75.47比2802.17±126.49）均升高,差异具有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。GDF11转染HT22细胞后,与甲醛组比较,GDF11+甲醛组HT22细胞活力升高（56.12±0.61比83.11±1.64）,Bax蛋白表达（270.03±0.17比150.17±1.06）降低,Bcl-2蛋白表达（150.25±0.31比187.34±1.52）升高,caspase-3活性降低（190.17±2.14比105.31±4.12）和ROS水平降低（2802.17±126.49比1305.36±68.45）,差异具有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。 结论GDF11能够逆转甲醛对HT22细胞凋亡的诱导作用以及降低甲醛对HT22细胞ROS水平的增加作用,此机制对防治甲醛的神经毒性具有重要意义。     

利拉鲁肽抑制高糖诱导的小鼠胰岛细胞损伤

利拉鲁肽(liraglutide, Lira)是胰高血糖素样肽-1的类似物,在糖尿病治疗中发挥重要作用,但利拉鲁肽通过改善胰岛β细胞的功能实现治疗糖尿病的具体机制尚未完全阐明。本研究采用高糖(33 mmol/L)诱导胰岛MIN6细胞48 h建立高糖损伤模型,CCK-8检测发现,与对照组相比,高糖组MIN6细胞活力下降(P<0.05),利拉鲁肽作用高糖组细胞活力升高(P<0.05);小鼠胰岛素和ATP含量检测发现,与对照组相比,高糖组胰岛素分泌降低(P<0.01),ATP含量减少(P<0.001),利拉鲁肽作用高糖组胰岛素释放量增加(P<0.05)和细胞内ATP含量增加(P<0.001);采用活体细胞线粒体膜通道孔(MPTP)荧光检测发现,与对照组相比,高糖组绿色荧光强度降低(P<0.001),利拉鲁肽作用高糖组绿色荧光强度增加(P<0.001);DCFH-DA探针联合流式细胞仪检测细胞活性氧簇(ROS)含量发现,与对照组相比,高糖组ROS水平升高(P<0.001),利拉鲁肽作用高糖组ROS水平降低(P<0.01);细胞内丙二醛...     

阿魏酸钠生物学活性——对高糖诱导SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡的保护作用

探讨阿魏酸钠对高糖诱导的人神经母细胞瘤(SH-SY5Y)细胞凋亡的保护作用及其机制。分别通过葡萄糖培养液,以及具有阶梯阿魏酸钠含量的葡萄糖混合培养液进行SH-SY5Y细胞培养,持续时间为48 h。对其中细胞的存活率使用MTT比色法检测;通过Hoechst33258染色观察细胞核形态改变;细胞凋亡率引入流式细胞仪进行测验;离心获得细胞上清液后,使用对其中含有的8-羟基脱氧鸟苷酸(8-OHd G)组分使用酶联免疫吸附法检测。结果显示阿魏酸钠保护组细胞存活率明显升高,细胞核形态明显改善,组细胞早期凋亡率、上清液中8-OHd G的分泌量均明显降低。结果可见,阿魏酸钠对高糖诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡具有保护作用,其机制可能与阿魏酸钠的抗氧化作用有关。     

miR-22 represses cancer progression by inducing cellular senescence

Cellular senescence acts as a barrier to cancer progression, and microRNAs (miRNAs) are thought to be potential senescence regulators. However, whether senescence-associated miRNAs (SA-miRNAs) contribute to tumor suppression remains unknown. Here, we report that miR-22, a novel SA-miRNA, has an impact on tumorigenesis. miR-22 is up-regulated in human senescent fibroblasts and epithelial cells but down-regulated in various cancer cell lines. miR-22 overexpression induces growth suppression and acquisition of a senescent phenotype in human normal and cancer cells. miR-22 knockdown in presenescent fibroblasts decreased cell size, and cells became more compact. miR-22-induced senescence also decreases cell motility and inhibits cell invasion in vitro. Synthetic miR-22 delivery suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in vivo by inducing cellular senescence in a mouse model of breast carcinoma. We confirmed that CDK6, SIRT1, and Sp1, genes involved in the senescence program, are direct targets of miR-22. Our study provides the first evidence that miR-22 restores the cellular senescence program in cancer cells and acts as a tumor suppressor.     

Ivermectin inhibits the growth of glioma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo

Glioma, the most predominant primary malignant brain tumor, remains uncured due to the absence of effective treatments. Hence, it is imperative to develop successful therapeutic agents. This study aimed to explore the antitumor effects and mechanisms of ivermectin (IVM) in glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. The effects of IVM on cell viability, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis rate, and morphological characteristics were determined respectively by MTT assay/colony formation assay, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscope. In addition, the expression levels of cycle-related and apoptosis-associated proteins were individually examined by Western blot analysis. Moreover, cell proliferation and apoptosis analyses were carried out by TUNEL, Ki-67, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9 immunostaining assay. Our results demonstrated that IVM has a potential dosage-dependent inhibition effect on the apoptosis rate of glioma cells. Meanwhile, the results also revealed that IVM induced apoptosis by increasing caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, upregulating the expressions of p53 and Bax, downregulating Bcl-2, activating cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9, and blocking cell cycle in G0/G1 phase by downregulating levels of CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. These findings suggest that IVM has an inhibition effect on the proliferation of glioma cells by triggering cell cycle arrest and inducing cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, and probably represents promising agent for treating glioma.     

Minocycline inhibits the growth of glioma by inducing autophagy

Minocycline has been shown to alleviate several neurological disorders. Unexpectedly, we found that minocycline had opposite effects on glioma cells: minocycline induced nonapoptotic cell death in glioma cells. The glioma cell death was associated with the presence of autophagic vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Minocycline induced autophagy was confirmed by acridine orange, monodansylcadaverine (MDC) stainings of vesicle formation and the conversion of microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3 (LC3-I) to LC3-II. Pretreatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) suppressed the induction of acidic vesicular organelles and the accumulation of LC3-II to the autophagosome membrane in glioma cells treated with minocycline. Despite the pretreatment of 3-MA, minocycline induced cell death which could result from the activation of caspase-3. Minocycline effectively inhibited tumor growth and induced autophagy in the xenograft tumor model of C6 glioma cells. These results suggest that minocycline may kill glioma cells by inducing autophagic cell death. When autophagy was inhibited, minocycline still induced cell death through the activation of caspase-3. Thus, minocycline is a promising agent in the treatment of malignant gliomas.     

Obovatol inhibits colorectal cancer growth by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis

Neolignans such as obovatol, honokiol, and magnolol have been previously reported to show various biological activities including anti-inflammation and antitumor effects. This is the first demonstration on the in vivo antitumor effect of obovatol on human colorectal carcinoma SW620 cells. Nude mice were implanted with SW620 cells and fed with vehicle or 5mg/kg/d dose of obovatol for 20 days. Obovatol inhibited tumor growth that accounted for 50% decrease in tumor volume and 44.6% decrease in tumor weight at the end of the experiment without any adverse health effect. In nude mice bearing SW620-incubated tumor, obovatol exhibited more potent antitumor activity than honolkiol. In addition, DNA flow cytometric analysis shows that obovatol progresses to apoptosis as detected by flow cytometry after double staining with annexin V and propidium iodide. Thus, we suggest that obovatol is a potent inducer of cell apoptosis in SW620 cells, and a potent antitumor agent.     

Bortezomib inhibits C2C12 growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

Proteosome inhibitors such as bortezomib (BTZ) have been used to treat muscle wasting in animal models. However, direct effect of BTZ on skeletal muscle cells has not been reported. In the present study, our data showed that C2C12 cells exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability in response to increasing concentrations of BTZ. Consistent with the results of cell viability, Annexin V/PI analysis showed a significant increase in apoptosis after exposing the cells to BTZ for 24 h. The detection of cleaved caspase-3 further confirmed apoptosis. The apoptosis induced by BTZ was associated with reduced expression of p-ERK. Cell cycle analysis revealed that C2C12 cells underwent G2/M cell cycle arrest when incubated with BTZ for 24 h. Furthermore, BTZ inhibited formation of multinucleated myotubes. The inhibition of myotube formation was accompanied by decreased expression of Myogenin. Our data suggest that BTZ induces cell death and inhibits differentiation of C2C12 cells at clinically relevant doses.     

Metabolism-induced oxidative stress is a mediator of glucose toxicity in HT22 neuronal cells

Oxidative stress has been widely considered as a key player in the adverse effects of hyperglycaemia to various tissues, including neuronal cells. This study examined the participation of oxidative stress in injurious effects of high glucose on HT22 cells along with the activity of proteasome, a proteolytic system responsible for degradation of oxidized proteins. Although 10-fold glucose concentration caused non-significant viability changes, a significant reduction of cell proliferation was found. Moreover, the cell morphology was also altered. These changes were followed by an enhancement of intracellular ROS generation, however without any significant boost of the carbonyl group concentration in proteins. Correspondingly, only a slight decline in the 20S proteasome activity was found in high-glucose-treated cells. On the other hand, substances affecting glucose metabolism or antioxidants partially preserved the oxidative stress in high glucose treated cells. In summary, these results highlight the role of metabolic oxidative stress in hyperglycaemia affecting neurons.     

Arsenic trioxide inhibits the growth of Adriamycin resistant osteosarcoma cells through inducing apoptosis

Given that arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) has been successfully used as a chemotherapeutic agent for refractory malignant tumors, this study is aimed at investigating the effect of As₂O₃ on human Adriamycin resistant osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2. The mechanism underlying multi drug resistance (MDR) in osteosarcoma cells and the anti-tumor effect of As₂O₃ on Adriamycin resistant osteosarcoma cells were analyzed. In our experiment, we first selected Adriamycin resistant osteosarcoma cell line by growing the classic osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 in the medium with increasing drug concentrations. Then, we compared the IC50s of the osteosarcoma cells treated with different anticancer drugs by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Subsequently, we assessed the expression of classic MDR related molecules, Pgp, multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and glutathione (GSH) activity in the wild type and Adriamycin resistant Saos-2 cells. Furthermore, the apoptosis was assessed by concerning DNA fragment and flow cytometry with Annexin-V staining. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of the apoptosis, related proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, Bak, cleaved Caspase-3 and cleaved Caspase-9 were analyzed by western blotting. The data showed that the resistance to Adriamycin affected the sensitivity of osteosarcoma cell to other chemotherapeutic agents. The IC50s of Saos-2/ADM cells for methotrexate (1.74-fold), Cisplatin (1.43-fold) and As₂O₃ (1.21-fold) were increased compared with Saos-2 control cells. The expression of Pgp was upregulated comparing with the control cells. No significant difference was detected about the MRP and the glutathione-S-transferase activity and intracellular GSH concentration among different treated osteosarcoma cells. Apoptosis was observed and proved. The western blotting showed that the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL was downregulated. Meanwhile, the level of Bax, Bak, cleaved Caspase-3 and cleaved Caspase-9 was upregulated after treated with As₂O₃. The study suggests that Adriamycin resistant osteosarcoma cells have good response to As₂O₃-based chemotherapy in vitro, probably via the pathway of inducing apoptosis. And As₂O₃ might serve as an excellent alternative candidate for adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent on this incurable pediatric sarcoma.