草莓遗传转化研究进展

草莓是一种重要的小型浆果,近年来育出很多优良品种,种植面积逐渐扩大.然而仍有很多因素限制了草莓生产的发展.基因工程技术为植物育种、种质资源开发利用等领域开辟了新的途径,可以获得常规育种难以或无法得到的新类型.本文综述了近年来国内外在草莓抗病虫、抗逆、抗除草剂、品质特性、耐贮运性等基因工程的研究进展以及基因型、试管苗生理状态、共培养时间、侵染时间和菌液浓度、抗生素等因素对草莓遗传转化的影响.对草莓转基因研究中存在的主要问题和今后的研究方向及应用前景进行了探讨.     

土壤熏蒸剂棉隆和生物菌肥对草莓连作土壤真菌多样性的影响

【背景】草莓是我国和世界上重要的园艺作物,主要采用一年一栽的栽培模式,导致连作现象普遍存在,其中真菌性病害引起的土传病害是草莓栽培中面临的一个主要问题。【目的】以草莓连作土壤为材料,探讨土壤熏蒸剂棉隆加生物菌肥对草莓连作土壤微生物真菌多样性的影响,以期为草莓连作障碍治理提供理论依据。【方法】分别采集棉隆消毒前(A)、棉隆消毒后(B)、棉隆消毒后未添加生物菌肥(C1)和添加生物菌肥(C2)初花期的草莓连作土壤(或根际土壤)样本,提取DNA,通过PCR扩增建立文库,利用Hi Seq 2500平台Illumina第二代高通量测序技术并结合相关生物信息学,分析土壤真菌ITS1区域的丰富度、多样性以及群落结构。【结果】从4个不同处理草莓连作土壤样本中获得了723个真菌OTU(Operational taxonomic unit),其中子囊菌门和担子菌门均为优势真菌。多样性和丰富度研究发现,棉隆处理降低草莓连作土壤微生物丰富度和多样性;添加生物菌肥增加根际土壤生物丰富度,并降低其多样性。从门水平看,棉隆处理担子菌门真菌比例减少,子囊菌门真菌比例增加;添加生物菌肥处理两者比例均有增加。优势真菌群落分析表明棉隆消毒减少了枝顶孢属、曲霉属、管柄囊霉属、镰刀菌属、踝节菌属、链格孢属等真菌比例,增加了马拉色氏霉菌属、线孢虫草菌属、侧耳属等真菌比例;添加生物菌肥减少了管柄囊霉属、镰刀菌属、被孢菌属、轮枝菌属、隔指孢属等真菌比例,增加了曲霉属、青霉菌属、踝节菌属、简单壳菌属等真菌比例。【结论】采用棉隆消毒和生物菌肥处理草莓连作土壤可降低微生物真菌群落的多样性,并减少或灭杀土壤中的大部分致病菌属,增加有益菌属,起到有效防治草莓土传病害的作用。     

草莓营养特性及平衡施肥探讨

草莓作为一种多年生的宿根草本植物,在我们国家有着很长的种植栽培历史,而且其丰富的营养成分,成为人们日常生活中食用的一种重要水果。因此,研究草莓的营养特性,提升草莓种植平衡施肥的水平,对于草莓的种植效益与食用品性有着重要的意义。基于此,本文以草莓的营养特性与平衡施肥方法作为研究的主题,结合实践进行了深入的分析。     

草莓果实成熟过程中品质的变化

对“丰香”草莓果实不同成熟期品质的研究表明：草莓果实成熟过程中内外品质处在不断变化之中,尤其是挂粉期,此期果实硬度,因／酸比发生显著变化．;红熟期为草莓鲜食的最佳采收期,其固／酸比,维生素Ｃ含量分别达到６．７７和４４．７１ｍｇ／１００ｇｆｗ,为整个成熟期的最高值;当果实硬度在０．４－０．７ｋｇ／ｃｍ＾２花青素含量在１５０－２５０总吸光度／１００ｃｍ＾２之间地,草莓果实软硬适宜,色彩鲜艳,风味最好。     

草莓贮藏保鲜最佳生态条件及其效果研究

探讨了常温下草莓贮藏保鲜的适宜环境条件及其贮藏过程中草莓的生理生化变化。结果表明,通过改善贮藏的环境因子,保持贮藏库内较稳定的空气湿度、温度(RH为80%左右,T℃为20℃左右)、库内消毒和小盒包装是常温贮藏草莓的关键一步,可使草莓贮藏时间延长到2d.草莓表面保鲜液膜处理使草莓的贮藏时间延长到5d左右,其中LF₁和LF₃处理的草莓在贮藏第5d时好果率为69.27%、69.94%.保鲜液膜能抑制草莓呼吸代谢,提高草莓SOD活性和ASA含量,延缓果实衰老,延长贮藏时间,增加好果率.     

草莓果实成熟过程中品质的变化

对“丰香”草莓果实不同成熟期品质的研究表明：草莓果实成熟过程中内外品质处在不断变化之克尤其是挂粉期,此期果实硬度、固／酸比发生显著变化;红熟期（成熟度在乃％左右）为草莓鲜食的最佳采收期,其固／酸比、维生素C含量分别达到6．77和44．71mg／100gfw,为整个成熟期的最高值;当果实硬度在0．4－0．7Kg／cm2之间,花青素含量在150－230总吸光度／100cm2之间时,草莓果实软硬适宜,色彩鲜艳,风味最好。     

我国野生草莓资源的初步研究

草莓是一种重要的小浆果,其果实营养丰富,风味鲜美,经济价值极高。全世界的草莓属植物大约有50个种,分布比较广泛的有16种,除了风梨草莓广为栽培外,其它均为野生种。我国野生草莓资源极为丰富。据俞德浚教授记述,原产于我国的草莓属植物有7个种,它们是:森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)、东方草莓(F.orentalis)、黄毛草莓(F.nilgerrensis)、五叶草莓(F.pentaphylla)、纤细草莓(F.gracillis)、西南草莓     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅴ.宁夏农业气候资源变化特征

基于1961—2009年宁夏21个气象站点的气象资料,分析了宁夏各区农业气候资源的时空变化趋势.结果表明：研究期间,宁夏各地气温逐渐升高,呈北高南低的空间分布特征,年均气温的气候倾向率为0.4 ℃·(10 a)^-1;大部分地区年降水量呈逐渐减少趋势,年降水量的气候倾向率为4.26 mm·(10 a)^-1;无霜期和作物生长季天数随着气候变暖逐渐延长;≥10 ℃积温在3200 ℃·d以上的区域向南扩展,宁夏适宜种植中晚熟水稻的区域有所扩大;2001—2009年,宁夏大部分地区适宜种植冬小麦,全区各地几乎都适宜种植春小麦;宁夏南部山区各地7月平均气温≤20 ℃的区域面积逐渐缩小,适宜种植马铃薯的地域也随之缩小.     

激光和高压静电场对草莓种间杂交不亲和性的影响

以明晶等４个栽培品种及森林草莓、黄毛草莓和弗州草莓等３个野生种和类型为试材进行了该项研究。结果表明,用适宜剂量的激光和高压静电场处理父本野生草莓花粉可以克服草莓种间杂交不亲和性,显著提高座果率、杂种率和交配率,从而获得较多新的草莓种质资源。     

利用GISH和RAPD检测黄毛草莓×凤梨草莓种间杂种

以地高辛(DIG)标记的黄毛草莓基因组DNA为探针、凤梨草莓基因组DNA为封阻对黄毛草莓×凤梨草莓杂种F1的五倍体植株根尖染色体进行基因组原位杂交(GISH),结果表明利用GISH可将黄毛草莓染色质从凤梨草莓中检测出来,从而证实了黄毛草莓与凤梨草莓种间杂交的真实性.利用RAPD技术对来自黄毛草莓与凤梨草莓不同品种的2个杂交组合获得的14个株系及其亲本的DNA指纹图谱进行分析.结果表明,不同株系之间在基因组水平上具有高度异质性,以引物S1371和S1405能将黄毛草莓×春霄组合的10个杂交后代株系加以区别,以单一引物S1371、S1380、S1397、S1404、S1405可使黄毛草莓×硕香后代株系之间相互区别.在杂交后代中观察到了亲本黄毛草莓与凤梨草莓不同栽培品种的特征带,从而进一步证实黄毛草莓与凤梨草莓种间杂交后代的真实性.     

草莓重茬病菌的分离及其生物防治

选取河北省主要草莓产区的8个连作地块草莓病株,对草莓根部重茬病菌进行了分离、鉴定,结果表明草莓重茬病主要是由于镰刀菌属、丝核菌属和轮枝菌属的真菌单独或复合侵染造成的。室内平板实验结果表明,T42木霉发酵液能够抑制草莓重茬病菌菌落生长,其中T42木霉发酵液10倍稀释液对镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌菌落生长的抑制率分别为87．8％、85．3％。以该木霉发酵产物作为生物制剂施入田间能够明显控制草莓重茬病害的发生,使草莓重茬死苗率由52．9％降低到14．5％,使草莓产量增加77．8％。     

基于集合模型的草地贪夜蛾的潜在分布预测

[目的]探讨世界范围和我国草地贪夜蛾对玉米等作物的危害.[方法]采用生态位模型集合预测方案,结合基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的玉米种植密度模拟,对世界范围和我国草地贪夜蛾潜在分布进行了分析.[结果]世界范围内玉米的密集种植区已完全被草地贪夜蛾的潜在分布区所覆盖,这些适生区内的玉米受到草地贪夜蛾的威胁,需重点防控...     

华北平原参考作物蒸散量时空变化及其影响因素分析

根据华北平原56个气象站1960—2012年逐日气象数据和Penman-Monteith模型计算了各站及区域整体参考作物蒸散量(ET0),利用样条插值法、气候倾向率、累积距平、敏感性系数等方法对华北平原ET0的时空变化及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)华北平原多年平均ET0为1071.37mm,空间上呈现高低值相间分布格局,高值中心分布在冀北、鲁中、豫西,而低值中心分布在冀东、鲁南、豫东及豫南等地;(2)近53年ET0呈减少趋势(-12.8mm/10a),山东半岛北部及冀北等地有缓慢增加趋势,其余地区以减少为主;(3)ET0对气温、平均风速、日照时数为正敏感,而对相对湿度为负敏感。平均气温与日照时数敏感系数呈现下降趋势,相对湿度与风速敏感系数表现出上升趋势。ET0对气温和风速敏感度高的区域同时对日照时数和相对湿度敏感度较低;(4)归因分析表明,华北平原ET0的主导因子是日照时数,平均风速次之,相对湿度、最高温度、最低温度对ET0变化影响较小,日照时数主导区域包括冀北、坝上地区、冀中、豫西、豫南、鲁中及鲁西北,平均风速的主导区域为冀南、河南黄河以北、豫中、鲁西北,温度主导区域零星分布于冀北、豫西、山东半岛等地,相对湿度的主导区域主要分布在鲁南、山东半岛。     

Regulation of the seasonal population patterns of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> moths by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bt</Emphasis> cotton planting

Transgenic cotton expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac toxin has been commercially cultivated in China since 1997, and by 2000 Bt cotton had almost completely replaced non-transgenic cotton cultivars. To evaluate the impact of Bt cotton planting on the seasonal population patterns of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, the dynamics of H. armigera moths were monitored with light traps from four locations (Xiajin, Linqing and Dingtao of Shandong Province; Guantao of Hebei Province) in high Bt density region and five locations (Anci and Xinji of Hebei Province; Dancheng and Fengqiu of Henan Province; Gaomi of Shandong Province) in low Bt density region from 1996 to 2008. A negative correlation was found between moth densities of H. armigera and the planting years of Bt cotton in both high and low Bt density areas. These data indicate that the moth population density of H. armigera was reduced with the introduction of Bt cotton in northern China. Three generations of moths occurred between early June and late September in the cotton regions. Interestingly, second-generation moths decreased and seemed to vanish in recent years in high Bt density region, but this tendency was not found in low Bt density region. The data suggest that the planting of Bt cotton in high Bt density region was effective in controlling the population density of second-generation moths. Furthermore, the seasonal change of moth patterns associated with Bt cotton planting may regulate the regional occurrence and population development of this migratory insect.     

基于SPEI-PM指数的黄淮海平原干旱特征分析

利用黄淮海平原45个气象站点1961—2014年月值气象数据,基于Penman-Monteith蒸散模型计算了标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),对黄淮海平原近54年干旱变化趋势、发生频率和持续性特征进行了分析,并探讨了SPEI指数与河南、河北和山东省农业干旱面积的关系,结果表明:(1)改用Penman-Monteith蒸散公式后,SPEI干旱指数在黄淮海平原呈整体上升趋势,即趋于湿润;(2)近54年干旱演变具有明显的年代际差异,20世纪60年代干旱频率最高,而21世纪初(2000—2014)干旱频率整体偏低;(3)黄淮海平原干旱发生具有持续性的特点,20世纪60年代遭受的持续性干旱最为严重,平均干旱持续时长约2.6个月,21世纪初下降到1.5个月;(4)河南、河北和山东省的农业干旱面积年际变化表明,干旱面积呈减少趋势,2000年以后年均受灾面积、成灾面积和绝收面积比2000年之前分别下降了58.0%、44.4%和49.1%;(5)农业干旱面积与SPEI具有中等以上的相关强度,其中对山东省受灾、成灾和绝收面积相关系数r达到-0.7以上,表明基于Penman-Monteith蒸散模型的SPEI指数在黄淮海平原具有良好的适用性。     

The use of air bricks for planting roadside vegetation: A new technique to improve landscaping of steep roadsides in China's Hubei Province

Road construction is an important cause of environmental degradation, particularly in mountainous regions. However, re-establishing vegetation cover at the construction site can mitigate these problems, particularly on steep roadside slopes. In the present study, we developed two new planting techniques to increase vegetation cover on these slopes, in which planters fill the holes in air bricks (i.e., bricks with large holes that pass through the full depth of the brick) with soil, then plant grass or herbaceous species in the soil. Two variants of this technique (one in which the air bricks form a stairstep pattern, and another in which they form a smooth slope) were tested in an area with a warm climate near Shennongjia (Hubei Province) between 2006 and 2008. The new planting techniques promoted root growth, the development of a continuous vegetation cover, and the production of merchantable seeds compared with the conventional planting technique. This suggests that the air brick technique is more suitable for the study area, where the natural soils are thin, and may prove suitable for similar areas elsewhere in the world. The provisional results, based on 2 years of research, suggest that the new techniques represent a potentially valuable alternative for vegetation restoration, landscape conservation, and road maintenance/management in mountainous zones during and after highway construction. The techniques have strong potential for use in other areas. In addition, they provide a good example of using ecological engineering to increase vegetation cover on steep roadside slopes.     

In situ bait plants as a method for detecting red core in strawberry fields

The spread of strawberry red core root disease (Phytophthora fragariae) from a heavily infested field with a history of 40 yr continuous strawberry growing, to and across an adjacent field where strawberries had never before been grown, was charted by growing bait plants of the highly susceptible alpine strawberry ‘Baron Solemacher’ at the intersections of an 8 m grid. Initially the fungus could not be detected by a soil sampling/glasshouse baiting test or in field grown baits, but after a very wet winter it was detected in the field grown bait plants. Most infections occurred in plants growing in a shallow depression running the length of the field, receiving drainage water from the higher infested site and where there had been standing water for much of the winter. The importance of topography was further demonstrated when baits were planted at commercial densities in two small areas of the field, one adjacent to and the other 18 m distant from the central depression. In the former many plants were infected within 2 months of planting whilst in the latter bait plants remained free of the disease for at least 18 months. The highly susceptible bait plants may be suitable for monitoring the health of commercial propagation stocks; they are easily propagated from seed and as they do not runner there is little hazard to stock purity.     

Ice age distributions of European small mammals: insights from species distribution modelling

Aim In addition to the traditionally recognized Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 ka) refuge areas in the Mediterranean region, more northerly LGM distributions for temperate and boreal taxa in central and eastern Europe are increasingly being discussed based on palaeoecological and phylogeographical evidence. Our aim was to investigate the potential refuge locations using species distribution modelling to estimate the geographical distribution of suitable climatic conditions for selected rodent species during the LGM. Location Eurasia. Methods Presence/absence data for seven rodent species with range limits corresponding to the limits of temperate or boreal forest or arctic tundra were used in the analysis. We developed predictive distribution models based on the species present‐day European distributions and validated these against their present‐day Siberian ranges. The models with the best predictors of the species distributions across Siberia were projected onto LGM climate simulations to assess the distribution of climatically suitable areas. Results The best distribution models provided good predictions of the present‐day Siberian ranges of the study species. Their LGM projections showed that areas with a suitable LGM climate for the three temperate species (Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus sylvaticus and Microtus arvalis) were largely restricted to the traditionally recognized southern refuge areas, i.e. mainly in the Mediterranean region, but also southernmost France and southern parts of the Russian Plain. In contrast, suitable climatic conditions for the two boreal species (Clethrionomys glareous and Microtus agrestis) were predicted as far north as southern England and across southern parts of central and eastern Europe eastwards into the Russian Plain. For the two arctic species (Lemmus lemmus and Microtus oeconomus), suitable climate was predicted from the Atlantic coast eastward across central Europe and into Russia. Main conclusions Our results support the idea of more northerly refuge areas in Europe, indicating that boreal species would have found suitable living conditions over much of southern central and eastern Europe and the Russian Plain. Temperate species would have primarily found suitable conditions in the traditional southern refuge areas, but interestingly also in much of the southern Russian Plain.     

湖北省不同类型土地整治生态效应评价

基于土地整治引起的变化特征,建立生态服务价值估算模型,定量评价湖北省内江汉平原、鄂西山地和鄂中丘陵3种不同类型土地整治引起的生态效应.结果表明：土地整治后,平原型项目区总生态服务价值损失0.3%,食物生产等4项功能的生态服务价值增加,水源涵养等5项功能的生态服务价值减少;丘陵型项目区总生态服务价值损失14.6%,食物生产的生态服务价值提高55.2%,其余8项功能的生态服务价值均减少;山地型项目区总生态服务价值损失19.9%,食物生产的生态服务价值提高24.9%,其余8项功能的生态服务价值均减少.丘陵和山区土地整治存在明显的“以生态换生产”的价值转换过程.     

1996—2016年松嫩平原传统大豆种植结构的时空演变

在转基因大豆冲击下,我国传统大豆种植面积大幅下降,研究大豆主产区传统大豆种植结构及其动态变化对我国大豆进出口贸易和保障国家粮食安全意义重大.本研究基于1996—2016年Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像,以遥感、地理信息系统技术为支撑,利用随机森林方法提取大豆空间分布信息,并结合景观格局指数分析松嫩平原大豆种植结构时空演变特征.结果表明: 1996—2016年,松嫩平原大豆种植面积呈波动变化;在与其他地物类型面积转换中,大豆与其他作物面积间的转换最明显;大豆斑块面积占作物总面积的比例呈先增后减特征,而斑块密度指数和分离度指数均呈先减后增趋势.松嫩平原传统大豆种植结构时空演变表现出种植面积波动变化、破碎度增加、空间分布趋于离散的特征;国内外市场及政策导向成为传统大豆种植结构变化的重要影响因素.