浅谈几种微生物价值开发再利用

微生物从发现、发展到现在已经有多年历史,其利用价值的开发也不断的被广大科研人员所研究,从最初的单一发酵食品到现在广泛应用于食品、医药卫生、植物疾病防治、畜禽养殖废弃物处理等均表现出微生物在人类、动植物乃至所有生物及非生物方面均有不可比喻的利用价值.本研究以霉菌和酵母菌两个菌属的不同菌种为例对其作用、发展前景及相关内容进行阐述,并对微生物系列中的微生态制剂进行探讨,表明微生物是一种潜在的可利用资源,其在未来的世界发展中占有重要位置.     

Importance of associated microorganisms in the development of acute pneumonia

Sputum samples obtained from 106 patients with acute pneumonia have been studied by the quantitative microbiological method. Different microbial associations have been shown to play an important role in the development of acute pneumonia (67.9%). Microbiological studies have revealed the prevalence of pneumococci in the etiological structure of the disease. Staphylococci, hemophilic bacteria and Neisseria have been found to take part in the development of acute pneumonia in a lesser number of cases and more often occur in combination with pneumococci or form different associations themselves. The so-called "etiological" type of microbial associations has been determined, two or three microbial species being isolated at high concentrations (10(6) and over) and the percentage of patients with such combinations being 59.7 +/- 5.8%. The analysis of the clinical course of the disease has revealed that the presence of different microbial species in patients linked, to a great extent, with the clinical picture of the disease. These data may be used for prescribing adequate etiotropic therapy and for prognostication. Quantitative bacteriological studies carried out in the dynamics of the disease permit timely detection of changes in the microflora of the respiratory tracts, the evaluation of the effectiveness of antibacterial therapy in the process of its implementation and the rational correction of therapeutic measures.     

Measurement and simulation of the morphological development of filamentous microorganisms

Growth of Streptomyces tendae was investigated in submerged culture. Images of several mycelia were analyzed by means of an image-processing system. The studies revealed that tip growth angles and branching outgrowth angles could be regarded as normally distributed. Based on these results, a random model for directional growth of hyphal tips as well as directional growth of branches is proposed. This model shows curved elongation of hyphal tips, so that the morphological development of a mycelium up to the formation of a pellet is predicted, similar to that observed in nature.     

The ‘ubiquitous’ reality of vector immunology

Ubiquitination (ubiquitylation) is a common protein modification that regulates a multitude of processes within the cell. This modification is typically accomplished through the covalent binding of ubiquitin to a lysine residue onto a target protein and is catalysed by the presence of three enzymes: an activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin‐protein ligase (E3). In recent years, ubiquitination has risen as a major signalling regulator of immunity and microbial pathogenesis in the mammalian system. Still, little is known about how ubiquitin relates specifically to vector immunology. Here, we provide a brief overview of ubiquitin biochemistry and describe how ubiquitination regulates immune responses in arthropods of medical relevance. We also discuss scientific gaps in the literature and suggest that, similar to mammals, ubiquitin is a major regulator of immunity in medically important arthropods.     

Stage and tissue-specific expression of fosB during mouse development

The product of the fos-related fosB gene shares many properties with c-Fos such as inducibility by growth factors, complex formation with members of the Jun family and cooperative binding with Jun to the TPA response element (TRE). To investigate whether in contrast to these functional similarities, the two genes might be differentially regulated, we have analysed the expression of fosB during mouse development by in situ hybridization. A spatially restricted accumulation of fosB mRNA in the visceral yolk sac and the nervous system was observed during late gestation. The highest levels of fosB mRNA were found in the cortex and the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. Moreover, stage-specific expression was seen in sensory organs such as retina and vibrissae, where the levels of fosB RNA either increased (retina) or decreased (vibrissae) between days 15 and 18. Our results suggest that fosB may have a specific function in the development of ectoderm-derived tissues. Expression of fosB during prenatal development differs markedly from the known expression pattern of c-fos, pointing to different tissue-specific functions for c-fos and fosB.     

Culture media as artificial environment ensuring the growth and development of microorganisms

Literature review is presented on culture media that are regarded as artifical environment for microorganisms permitting modeling of various conditions for revealing cultural, morphological and biochemical properties, characteristic for a given microorganism, as well as manipulations with these conditions.     

Memory consolidation in sleep; dream or reality

We discuss several lines of evidence refuting the hypothesis that procedural or declarative memories are processed/consolidated in sleep. One of the strongest arguments against a role for sleep in declarative memory involves the demonstration that the marked suppression or elimination of REM sleep in subjects on antidepressant drugs or with brainstem lesions produces no detrimental effects on cognition. Procedural memory, like declarative memory, undergoes a slow, time-dependent period of consolidation. A process has recently been described wherein performance on some procedural tasks improves with the mere passage of time and has been termed "enhancement." Some studies, but not others, have reported that the consolidation/enhancement of perceptual and motor skills is dependent on sleep. We suggest that consolidation or enhancement, initiated in waking with task acquisition, could in some instances extend to sleep, but sleep would serve no unique role in these processes. In sum, there is no compelling evidence to support a relationship between sleep and memory consolidation.     

Macroevolution – myth or reality ?

Current concepts of macroevolution–the origin and diversification of higher taxonomic categories-are reviewed. A reductionist hypothesis, seen in the light of models based on extant species, seems to be corroborated. There appears to be no reason to think that macroevolution is a natural phenomenon distinct from a speciation event giving rise to a new phyletic lineage. Neidier is it necessary to postulate any quantum element in that speciation event.     

Characteristics of the development and biosynthetic activity of a mixed culture of microorganisms

The growth of microbial populations and their biosynthesis of proteinases with the fibrinolytic activity were studied in an artificial ecosystem composed of a strain producing the enzymes (Nocardia minima 1) and a zero strain (Arthrobacter citreus VKM 654). The microorganisms in the association were shown to interact in terms of amensalism via metabolites if the enzyme-producing strain dominated.     

Real‐time mid‐infrared imaging of living microorganisms

The speed and efficiency of quantum cascade laser‐based mid‐infrared microspectroscopy are demonstrated using two different model organisms as examples. For the slowly moving Amoeba proteus, a quantum cascade laser is tuned over the wavelength range of 7.6 µm to 8.6 µm (wavenumbers 1320 cm^–1 and 1160 cm^–1, respectively). The recording of a hyperspectral image takes 11.3 s whereby an average signal‐to‐noise ratio of 29 is achieved. The limits of time resolution are tested by imaging the fast moving Caenorhabditis elegans at a discrete wavenumber of 1265 cm^–1. Mid‐infrared imaging is performed with the 640 × 480 pixel video graphics array (VGA) standard and at a full‐frame time resolution of 0.02 s (i.e. well above the most common frame rate standards). An average signal‐to‐noise ratio of 16 is obtained. To the best of our knowledge, these findings constitute the first mid‐infrared imaging of living organisms at VGA standard and video frame rate.