利用杀配子染色体2C诱导中国春-黑麦二体附加系染色体畸变的研究

将中国春-黑麦(1R-7R)二体附加系与中国春-2C(Aegilops cylindrica)二体附加系杂交,获得F1,对F1体细胞染色体进行C分带鉴定和花粉母细胞减数分裂行为的观察与分析,发现减数分裂行为异常。对自交获得的430株F2进行单株染色体C分带和荧光原位分子杂交鉴定,检测到易位、缺失、等臂染色体、双着丝点染色体等染色体畸变类型。此外还检测到2C与小麦2A、2B、2D染色体的二体或单体自发代换系。杂交F。染色体畸变的规律与频率如下：研究共得到含黑麦染色体的变异22株,变异频率为5,1％。其中含黑麦染色体的易位系为10株,占2,3％;缺失12株,占2．79％;黑麦的等臂染色体3株,占O．7％。易位染色体既有含小麦着丝点的(大部分),也含有黑麦着丝点的(仅1例)。黑麦的染色体畸变中,发生于不同同祖群的频率不同,1R为5个,2R为3个;3R为1个;4R为3个;5R为6个;6R为4个。易位多为端部易位。共鉴定出小麦的缺失系54株,其中A基因组有27个,占6.27％;B基因组有20个,占4,65％;D基因组有7个,占1.66％。对杀配子染色体对小麦及黑麦不同同祖群染色体作用的差异性及作用特点进行了探讨。     

小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS 易位染色体和外源染色体在两个三属杂种中的减数分裂行为

利用荧光原位杂交技术分析了两个小麦-外源种杂种花粉母细胞中1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体和外源染色体包括中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & DR Dewey)、簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur)染色体的减数分裂行为. 我们首次发现:在减数分裂后期, 1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体发生错分裂,形成两个易位染色单体. 这种错分裂导致易位染色单体在末期Ⅰ分配到两个正在形成的细胞核内,错分裂的易位染色单体进一步形成微核,并在四分体期观察到黑麦的微核出现.从贵农22×遗4095 的F2代植株中检测到一个2n=41的植株,其含有一对1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体,核型分析表明,其中一条黑麦染色体臂比另一条的黑麦染色体臂短1/3左右.在遗4212×遗4095的F2代中检测到一个具有中间偃麦草染色体小片段易位到小麦染色体端粒部分的小麦-中间偃麦草易位植株.这可能是由于在减数分裂过程中发生非均等分裂导致小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位染色体的黑麦染色体段臂缺失1/3及小麦-中间偃麦草非罗伯逊易位.在两个杂种F2植株中,中间偃麦草染色体分布频率为39.6%, 簇毛麦染色体分布频率为43.4%, 1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体分布频率分别为51.8%和56.6%.实验结果表明,1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体与外源染色体包括中间偃麦草、簇毛麦染色体在减数分裂过程中没有相互作用.小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位染色体在减数分裂过程中可以发生错分裂,并导致杂种后代黑麦染色体臂发生缺失.这对于培育以小麦为背景含有不同长度的黑麦1R染色体短臂的种质及小麦-外源染色体非罗伯逊易位的小片段易位系具有指导意义.     

六倍体小黑麦×六倍体小麦杂交后代中染色体遗传与结构变异鉴定

六倍体小黑麦是普通小麦品种遗传改良的重要基因资源,可以拓宽小麦的遗传基础。本研究以六倍体小黑麦为供体向普通小麦转移黑麦染色质,以探明六倍体小黑麦×六倍体小麦杂交、回交后代的染色体遗传特性,为小黑麦种质材料的后续研究和利用奠定基础。以六倍体小黑麦16引171为母本,六倍体小麦川麦62为父本配制杂交及回交组合,利用非变性荧光原位杂交技术(non-denaturing florescence in situ hybridization,ND-FISH)对F1、BC1F1和BC1F2植株进行细胞学跟踪鉴定。结果表明,杂种F1回交结实率为2.61%;BC1F1植株2R染色体传递频率最高;BC1F2植株中黑麦染色体在后代的传递率为6R>4R>2R,小麦背景中5B-7B相互易位染色体在BC1F2植株中表现出严重偏分离。在BC1F1和BC1F2植株中观察到24种结构变异染色体,包括染色体片段、等臂易位染色体、易位染色体以及双着丝粒染色体,且部分BC1F2植株的种子表现粒长和千粒重均优于六倍体小麦亲本川麦62。因此,在利用六倍体小黑麦作为桥梁向普通小麦导入黑麦遗传物质时,应尽量采取多次回交的...     

利用离果山羊草3C染色体诱导簇毛麦4V染色体结构变异

通过普通小麦农林26-离果山羊草3C异附加系与普通小麦-簇毛麦4V（4D）代换系杂交,杂交F1代与普通小麦回交,综合运用染色体构型分析、C-分带和荧光原位杂交等技术从BC1F2、BC1F3代中鉴定出涉及簇毛麦4V染色体的易位系、端体、等臂染色体系等变异植株,表明离果山羊草3C染色体可有效诱发簇毛麦4V染色体结构变异,是创造小麦-簇毛麦4V易位系的一种有效途径。     

小麦-黑麦染色体小片段易位的诱导

利用单体附加在小麦中的黑麦染色体引起遗传不稳定性的现象,设计了一个用单体附加系作工具诱导小麦-黑麦染色体小片段易位的系统方法.在小麦品种绵阳11号和黑麦自交系R12的单体附加系的自交后代中,用改良的C带技术分析了1283个植株,发现有63个2n=42的植株含有黑麦染色体或小麦-黑麦臂间易位染色体,占观察植株总数的4.29%.还发现20个植株,2n=42,C带分析不能证明它们含有黑麦染色体成分,但在某些性状上,与其小亲本相比,却发生了显著的变异.用DNA原位杂交方法却发现了黑麦染色体的小片段插入了小麦的某一染色体,形成了小片段易位(简称SS易位).插入片段的物理学图显示,易位的黑麦DNA片段既可接在小麦染色体的端部,也可插入中部的不同位置.     

一个小麦/黑麦小片段染色体易位系的创制和鉴定

从来源于组合中国春×M27(1R/1D代换系)的8个花粉植株中,分离获得1个小麦/黑麦小片段染色体易位系WER-1-2。C-分带和荧光原位杂交结果显示,衍生出易位系WER-1-2的原始麦穗含有1条完整的1R染色体和1条长臂端部发生缺失的1R染色体,所缺失部分易位到1条小麦染色体上。推断该易位是在花药离体培养过程中经异常有丝分裂产生的,而非异常减数分裂的产物。表明花药培养是一条实现异源染色体小片段(基因)向小麦转移的快速而有效的途径。     

用染色体工程法培育小麦新品种

染色体工程是培育小麦新品种的有效方法。利用5B染色体效应及定向选择,将黑麦抗条锈基因导入普通小麦,选育出的M8003品系,对条中22—29号等7个生理小种完全免疫,农艺性状良好。核型鉴定,2n=42,含4条随体染色体;Giemsa C-带和N-带分析,以及杂种F_1染色体配对分析,初步判断属于2BS/2RS端部易位和5AL/5RL部分易位。它不同于洛夫林10、13号等1B/1R类型的抗条锈基因,为一新的小麦-黑麦类型条锈抗源,而且是可供生产直接利用的优良品系。     

缺体小麦与黑麦杂种幼胚愈伤组织再生植株的染色体变异

对中国春6A缺体小麦与黑麦杂种幼胚愈伤组织不同无性世代再生植株体细胞染色体鉴定结果表明,随着愈伤组织培养时间的延长,再生植株染色体变异频率及变异范围明显增加。在分化的共计224株再生植株中,发生染色体变异的植株为80株,占35.7％,其中有3株为染色体嵌合株,1株发生了染色体结构变异。     

利用组织培养和辐射诱变创造高频率小麦与簇毛麦染色体易位

利用荧光原位杂交证明普通小麦与硬粒小麦－簇毛麦双二倍体杂种培养细胞和再生植株中能够发生属间染色体易位,易位染色体不仅有臂间易位,还有小片段易位,表明通过杂种组织培养是创造属间易位的一个可行的方法,辐射处理能够大幅度促进杂种愈伤组织细胞中的染色体数目和结构变异,特别是易位频率达到７．４％。观察还表明,培养时间对杂种愈伤组织细胞中染色体数目和结构变异都有较大影响,培养细胞的染色体 异在培养的初期阶段就     

利用电离辐射处理整臂易位系成熟雌配子诱导外源染色体小片段易位

簇毛麦（Haynaldia villosa）是小麦（Triticum aestivum）改良的重要遗传资源．培育小片段易位,特别是中间插入易位,有助于更好地利用外源有益基因．已报道的小麦-簇毛麦易位系大多数属于整臂易位或大片段易位．本研究以60Co-γ谢线（剂量率：1．6Gy／min,三种剂量：16．0,19．2和22．4Gy）处理整臂易位系的成熟雌配子,随后选取适龄穗子去雄套袋,2～3天后再用普通小麦品种“中国春”的新鲜成熟花粉授粉．通过M1植株根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体基因组原位杂交（genomic in situ hybridization,GISH）,从534株M1材料中检测到97株涉及6V染色体短臂（6VS）的小片段结构变异,包括小片段中间插入易位染色体80条、末端易位染色体57条和6VS缺失55条．在22．4Gy处理中这三种结构变异的诱变频率分别为21．02％,14．01％和14．65％,远远高于已报道的结果．获得了涉及146条6VS小片段结构变异的74株M1材料的回交种子．M1植株中的小片段结构变异可通过回交传递给后代．利用电离辐射处理整臂易位系成熟雌配子是一种高效诱导染色体小片段结构变异、特别是中间插入易位的新方法．     

黑麦6R抗白粉病基因向小麦的渗进与鉴定

为了将黑麦６Ｒ染色体上抗小麦白粉病的基因导入小麦,选用了一个６Ｒ／６Ｄ代换系Ｍ２４为亲本之一,分别与小麦栽培品种和第６部分同源群缺体系杂交,杂种出现６Ｒ或／或６Ａ,６Ｂ,６Ｄ单,双或三单体等各种情况,取其花药进行培养,共获得２４１个再生植株,对其中３２个抗白粉病的花粉植株经染色体计数,Ｃ－分带,基因组原位杂交,同工酶等电聚焦电泳和或／ＲＦＬＰ分子标记检测,发现有６株仍保持为６Ｒ／６Ｄ代换系,有１０     

小麦遗传背景对黑麦抗叶锈基因Lr26的抗性表达的影响

利用1套从小麦纯系和黑麦自交系培育出的1R附加系、代换系和易位系,研究了1RS上的抗叶锈基因Lr26在小麦中的表达。结果发现,1R二体附加系和纯合1RS/1BL易位系高抗小麦叶锈病;而其小麦亲本、1R(1B)代换系和1BS/1RL易位系重感叶锈病。这一结果指出了黑麦染色体臂1RS上的抗小麦叶锈病基因Lr26在小麦中的表达受小麦染色体臂1BL上的基因的强烈影响,指出了外源基因在小麦中的表达可受染色体臂或基因水平上的相互作用的制约。文中讨论了外源基因与小麦遗传背景相互作用在小麦育种中的意义。     

New wheat-rye 5DS-4RS·4RL and 4RS-5DS·5DL translocation lines with powdery mildew resistance

Powdery mildew is one of the serious diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6 × = 42, genomes AABBDD). Rye (Secale cereale L., 2n = 2 × = 14, genome RR) offers a rich reservoir of powdery mildew resistant genes for wheat breeding program. However, extensive use of these resistant genes may render them susceptible to new pathogen races because of co-evolution of host and pathogen. Therefore, the continuous exploration of new powdery mildew resistant genes is important to wheat breeding program. In the present study, we identified several wheat-rye addition lines from the progeny of T. aestivum L. Mianyang11 × S. cereale L. Kustro, i.e., monosomic addition lines of the rye chromosomes 4R and 6R; a disomic addition line of 6R; and monotelosomic or ditelosomic addition lines of the long arms of rye chromosomes 4R (4RL) and 6R (6RL). All these lines displayed immunity to powdery mildew. Thus, we concluded that both the 4RL and 6RL arms of Kustro contain powdery mildew resistant genes. It is the first time to discover that 4RL arm carries powdery mildew resistant gene. Additionally, wheat lines containing new wheat-rye translocation chromosomes were also obtained: these lines retained a short arm of wheat chromosome 5D (5DS) on which rye chromosome 4R was fused through the short arm 4RS (designated 5DS-4RS·4RL; 4RL stands for the long arm of rye chromosome 4R); or they had an extra short arm of rye chromosome 4R (4RS) that was attached to the short arm of wheat chromosome 5D (5DS) (designated 4RS-5DS·5DL; 5DL stands for the long arm of wheat chromosome 5D). These two translocation chromosomes could be transmitted to next generation stably, and the wheat lines containing 5DS-4RS·4RL chromosome also displayed immunity to powdery mildew. The materials obtained in this study can be used for wheat powdery mildew resistant breeding program.     

Homoeology of rye chromosome arms to wheat

Summary Cytological markers such as diagnostic C-bands, telocentrics, and translocations were used to identify the arms of rye chromosomes associated with wheat chromosomes at metaphase I in ph1b mutant wheat × rye hybrids. Arm homoeologies of rye chromosomes to wheat were established from the results of metaphase I pairing combined with available data on the chromosomal location of homoeoloci series in wheat and rye. Only arms 1RS, 1RL, 2RL, 3RS, and 5RS showed normal homoeologous relationships to wheat. The remaining arms of rye appeared to be involved in chromosome rearrangements that occurred during the evolution of the genus Secale. We conclude that a pericentric inversion in chromosome 4R, a reciprocal translocation between 3RL and 6RL, and a multiple translocation involving 4RL, 5RL, 6RS, and 7RS are present in rye relative to wheat.     

Chromosome composition of wheat-rye lines and the influence of rye chromosomes on disease resistance and agronomic traits

Identification of the chromosomal composition of common wheat lines with rye chromosomes was carried out using genomic in situ hybridization and 1RS- and 5P-specific PCR markers. It was demonstrated that wheat chromosomes 5A or 5D were substituted by rye chromosome 5R in the wheat-rye lines. It was established that one of the lines with complex disease resistance contained rye chromosome 5R and T1RS.1BL, while another line was found to contain, in addition to T1RS.1BL, a new Robertsonian translocation, T5AS.5RL. Substitution of the wheat chromosome 5A with the dominant Vrn-A1 gene for the Onokhoiskaya rye chromosome 5R led to lengthening of the germination-heading period or to a change in the type of development. A negative influence of T1RS.1BL on SDS sedimentation volume and grain hardness was demonstrated, along with a positive effect of the combination of T1RS.1BL and 5R(5D) substitution on grain protein content. Quantitative traits of the 5R(5A) and 5R(5D) substitution lines were at the level of recipient cultivars. A line with two translocations, T1RS.1BL + T5AS.5Rl, appeared to be more productive as compared to the line carrying T1RS.1BL in combination with the 5R(5D) substitution.     

Preferential elimination of chromosome 5R of rye in the progeny of 5R5D dimonosomics

Transmission of chromosome 5R of rye (Secale cereale L.) and chromosome 5D of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through gametes of 5R5D dimonosomics (2n = 42, 20W″ + 5R′ + 5D′) was studied. Chromosome 5R was found to have lower competitiveness as compared to 5D. Gametes with the rye chromosome were two times less often involved in the formation of a progeny. The combined frequency of the karyotypes of wheat (5D5D) and wheat monosomics (5D) was 11.6-fold higher than the frequency of the karyotypes of substitution lines (5R5R) and monosomics for the rye chromosome (5R). The karyotypes of 10.38% of hybrid plants had aberrant 5R chromosomes with different translocations formed as a result of breakages in the centromere and in the proximal region of the long arm. Telocentrics for the short arm t5RS, i5RS isochromosomes, and chromosomes with a terminal deletion T5RS.5RL-del were identified. The absence of amplification of SSR markers mapped on 5RS and the detection of PCR products for a number of 5RL markers (including the genome-specific rye marker Xrms115) permitted nine plants carrying only the long arm of chromosome 5R to be revealed. Since t5RL telocentrics were not detected by the cytological analysis, the results obtained allow us to suggest the presence of small intercalary translocations of the long arm of chromosome 5R in chromosome 5D or in other wheat chromosomes.     

黑麦碱基因（Sec–1）表达缺失的1RS／1BL易位系的鉴定

用改良的Giemsa C－带技术、DNA原位杂交和酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）对来源于小麦品种绵阳11与不同黑麦自交系远缘杂交获得的高代株系（BC1F7）的染色体结构和醇溶蛋白进行了研究。结果发现,在鉴定的200个株系中,有45个株系经C-带和A-PAGE检测均一致地发现它们含有一对1RS /1BL易位染色体,而一个株系843-1-1,C-带鉴定、原位杂交结果均证明它含有一对1RS/1BL易位染色体,但A-PAGE醇溶蛋白图谱却不具有黑麦1RS染色体臂的黑麦碱特征带,而表达出既不同于黑麦碱又不同于亲本绵阳11的醇溶蛋白带型。这一结果表明,利用不同的黑麦亲本资源,可以获得黑麦碱基因Sec-1表达缺失的新的1RS/1BL易位系。这种新的1RS/1BL易位系缺失了影响小麦品质的黑麦碱蛋白,因此是进一步研究1RS/1BL 易位对小麦品质影响的珍贵材料。研究指出,在利用外源基因的植物育种中,外源种供体材料的遗传多样性是值得重视的基因资源。     

小麦主栽品种中的1RS分布和兰考90(6)系列白粉病新抗源

利用黑麦染色体臂1RS的特异性PCR标记,对黄淮麦区138个小麦主栽品种、系进行了PCR扩增,结果表明：有42．0%的小麦品种、系携带1RS染色体臂。以六倍体小黑麦Mzalenod Beer为黑麦染色体供体,培育的兰考90(6)系列小麦品系是新的小麦-黑麦1BL／1RS易位系。这些品系对小麦白粉病具有很高的抗性,是小麦抗白粉病育种的新抗源。对兰考90(6)系列品系白粉病抗性进行了研究,结果表明,兰考90(6)系列品系的抗谱与许多已经知道的小麦抗白粉病基因的抗谱不同,并具有数量抗性特点。