甘蔗细平象的研究

甘蔗细平象Trockorhopalus humeralis Chevrolat是云南甘蔗上的一种毁灭性地下害虫,以幼虫和成虫在地下蔗头内为害,为害期8-10个月。据1989年调查,受害蔗每亩损失500-3000kg,严重的无收。此虫1年发生1代,以成虫在蔗头内越冬,有喜湿性,不能飞翔,主要通过沟河流水传播。在河川坝地,沙壤土中虫口较多;宿根年限越长的甘蔗受害越重。建议蔗稻轮作;缩短甘蔗宿根年限;早春翻挖有虫蔗蔸烧毁;结合新植蔗下种,宿根蔗松蔸培土施用甲基异柳磷或铁灭克等颗粒杀虫剂进行防治。     

21个甘蔗品种对螟虫抗性鉴定与评价

【目的】明确甘蔗品种对甘蔗螟虫的抗性,以期为抗虫品种推广应用和抗性基因发掘奠定基础。【方法】通过自然种群接虫方法,研究不同甘蔗品种苗期和生长中后期螟害水平。运用聚类分析方法,综合评价不同甘蔗品种对螟虫的抗性。【结果】不同甘蔗品种对螟虫危害造成的螟害枯心率、螟害株(节)率和株虫孔数等存在显著差异。21个甘蔗品种分为4个抗性等级。第1级1个品种(ROC10),螟害枯心率、螟害株(节)率、株虫孔数低;第2级包括4个品种(粤糖60号、柳城05-136、桂糖29号、粤糖55号),表现为螟害枯心率低、螟害株(节)率中等、株虫孔数中等;第3级包括9个品种(福农38号、桂糖31号等),表现为螟害枯心率中等、螟害株(节)率中等、株虫孔数中等;第4级包括7个品种(福农39号、德蔗03-83等),表现为螟害枯心率、螟害株(节)率、株虫孔数高。【结论】甘蔗品种和生育期影响螟虫的发生,不同品种对甘蔗螟虫抗性水平存在差异。     

甘蔗蓟马在不同甘蔗品种上空间分布型及理论抽样数

为了解甘蔗蓟马在不同甘蔗品种上的种群空间分布型,获得准确的田间调查资料,提高甘蔗蓟马预测及防治效果,2015年7月在云南省农业科学院甘蔗研究所第一科研试验基地,通过调查10个甘蔗品种上甘蔗蓟马成虫和若虫数量,利用5种聚集度指标、Iwao回归分析法和Taylor幂法则测定了甘蔗蓟马的种群空间格局。结果表明,甘蔗蓟马成虫和若虫在不同甘蔗品种上均以个体群形式存在,个体间相互吸引;其空间分布型均为聚集分布,聚集强度随种群密度的升高而增加,聚集是由于自身的生物学习性和环境因素共同作用引起的。利用Iwao回归分析法中的α、β参数计算出在允许误差范围内的理论抽样数。因此,甘蔗蓟马在不同甘蔗品种上均呈聚集分布,调查时应根据当地栽培品种平均虫口密度选择适宜的抽样数量。     

高原蔗区甘蔗螟虫种群结构及螟害枯心苗发生规律

【目的】明确不同种植制度下甘蔗螟虫种群结构及螟害枯心苗发生规律特征,以期为指导预警监测和制定防控措施奠定基础。【方法】应用自然种群接虫方法,定期调查不同植期、不同品种螟害枯心苗,对螟虫种群结构、枯心苗苗龄及螟虫幼虫龄期特征、枯心苗动态等指标进行分析。【结果】水田蔗区以大螟Sesamia inferens Walker为主,伴有少量黄螟Argyroploce schistaceana Snellen,旱地蔗区以大螟为主,伴有二点螟Chilo infuscatellus Snellen和极少量黄螟。甘蔗低苗龄时,枯心苗中2龄幼虫数量最多,随着苗龄的增加,枯心苗中3龄、4龄等幼虫逐渐增多。其中,大螟为害枯心苗集中在6~8叶,枯心苗中幼虫以3龄和4龄为多;黄螟为害枯心苗集中在4~8叶,枯心苗中幼虫以3龄和5龄为多;二点螟为害枯心苗集中在5~8叶,枯心苗中幼虫以3龄和4龄为多。不论水田旱地,甘蔗苗期螟害枯心苗均会出现波动,但水田蔗区较旱地蔗区波动小。【结论】不同种植制度螟虫种群结构不同,不同螟虫和甘蔗品种影响枯心苗特征及其发生动态。     

甘蔗宿根萌发期內源激素变化与其宿根性的关系

采用酶联免疫法和茎基部取样的方式,以强宿根甘蔗品种‘新台糖22号’为对照,通过田间试验研究了同一组合(‘粤糖97-20’×ROC25)杂交后代分离产生的强宿根甘蔗品(种)系(‘云蔗06-407’、‘云蔗06-415’)和弱宿根甘蔗品(种)系(‘云蔗06-408’、‘云蔗06-416’)宿根萌发期内源激素含量的变化与甘蔗宿根性的关系。结果显示:(1)宿根萌发过程中,强宿根与弱宿根甘蔗茎基部IAA含量、ZR含量和ZR/IAA比值的变化波动大,但差异不显著。(2)强宿根与弱宿根甘蔗茎基部GA3和ABA含量、IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值的变化差异较大,其中ABA含量、IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值的差异显著,是与甘蔗宿根性关系密切的3个重要参数。(3)强宿根甘蔗ABA含量高于弱宿根甘蔗,而其IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值小于弱宿根甘蔗,且IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值随甘蔗宿根性的减弱而增大。研究认为,在宿根萌发期,甘蔗宿根性越强,ABA含量越高,IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值越小;而这3个重要参数均与ABA有关,进行甘蔗宿根性评价应着重参考ABA含量,同时结合IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值再进行深入分析鉴定。     

甘蔗斑点象生物学及防治的研究

甘蔗斑点象是云南甘蔗上另一种新的严重蛀食地下蔗头的害虫,主要以幼虫在甘蔗地下蔗头内为害,为害期8～9个月,受害蔗每666．7m2减少0．5～0．3t,并缩短了宿根年限。此虫1年发生1代,无越冬现象,有喜湿性,不能飞翔,主要通过沟河流水传播。在河川坝地、沙壤地中虫口较多,宿根年限越长受害越重。蔗稻轮作,缩短宿根年限翻蔸烧蔸,结合松蔸培土每666．7m2用3％米乐尔或3％甲基异柳磷颗粒剂4kg,防治效果达90％左右。     

云南甘蔗产区赭色鸟喙象大发生原因探讨

赭色鸟喙象Ｏｔｉｄｏｇｎａｔｈｕｓ　ｒｕｂｒｉｃｅｐｓ　Ｃｈｅｖｒｏｌａｔ是云南蔗区近年发生的一类严重蛀食蔗茎的害虫,已给甘蔗生产造成严重威胁。１９９２年首次在云南励海蔗区发现,仅零星发生,１９９５年则已连片为害,目前发生面积达４０００ｈｍ２,其中严重受害约１０００ｈｍ２。新植、宿根甘蔗均可受害,１株甘蔗仅１头幼虫蛀食就可使其枯死。据调查受害蔗每１／１５ｈｍ２损失２６．２％～３８．４％,重害达４８．２％以上,并趋加重势态。此虫发生蔓延之快,危害损失之重,实属罕见。本文就其大发生原因探讨如下。１寄…     

西花蓟马在月季不同种植模式下的种群发生特点

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)是昆明花卉种植区主要害虫之一,本文对西花蓟马在不同月季品种和不同种植模式下的种群发生特点进行了3年的调查。结果表明,西花蓟马在昆明全年发生,5—7月份是全年的发生高峰期。大棚栽培方式下,发生高峰期的虫量平均为8.7头/朵花;露地模式下西花蓟马的发生高峰期较大棚模式提前20³0 d,发生高峰期的虫口密度为9.0头/朵花。t-测验结果表明,两种种植模式间在0.05水平显著差异(P<0.05)。西花蓟马在不同品种上的种群消长动态基本一致,艳粉上的峰值密度平均为6.1头/朵花,超级品种上为7.5头/朵花,差异不显著。     

甘蔗鞭黑粉菌侵染甘蔗的早期可视化观察

【目的】甘蔗鞭黑粉菌(Sporisorium scitamineum)引起的甘蔗黑穗病是我国甘蔗生产重要的病害。示踪甘蔗鞭黑粉菌侵染甘蔗的过程将有助于揭示其致病性和甘蔗抗黑穗病机制,为抗病品种的选育以及黑穗病的防治奠定基础。【方法】利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化技术对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌进行黄色荧光标记,对转化子进行配合及致病力检测,将标记菌株接种甘蔗感病品种ROC22及抗病品种中蔗1号、中蔗6号和中蔗9号并进行早期可视化观察。【结果】组成型表达的eYFP不影响标记菌株的配合及致病能力,而且黄色荧光性状能通过冬孢子稳定遗传。激光共聚焦显微观察表明,注射接种病原菌第5天,在感病品种ROC22的生长点已可见荧光菌丝及少量聚集状菌丝体,在抗病品种中蔗1号、中蔗6号和中蔗9号中可见少量单一丝状菌丝,无聚集状菌丝体。接种后35 d,在ROC22中可见大量聚集状菌丝体,但在中蔗品种中的聚集状菌丝体明显较少,而以中蔗1号最少。【结论】成功构建了甘蔗鞭黑粉菌侵染甘蔗的荧光示踪系统,并发现中蔗系列品种存在抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌菌丝体在细胞间扩展的机制。     

九个甘蔗新品种在桂林地区的适应性观察和评价

为探讨甘蔗新品种在桂林地区的适应性表现,该研究以ROC22为对照,采用大区互比法,对国家甘蔗产业技术体系的9个甘蔗品种进行1年新植2年宿根的区域试验,观察记录出苗率、分蘖率、株高、产量和糖分等14个性状表现,并利用DTOPSIS法进行综合评价。结果表明:桂糖29号、桂糖31号、云蔗03-194、粤糖60号、福农38号和粤糖55号的综合性状表现优于对照ROC22,其中桂糖29号宿根性好、蔗茎产量和产糖量较高,但病虫害有不同程度的发生,田间栽培需加强病虫害防控;桂糖31号有效茎多、蔗糖分高,建议加强肥水管理,提高产量;云蔗03-194出苗率较高,出苗整齐,有效茎数较多,宿根性好,但枯心苗和黑穗病发病程度较其他品种严重,建议加强苗期病虫管理,保障成茎率;粤糖60号蔗糖产量较高、抗倒伏能力强,但新植出苗率较低,建议加大下种量;福农38号蔗糖分较高、抗病性较好,是优异的抗病材料;粤糖55号宿根性较好。上述筛选出的6个甘蔗品种宿根性好、抗逆性强、高产高糖,适宜在桂林地区进行扩大种植,用于指导当地的甘蔗示范推广。     

Gibberellins of sugarcane

In our hands a phosphate buffered celite column has given an adequate separation of GA₁ and GA₃. These 2 gibberellins are normally very difficult to separate. Young sugarcane growing under moisture stress contains at least 2 gibberellin-like substances. One is suspected to be GA₅. The other is unknown but has high activity in the barley endosperm assay and is neither GA₁ nor GA₃. Four-month-old cane contains 2 major growth promoters. From their chromatographic, fluorimetric and biological properties these are thought to be GA₁ and GA₃. Rapidly growing 6-month-old cane has a surprisingly low level of gibberellin-like substances.     

Life cycle assessment of Australian sugarcane production with a focus on sugarcane growing

Purpose  

Past life cycle assessments (LCA) of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) production have commonly been based on limited datasets, and variability has not been well described. In this work, Australian sugarcane production was assessed more comprehensively in order to generate a robust set of LCA results for use in subsequent assessments of sugarcane products and also to investigate: (1) variability due to regional differences, (2) factors influencing variability, and (3) significance of the impacts.     

A role for sugarcane glycoproteins in the resistance of sugarcane to Ustilago scitaminea

Smut is a major disease of sugarcane caused by Ustilago scitaminea. Germination of fungal teliospores is achieved on the internode surface of plants, and it is followed by the formation of appressoria. A primary response of sugarcane plants to the infection seems to be the production of several glycoproteins, defined as mid-molecular mass (MMMG) or high molecular mass (HMMG) macromolecules. Teliospore germination in the presence of both MMMG and HMMG decreased about 50% following 5 h of teliospore contact with glycoproteins. This may be related to the ability of glycoproteins to produce cytoagglutination. Binding of fluorescein-labelled glycoproteins was studied by fluorescence microscopy, showing that staining of cells was not uniform, but mainly in the contact zone between two individual teliospores when aggregated. HMMG was composed of only one fraction that was completely retained by smut teliospores, whereas three of the five different glycoproteins occurring in the MMMG fraction were retained by teliospore cell walls. Moreover, a unique application of salicylic acid, naturally produced by sugarcane stalks after experimental fungal infection, enhanced the production of both glycoprotein pools. A hypothesis about the role of both HMMG and MMMG as defence glycoproteins is discussed.     

甘蔗花生间作对甘蔗地土壤杂草种子萌发特性的影响

为明确间作对杂草种子库特征的影响,比较研究了自然恢复、花生单作、甘蔗单作和甘蔗花生间作下杂草种子库的特征。结果表明:与花生单作田土壤相比,甘蔗花生间作土壤杂草种子库种类和密度分别降低了44.4%和34.0%;与甘蔗单作田土壤相比,甘蔗花生间作土壤杂草种子库种类和密度分别降低了37.5%和22.7%。与播种前和自然恢复田土壤相比,甘蔗花生间作田杂草种子库优势杂草种类数量显著增加,而种子库密度显著降低。甘蔗花生间作田杂草实际出草量分别占自然恢复田的33.7%、花生单作田的40.9%、甘蔗单作田的55.8%。间作系统影响土壤杂草种子库种类和密度的机制,可能是间作作物与杂草竞争资源及其产生的化感作用抑制杂草。     

Biological ensiling of sugarcane tops

The following lactic acid bacteria were isolated from sugarcane tops silage:Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Pediococcus cerevisiae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides andStreptococcus lactis. The isolates were grown in a synthetic medium and the final pH, sugar uptake and the effect of adding CaCO₃ and L1, L2 and L3 factors was observed. The importance of the buffering capacity of the ensiled material for the silage process with a view to the occurrence of lactic acid bacteria is discussed.     

Biological ensiling of sugarcane tops

When a mixture of sugarcane tops, alfalfa (20%) and milled malt (0.5%) was ensiled, a pronounced decrease of pH was observed during the first week corresponding to a rapid production of laotic and acetic acids. After that pH and acid production detached. The number of microorganisms increased during the first days of silage. Then aerobes rapidly decreased and were the fewer after 50 days of silage. Anaerobes also decreased but not so substantially. Lactic aoid producers rose very quickly during the first 4–5 days to became more or less constant after that. Filamentous fungi were predominant at the beginning among the fungal population, but later on almost disappeared and yeasts were found instead. During the silage process the amount of total reducing hydrolyzate increased and readily utilizable sugars were found after the microbial activity had ceased.