中国亚热带主要稻作制农田生态系统的养分平衡

中国亚热带主要稻作制农田生态系统的养分平衡傅庆林,孟赐福（浙江省农科院土肥所,杭州３１００２１）ＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔＢａｌａｎｃｅｉｎＦａｒｍｌａｕｄＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＵｎｄｅｒＭａｊｏｒＲｉｃｅ－ＢａｓｅｄＣｒｏｐｐｉｎｇＳｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＳｕｂｔｒｏ...     

Pollen and phytolith evidence for rice cultivation during the Neolithic at Longqiuzhuang, eastern Jianghuai, China

Phytolith and pollen analyses were carried out at the archaeological site at Longqiuzhuang in Gaoyou, Jiangsu, southern China. The results indicate that the key morphological phytolith types associated with cultivated rice (Oryza) are common in the Neolithic cultural layers at this site. The evidence strongly suggests that cultivated rice (mainlyO. japonica) was grown locally during the Neolithic. The archaeopalynological record provides information about the impact of human activity and, in particular, farming on the natural vegetation. The evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest was substantially altered, and herbaceous taxa, including ruderals, expanded. Based on the results from the phytolith and pollen analyses, two distinct phases of human activity have been recognized, namely (1) phase A (7000-6300 B.P., i.e. early Neolithic) a warm and humid period when arable farming, including rice cultivation, was pursued but the variation in the size of the carbonized rice grains was low, and (2) phase B (6300-5500 B.P., late Neolithic age), a period of relatively cold and/or arid climate when cultivated rice was of major importance and was morphologically similar to present-day rice. Environment, and in particular climate change in the late Neolithic, were important factors affecting the development of rice as a cultivated crop. It was mainly during this period that artificial selection favoured the emergence of forms similar to those of today.     

Early season natural control of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens: the contribution and interaction of two spider species and a predatory bug

Nilaparvata lugens St?l, the Brown Planthopper (BPH), is a major pest in rice. The lycosid Pardosa pseudoannulata (B?senberg & Strand) and the linyphiid Atypena formosana (Oi) are the early dominant predators in irrigated rice. Later, predatory bugs, including the mirid Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, become dominant. In unsprayed rice, BPH numbers normally remain low. While P. pseudoannulata is known to be a key natural enemy of BPH, the contribution to BPH reduction by the smaller A. formosana is less well known. Due to the size difference, A. formosana may also be an intraguild prey of P. pseudoannulata. To investigate predation on BPH by the two spider species alone, together and in combination with C. lividipennis, two cage experiments were conducted, the first with adult spiders, the second with immature/unmated spiders. In the latter, spiders were introduced with a delay to allow a better establishment of C. lividipennis. In both experiments, BPH numbers were lowest in treatments with more than one predator species present. Intermediate BPH reduction was obtained with P. pseudoannulata followed by A. formosana and C. lividipennis. While P. pseudoannulata can prey upon large nymphs and adult BPH, A. formosana favour early instar BPH, leading to a more even control across instars in treatments with both spider species. Pardosa pseudoannulata numbers increased more with A. formosana or A. formosana and C. lividipennis present. In contrast, P. pseudoannulata reduced A. formosana and C. lividipennis numbers. The presence of C. lividipennis apparently lessened intraguild predation on A. formosana and may be an intraguild prey of A. formosana. Competition for prey may have added to the antagonistic interactions found. From a biological control perspective, the presence of both spiders in early rice is an advantage for the biological control of BPH in rice. In early rice, results show that A. formosana is an important predator of BPH and, like C. lividipennis, can complement control by P. pseudoannulata and serve as intraguild prey for the latter species.     

土壤水分状况及环境条件对水稻蒸腾的影响

在南方红壤区用田间测坑试验,研究了高、中、低3种土壤水分条件下的早、晚稻蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的变化,蒸腾日变化结果表明,蒸腾速率受许多田间小气候因子的影响,相关分析及多元逐步回归分析表明,叶片与空气相对湿度差和叶面温度对水稻叶片蒸腾影响最大,处理B（中等土壤水分条件）可以明显提高叶片水利用率和产是,处理C提高了叶片水分利用效率,却导致晚稻减产,早稻中、低土壤水分条件可以减小叶片蒸腾速率,而晚稻上并不能明显减少叶片蒸腾。     

郑州东赵遗址炭化植物遗存记录的夏商时期农业特征及其发展过程

本文通过对郑州东赵遗址2013~2014年度考古发掘采集土样的浮选分析,获取了该遗址新砦、二里头、二里岗三个不同时期丰富的炭化植物遗存,其中炭化植物种子主要包括粟、黍、水稻、小麦和大豆五种农作物以及狗尾草属、稗属和马唐属等不同种属的杂草种子等。对遗址不同阶段炭化农作物及典型田间杂草遗存的量化分析结果显示,东赵遗址自新砦期至二里岗期的农业生产始终保持着以种植粟、黍为主的特点,大豆是该遗址先民稳定的食物来源之一,而水稻在整个农业经济结构中的比重一直很低。值得注意的是,从新砦期至二里岗期,粟、黍两种旱地作物在东赵遗址农业经济中的比重不断上升,而先民的旱地田间管理技术也随之取得了明显的进步。小麦的种植始于遗址二里头文化期,至二里岗期时迅速发展,成为当时先民重要的农作物品种之一。东赵遗址炭化植物遗存分析结果为了解夏代早期至商代前期中原核心区域农业经济的特点及其发展过程提供了重要资料,对探索中国国家起源与早期发展阶段农业经济技术发展状况及其与文明演进的关系有重要意义。     

吉林榆树周家油坊旧石器文化遗址

<正> 周家油坊在榆树县西南18公里,地理座标北纬44°43.5′,东经126°21′。这一带盛产第四纪哺乳动物化石。周明镇教授等曾经根据这里的大量化石材料编著《东北第四纪哺乳动物化石志》一书。记录了35种化石,并命名为“榆树动物群”或称猛犸象披毛犀动物群。但化石层位不清,都是从河中拣的,群众手里收集的或药店里买来的。另外,还有人类化石的发现,称为“榆树人”。也因层位不明和含氟量较低而被否定为古人类化石。此外,还有一件人工打击的石片发现,层位也是不清。为解决“榆树动物群”的层位问题和探索有关古人类活动的遗迹,我们于1977年10月在这里进行了小规模发掘。先后共发掘七个地点(图1)。除第三地点未获化石外,其它六个地点都出土相当数量的化石,共十二种。其中除虎(Panthera tigris Linaeus)外,其余皆不超出前人的记录。同时在第一、二、     

Did alder (Alnus) fires trigger rice cultivation in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,East China?

It remains debatable as to how the prehistoric human communities managed the environment to enable the initial cultivation of rice during the early Neolithic in the coastal lower reaches of the Yangtze River, East China. Previous studies proposed an environmental context for the first rice cultivation at Kuahuqiao, Hangzhou, based on an archaeological sedimentary microfossil record that had been well-dated using radiocarbon methods. Those studies suggested that early humans began burning the predominantly alder scrub in a local swampy wetland, starting about 7750 cal. yr BP, which permitted the start of dedicated rice (Oryza) cultivation. Here we present a new, finer-detailed pollen-phytolith-microscopic charcoal record from the same locality. Our result reveals that local woods dominated by oak (Quercus) and pine (Pinus) were targeted for burning by early cultivators before the start of rice agriculture.     

An algorithm for early rice area mapping from satellite remote sensing data in southwestern Guangdong in China based on feature optimization and random Forest

Estimating of rice areas using images obtained from satellite remote sensing is important for guiding operators. The object of this study was the Sentinel-2A/B image data of the rice planting demonstration regions in southwestern Guangdong, China. We designed an algorithm for early rice area mapping based on feature optimization and random forest (RF). For modeling, we selected 35 common remote sensing features and applied out-of-bag (OOB) to construct 7 feature combinations. The results showed that the overall accuracy (OA) and Kappa coefficient of the RF with the best combination were 91.23% and 87.55%, respectively. Compared with support vector machine (SVM) and back propagation neural network (BPNN), the model result of RF was also the best among the three. Additionally, the maximum error of the rice area was less than 16% when the model was transferred to other regions in Guangdong. The feature optimization and RF-based algorithm proposed in this study can effectively map the early rice region. It can be applied to estimate rice area based on satellite remote sensing image data and reveal the ecological status of rice cultivation in southwestern Guangdong.     

Buried Pleistocene human remains of Weissenthurm, Mayen-Koblenz district: new and old information]

The landscape at central Rhine and Mosel is one of the most famous archaeological sites in middle Europe. A layer of pumicetufa from the eruption of the lake Laacher volcano 13,000 years B.P. is an important mark which approximately divides the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic period. Although numerous excavations in this area have been carried out, quaternary hominid remains are quite rare. A few short notes from the early 1920s reports of human bones "below the pumice, in Weissenthurm, District Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate". However, these remains were probably destroyed in the Second World War in Munich on April 25, 1944. Recently, some new information has appeared on the discovery and the whereabouts of these fragments. The chronological classification of the Weissenthurm-hominid into the Pleistocene based on this information remains uncertain.     

安徽定远侯家寨遗址二期植物性食物资源利用的淀粉粒证据

淮河中游地区位于中国中东部地理、气候、文化的过渡地带,同时也是新石器时代北方旱作农业与南方稻作农业分布的交错地带。现有植物考古资料表明,新石器时代晚期是淮河中游地区农业结构从单一的稻作农业转变为稻旱兼作农业的关键阶段。然而,新石器时代晚期淮河中游地区,尤其是淮干以南地区先民的植物资源利用情况,以及该地区农业结构何时发生转变等问题至今依然不清楚。本文利用淀粉粒分析方法,对安徽定远侯家寨遗址二期(6.2～5.6 kaBP)出土的22件陶器残片表面残留物进行了分析。结果表明新石器时代晚期淮河中游淮干以南地区先民利用的植物性食物资源具有多样性,包括稻属(Oryza spp.)、小麦族(Triticeae)、薏苡属(Coix spp.)、粟(Setaria italica (L) P.Beauv.)、黍(Panicum miliaceum L.)、栎属(Quercus spp.)、莲属(Nelumbo spp.)以及块根块茎类植物等。稻属淀粉粒的发现证明,自新石器时代中期至新石器时代末期,淮河中游地区先民对水稻利用基本上是延续的。粟、黍淀粉粒是淮河中游淮干以南地区迄今为止已报道发现最早的旱生农作...     

Population genetic structure of Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae): strong subdivision in China inferred from microsatellite markers and mtDNA gene sequences

Chilo suppressalis (Walker) displays significant geographical differences in ecological preference that may be congruent with patterns of molecular variation. To test this, we collected and analysed 381 individuals of this species from cultivated rice at 18 localities in China during the rice-growing season of 2005–2006. We used four microsatellite DNA markers and four mitochondrial DNA gene fragments. We found that this species is highly differentiated, coupled with an estimated population expansion date of at least 60 000  bp . Phylogenetic analyses, Bayesian clustering, and phylogeographical analyses of statistical parsimony haplotype network consistently divided the populations into three clades: a central China (CC) clade, a northern plus northeastern China (NN) clade and a southwestern China (SW) clade. Analysis of molecular variance indicated a high level of geographical differentiation at different hierarchical levels [ F _ST for microsatellite markers, COI, COII, 16S and ND1 is 0.06004 ( P  < 0.0001), 0.27607 ( P  < 0.0001), 0.22949 ( P  < 0.0001), 0.19485 ( P  < 0.0001) and 0.29285 ( P  < 0.0001), respectively]. Isolation by distance appeared among the samples from within China ( r  = 0.404, P  = 0.0002); N_em values estimated using a coalescent-based method were small (< 2 migrants per generation), suggesting that the observed levels of differentiation are a result of migration–drift equilibrium. Our results imply that the genetic differentiation of this borer, which is approximately in accordance with its observed number of generations per year in different Chinese geographical regions, is probably attributed to climatic and/or geological events (e.g. the last glacial maximum) and subsequently strengthened by the domestication of rice.     

中国与越南褐飞虱和白背飞虱生物型研究

【目的】监测我国与越南褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St?l和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horvath生物型,为抗虫育种工作提供指导。【方法】应用群体集团检测法和蜜露量检测法研究了中国广西、云南、河南、湖南、重庆、贵州和越南河内、河静、顺化、胡志明市和九龙江田间褐飞虱和白背飞虱的致害特性和生物型组成结构。【结果】我国主要稻区(除云南思茅外)和越南中北部的田间褐飞虱以Ⅱ型的比例多,对含Bph1、bph2基因的鉴别品种表现为致害;云南思茅的田间褐飞虱以Ⅱ+Ⅱ型的比例多,对含Bph1、bph2和bph4基因的鉴别品种表现为致害或强致害;越南胡志明市、九龙江的田间褐飞虱以Ⅱ+Ⅱ型的比例多,对含Bph1、bph2、Bph3、bph4基因的鉴别品种主要表现为致害或强致害。我国白背飞虱以Ⅰ型比例较多;越南顺化和河内以Ⅱ型比例多;所有监测点白背飞虱的致害特性总体表现为对含Wph1、Wbph2基因的鉴别品种的致害能力较强,对Wbph3的致害能力表现不一,对含Wph5基因的鉴别品种表现为中等致害。【结论】抗虫育种选择抗源时,不要选含Bph1、bph2基因的水稻品种作为褐飞虱抗源,不要选含基因Wbph1或Wbph2的水稻品种作为白背飞虱抗源。     

长期有机无机肥配施对稻田杂草生长动态的影响

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤稻田长期定位试验,于2011年研究了在以无机肥(化肥NPK)与有机肥(M)氮磷钾养分等量条件下,长期有机无机肥配施水稻生育期间杂草种类和生物量变化。结果表明:30a后,早稻和晚稻施肥处理中:PK+M处理下杂草种类最多,NPK+M处理下杂草种类和优势杂草种类较少,且种类数量稳定,早稻和晚稻杂草种类数量前者比后者分别高出19.7%和9.8%;施肥处理中:两季杂草总生物量NPK+M处理最高,NP+M处理最低,且NPK+M、NK+M、PK+M和CK处理比NP+M处理分别高出31.3%、26.5%、8.3%和5.6%,早稻NPK+M处理杂草总生物量和浮生杂草总生物量最多,NK+M处理湿生杂草总生物量最多,晚稻NK+M处理杂草总生物量和湿生杂草总生物量最多,NPK+M处理浮生杂草总生物量最多;土壤碱解氮和有效磷与杂草总生物量、湿生杂草总生物量、浮生杂草总生物量显著正相关(相关系数依次分别为0.508*和0.578**、0.552*和0.453*、0.410*和0.802**),p H值与三者显著负相关(相关系数依次分别为-0.516*、-0.531*和-0.698*)。土壤p H受土壤有效磷和碱解氮及其他因子的共同作用对杂草总生物量产生影响。通过施肥措施调节土壤适宜p H及碱解氮和有效磷含量,能有效调控农田中湿生和浮生杂草生长,使杂草种类和生物量在农业生产中达到有益平衡。     

Evidence of autumn overseas migration in the rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera: analysis of light trap catches and associated weather patterns

ABSTRACT. 1. Daily trap catches of the rice planthoppers, N.lugens Stal and S.furcifera Horvath, and associated synoptic weather patterns were analysed in Kyushu, south-west Japan, in the autumns of 1980–85.
2. Certain weather patterns which seemed to favour overseas immigration, were reflected in trap catches: of eighteen occasions in which back-tracks on 850 mbar wind fields reached central China, marked mass catches in a light trap occurred on six occasions, and peaks in catch curves were found on another seven occasions.
3. These results strongly imply overseas immigration of the planthoppers from China to Kyushu in autumn, identical to invasions by the same species in early summer. However, such autumn migration is apparently non-adaptive because migrants or their progeny are soon killed by cold weather.     

中国直立人与早期智人的牙齿形态鉴别

对直立人与早期智人的上颌牙齿特征的比较表明 :直立人牙齿的长宽尺寸 ,除中门齿唇舌径外 ,与早期智人的相应值很难区分 -早期智人的长宽尺寸多在直立人相应值的变异范围之内 ;直立人牙齿的观察性特征几乎都能在早期智人某些成员中见到。这意味着直立人与早期智人可能并无“种”而只有“亚种”这一分类级别上的差异 ,把直立人并入智人种这一建议是可取的。对若干化石地点的单个牙齿进行的重新鉴定表明 :桐梓、沂源、郧县梅铺、洛南和淅川的人类牙齿不一定是代表直立人的 ,有可能是代表早期智人的。     

气候变暖背景下南方早稻春季低温灾害的发生趋势与风险

基于《早稻播种育秧期低温阴雨等级》行业标准,利用南方双季早稻种植区178个站点1961—2010年的逐日气温资料,对各站点早稻春季低温灾害发生次数进行突变性分析,根据突变检验结果将研究时段划分为1961—1990年和1991—2010年两个时段,对比分析两个时段内早稻春季低温灾害发生趋势和发生风险的地理分布变化特征。结果表明,与前30a相比,近20a研究区早稻春季低温灾害的发生总体上呈现为由增加趋势转变为减少趋势的特征,低温灾害风险指数高值区以及各等级低温灾害发生概率高值区的范围和大小均有所减小,其中以轻度低温灾害的发生概率最高且概率减小范围最大。可为南方早稻春季低温灾害的动态评估和早稻种植的合理布局提供依据。     

Genomic comparison of P-type ATPase ion pumps in Arabidopsis and rice

Members of the P-type ATPase ion pump superfamily are found in all three branches of life. Forty-six P-type ATPase genes were identified in Arabidopsis, the largest number yet identified in any organism. The recent completion of two draft sequences of the rice (Oryza sativa) genome allows for comparison of the full complement of P-type ATPases in two different plant species. Here, we identify a similar number (43) in rice, despite the rice genome being more than three times the size of Arabidopsis. The similarly large families suggest that both dicots and monocots have evolved with a large preexisting repertoire of P-type ATPases. Both Arabidopsis and rice have representative members in all five major subfamilies of P-type ATPases: heavy-metal ATPases (P1B), Ca2+-ATPases (endoplasmic reticulum-type Ca2+-ATPase and autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase, P2A and P2B), H+-ATPases (autoinhibited H+-ATPase, P3A), putative aminophospholipid ATPases (ALA, P4), and a branch with unknown specificity (P5). The close pairing of similar isoforms in rice and Arabidopsis suggests potential orthologous relationships for all 43 rice P-type ATPases. A phylogenetic comparison of protein sequences and intron positions indicates that the common angiosperm ancestor had at least 23 P-type ATPases. Although little is known about unique and common features of related pumps, clear differences between some members of the calcium pumps indicate that evolutionarily conserved clusters may distinguish pumps with either different subcellular locations or biochemical functions.     

Post-Heading Heat Stress in Rice of South China during 1981-2010

Frequent extreme heat events are the serious threat to rice production, but the historical trend of heat stress associated with phenology shift and its impact on rice yield over a long period are poorly known. Based on the analysis of observed climate and phenology data from 228 stations in South China during 1981-2010, the spatio-temporal variation of post-heading heat stress was investigated among two single-season rice sub-regions in the northern Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River (S-NMLYtz) and Southwest Plateau (S-SWP), and two double-season early rice sub-regions in the southern Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River (DE-SMLYtz) and Southern China (DE-SC). Post-heading heat stress was more severe in DE-SMLYtz, west S-NMLYtz and east S-SWP than elsewhere, because of rice exposure to the hot season during post-heading stage. The spatial variation of post-heading heat stress was greater in single-season rice region than in double-season early rice region due to the greater spatial variation of heading and maturity dates. Post-heading heat stress increased from 1981 to 2010 in most areas, with significant increases in the east of double-season early rice region and west S-SWP. Phenology shift during 1981-2010 mitigated the increasing trends of heat stress in most areas, but not in west S-SWP. Post-heading heat stress played a dominated role in the reduction of rice yield in South China. Grain yield was more sensitive to post-heading heat stress in double-season early rice region than that in single-season rice region. Rice yield decreased by 1.5%, 6.2%, 9.7% and 4.6% in S-NMLYtz, S-SWP, DE-SMLYtz and DE-SC, respectively, because of post-heading heat stress during 1981-2010, although there were some uncertainties. Given the current level and potential increase of post-heading heat stress in South China, the specific adaptation or mitigation strategies are necessary for different sub-regions to stabilize rice production under heat stress.     

2004—2014年南方稻区双季稻生产碳足迹动态及其构成

南方稻作区是我国重要的粮食生产区,在国家粮食安全保障中起着至关重要的作用,探明南方不同省份双季稻生产的碳足迹差异,对促进低碳稻作农业发展具有重要意义.本研究采用2004—2014年农作物种植面积、农资投入等统计数据,运用碳足迹理论和生命周期法系统评价我国南方双季稻生产碳足迹时空分布状况及其构成.结果表明: 南方稻区各个省份早晚稻生产碳足迹大部分表现为增加趋势,早稻生产碳足迹较晚稻大.2004—2014年,安徽省双季稻平均碳足迹最高(1000 kg CO₂-eq·hm^-2),而福建、湖北和湖南省相对较小(750 kg CO₂-eq·hm^-2).碳足迹构成中以肥料的生产、运输及使用占比最大,占水稻生产总碳足迹的60%;柴油投入碳足迹贡献量次之,为26%左右.逐步回归分析表明,双季稻生产碳足迹大小与柴油、复混肥和钾肥的投入呈正相关.净利润收益纳入分析表明,湖北省为低排放-高收益省份,有利于农业低碳可持续性发展.随着农村劳动力非农化和作物生产机械化的快速递增,未来水稻生产中柴油等机械化碳投入将快速增长.因此,提升化肥利用效率、灌溉效率和机械化作业效率将是发展南方稻作区低碳农业的关键途径.